一、太陽能自動跟蹤器是什么

太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能自(zi)動(dong)跟蹤裝置(zhi)是(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)來跟蹤太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)，使集(ji)(ji)能器的(de)主光(guang)軸始終(zhong)與太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)線(xian)相平(ping)行(xing)的(de)裝置(zhi)。較常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能平(ping)板式(shi)集(ji)(ji)熱(re)器和(he)真空管式(shi)集(ji)(ji)熱(re)器均采用(yong)(yong)(yong)固定(ding)安裝方式(shi)。這兩種集(ji)(ji)熱(re)器的(de)共同缺點是(shi)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)的(de)能量密度(du)低，因而集(ji)(ji)熱(re)溫度(du)較低，一般只(zhi)能提供40~70℃的(de)熱(re)水，不容(rong)易(yi)得到(dao)(dao)高(gao)溫。要提高(gao)能量密度(du)則必須使集(ji)(ji)能器平(ping)面始終(zhong)和(he)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)入射光(guang)垂直(zhi)，同時還應(ying)對太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)實(shi)行(xing)聚(ju)焦。為了達到(dao)(dao)此(ci)目的(de)，在使用(yong)(yong)(yong)中需要在方位角和(he)高(gao)度(du)角兩個方位上不斷跟蹤太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)，使集(ji)(ji)能器從日(ri)出到(dao)(dao)日(ri)落始終(zhong)對準太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)，以提高(gao)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能的(de)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)率。

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二、太陽能自動跟蹤器的常用方法有哪些

跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)太陽的方法有很多，但(dan)不外乎(hu)采用這兩種方式：光電跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)和根據視(shi)日運動軌跡(ji)跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)。后一種跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)方式又可以(yi)分為雙軸跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)和單軸跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)。

1、光電跟蹤

國內常用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)電(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置有：重力式(shi)光(guang)電(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置、電(dian)磁(ci)式(shi)光(guang)電(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置、電(dian)動式(shi)光(guang)電(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置。這些光(guang)電(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置都使(shi)用光(guang)敏(min)傳感器(qi)，如硅光(guang)電(dian)管(guan)(guan)，光(guang)電(dian)管(guan)(guan)靠近遮(zhe)光(guang)板(ban)，調整遮(zhe)光(guang)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置使(shi)遮(zhe)光(guang)板(ban)對(dui)準(zhun)太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)，硅光(guang)電(dian)池處于陰影(ying)區。當太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)西移時，遮(zhe)光(guang)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陰影(ying)隨(sui)之移動，光(guang)電(dian)管(guan)(guan)受到(dao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)直(zhi)射，輸出(chu)一定值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微電(dian)流，發(fa)出(chu)偏差信號，經(jing)放大電(dian)路放大，控制跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置對(dui)準(zhun)太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)，完(wan)成跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong).光(guang)電(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點(dian)是靈敏(min)度高，結構設計較為(wei)方便。其缺點(dian)是受到(dao)天氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響很大。如果在稍長(chang)時間(jian)段(duan)里(li)出(chu)現(xian)烏云(yun)遮(zhe)住太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)，太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)線往往不能照到(dao)硅光(guang)電(dian)管(guan)(guan)上，導致跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置無法對(dui)準(zhun)太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)，甚至(zhi)會(hui)引起(qi)執行(xing)機構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤動作(zuo)。下(xia)面簡要介紹一下(xia)太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能電(dian)池板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)電(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)經(jing)常用到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)種方法。

（1）太陽能(neng)電池板光強(qiang)比較法

把兩塊完全(quan)相同(tong)的(de)(de)太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)按照一定的(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)(du)連接成“人”字(zi)型(xing)，它(ta)們既用作(zuo)光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉化的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，也(ye)起(qi)光(guang)(guang)敏(min)器件的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。太(tai)陽光(guang)(guang)垂(chui)直照射地面(mian)時(shi)(shi)，兩塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)上得到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)太(tai)陽光(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)流(liu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)完全(quan)相等，產生的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)小相等，此時(shi)(shi)控制它(ta)們方位的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)不(bu)工作(zuo)。入射太(tai)陽光(guang)(guang)與地面(mian)的(de)(de)夾角(jiao)改變時(shi)(shi)，如(ru)果甲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)得到(dao)(dao)太(tai)陽光(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)流(liu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)大(da)于乙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)得到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)流(liu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)，則甲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)產生的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)強度(du)(du)就大(da)于乙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)強度(du)(du)，利用這一信號驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)轉動，使(shi)得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)與太(tai)陽光(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)夾角(jiao)同(tong)光(guang)(guang)垂(chui)直于地面(mian)時(shi)(shi)完全(quan)相同(tong)。其優點(dian)為調節(jie)較(jiao)為精確，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路也(ye)比較(jiao)簡單，但兩個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)夾角(jiao)始終存在，永遠(yuan)無法達到(dao)(dao)真正意義(yi)上的(de)(de)垂(chui)直。

（2）光敏電阻光強比較法

利用(yong)光(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)在光(guang)(guang)照時(shi)(shi)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)發(fa)生(sheng)變(bian)化的(de)(de)原理，將兩(liang)個(ge)完全相同(tong)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)分別放置于一塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)池板(ban)(ban)東西方向邊沿處的(de)(de)下(xia)方（光(guang)(guang)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池板(ban)(ban)垂(chui)直(zhi)時(shi)(shi)一半(ban)可(ke)接(jie)收(shou)光(guang)(guang)，一半(ban)在下(xia)邊）。如(ru)果太(tai)陽光(guang)(guang)垂(chui)直(zhi)照射太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池板(ban)(ban)時(shi)(shi)，兩(liang)個(ge)光(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)接(jie)收(shou)到的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)照強度(du)相同(tong)，所(suo)以它們(men)的(de)(de)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)完全相等，此時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機不(bu)轉(zhuan)動。當(dang)太(tai)陽光(guang)(guang)方向與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池板(ban)(ban)垂(chui)直(zhi