物理防蟲措施
物理措施是利用害蟲固有的趨光、趨味性來捕殺害蟲,創造有利于蔬菜生產、不利于病蟲害發生的生態環境,確保生態環境和蔬菜質量安全(quan)。廣(guang)泛使用的有性誘劑、殺蟲燈、色(se)板誘殺及防蟲網阻隔、銀灰膜(mo)趨避害蟲等理化誘控技術(shu)。
1、燈光誘殺(燈誘技術)
利用害蟲成蟲的(de)趨光、波、顏色等(deng)(deng)特性,引(yin)誘成蟲撲燈(deng),燈(deng)外配以高壓電網(wang)將(jiang)害蟲擊暈落(luo)入接蟲袋(dai),可(ke)以誘殺(sha)(sha)鱗翅(chi)目、鞘翅(chi)目、直翅(chi)目、同翅(chi)目等(deng)(deng)蔬菜害蟲20余種。主要誘殺(sha)(sha)的(de)有小菜蛾(e)、甜(tian)菜夜(ye)蛾(e)、斜紋(wen)夜(ye)蛾(e)、小地(di)老虎、金龜(gui)子等(deng)(deng)9種害蟲。
2、性誘劑引誘(性誘技術)
害蟲雌蛾(e)在性成熟后釋放出一種稱為(wei)性信(xin)息素的(de)(de)化(hua)學信(xin)息素。昆蟲性誘劑(ji)是仿生高(gao)科技產品,通過誘芯釋放人工合成的(de)(de)性信(xin)息素化(hua)合物,并緩釋至(zhi)田間(jian),引(yin)誘雄蛾(e)至(zhi)誘捕器(qi),并用物理法殺死(si)雄蛾(e),從而破壞其(qi)交(jiao)配,最終達到防治的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)。目(mu)前使用較(jiao)多(duo)的(de)(de)有小菜蛾(e)、斜紋夜蛾(e),甜菜夜蛾(e)、瓜實蠅、棉鈴蟲、煙青蟲、豆野螟(ming)、豆莢(jia)螟(ming)等。
3、色板誘殺(色誘技術)
利(li)用害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)對不同(tong)顏色的趨(qu)性(xing)進行有色黏板(ban)誘(you)(you)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)。懸掛黃(huang)(huang)色粘板(ban)誘(you)(you)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)白粉虱、斑潛蠅、蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)和(he)黃(huang)(huang)曲條跳(tiao)甲(jia);藍(lan)(lan)板(ban)誘(you)(you)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)薊馬等。另外,將色誘(you)(you)與燈光(guang)、頻振(zhen)波(bo)、性(xing)誘(you)(you)劑(ji)、食誘(you)(you)劑(ji)、殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)等復合制(zhi)成(cheng)器(qi)械、器(qi)具、涂料等以(yi)擴大和(he)提高誘(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的范圍和(he)效果。比如,在黃(huang)(huang)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)放置小(xiao)菜(cai)蛾(e)性(xing)誘(you)(you)劑(ji)可(ke)誘(you)(you)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)小(xiao)菜(cai)蛾(e)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),藍(lan)(lan)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)放置薊馬信(xin)息素誘(you)(you)芯可(ke)雙重引誘(you)(you)薊馬成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),白色粘蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)板(ban)配以(yi)性(xing)誘(you)(you)劑(ji)可(ke)誘(you)(you)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)食心蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)雄成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、棉(mian)鈴(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)雄成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等多種(zhong)害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。
4、食物誘殺(食誘技術)
利(li)用(yong)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)趨化性,在其所喜歡(huan)的(de)食(shi)物中摻入適量毒劑(ji)來誘(you)殺(sha)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)技術,也稱為美食(shi)誘(you)蟲(chong)(chong)法(fa)。用(yong)糖醋液可誘(you)殺(sha)地老虎、黏蟲(chong)(chong)、夜蛾及金(jin)龜子等(deng)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)成蟲(chong)(chong)。
5、防蟲網技術
蔬菜防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)網(wang)是以防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)網(wang)構建(jian)的(de)(de)人工隔離屏障,將(jiang)害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)拒(ju)之(zhi)于網(wang)外(wai),從而收到(dao)防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)保菜的(de)(de)效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)。防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)網(wang)覆蓋可防(fang)(fang)止菜青蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、小(xiao)菜蛾、斑潛(qian)蠅、蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)以及夜蛾等害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)危害(hai)(hai);切斷(duan)害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)傳毒途徑,有利于減輕病毒的(de)(de)危害(hai)(hai);還具有防(fang)(fang)冰雹(bao)和防(fang)(fang)凍害(hai)(hai)等功能。一般用白(bai)色防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)網(wang),如果(guo)(guo)需加強防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)網(wang)的(de)(de)遮光效(xiao)果(guo)(guo),可選(xuan)用銀灰色、灰色或黑色防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)網(wang)。
6、銀灰反光膜拒蚜技術
在田間掛設銀灰膜(mo)條,即將(jiang)寬4~5 cm的膜(mo)帶縱橫掛于作(zuo)物上(shang)部,高出植株(zhu)生長點20 cm以上(shang),使蚜蟲不降(jiang)落到植株(zhu)上(shang)。
7、土壤滅菌,種子消毒技術
在播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子進(jin)(jin)行除雜(za)處理(li)和消(xiao)毒(du)處理(li),用(yong)(yong)水洗、風(feng)選等辦法去除雜(za)物(wu),用(yong)(yong)熱(re)(re)力處理(li)、溫湯浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和干熱(re)(re)處理(li)的方法來殺滅種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子表(biao)面的病(bing)毒(du)、細菌(jun)和真(zhen)菌(jun)等。利用(yong)(yong)日(ri)曬、土(tu)(tu)壤蒸汽、燒(shao)土(tu)(tu)、烘土(tu)(tu)、熱(re)(re)水澆灌等熱(re)(re)力消(xiao)毒(du)方法進(jin)(jin)行土(tu)(tu)壤滅菌(jun)。目前只應用(yong)(yong)于苗(miao)床或小規模地(di)塊,大田(tian)應用(yong)(yong)較少。
生物防蟲措施
生物(wu)(wu)防治是利用有益微生物(wu)(wu)或其代(dai)謝(xie)物(wu)(wu)及生物(wu)(wu)技術(shu)獲得的生物(wu)(wu)產物(wu)(wu)來進行(xing)病(bing)蟲害防治的方法。
1、天敵防蟲技術
在農事活(huo)動中,注重保護利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)自然天(tian)敵(di)或人工繁殖(zhi)、釋放、引(yin)進捕食性(xing)天(tian)敵(di)來防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)害蟲(chong)。捕食性(xing)天(tian)敵(di)有(you)赤(chi)眼(yan)蜂、瓢(piao)蟲(chong)、捕食螨等;寄(ji)生性(xing)天(tian)敵(di)有(you)赤(chi)眼(yan)蜂、土蜂、線蟲(chong)、小(xiao)蜂等。利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)天(tian)敵(di)防(fang)(fang)(fang)蟲(chong),如(ru)大(da)陸螯蜂防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)薊馬,利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)食蚜蠅和七星瓢(piao)蟲(chong)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)蚜蟲(chong),利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)草青蛉(ling)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)紅蜘蛛(zhu)等。特別是在連棟蔬(shu)菜大(da)棚里(li),利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)天(tian)敵(di)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)害蟲(chong),效(xiao)果甚佳。
2、生物農藥防蟲技術
利用活體微生物農藥進行植物病害的防治,主要有細菌殺菌劑、真菌殺菌劑、線蟲制劑等。利用昆蟲病原微生物進行防治,主要有白僵菌、綠僵菌等病原真菌的利用;各種多角體病毒的利用;蘇云金桿菌、短穩桿菌細菌性殺蟲劑防治鱗、鞘、直、雙、膜翅目害蟲等,以及植物源殺蟲劑。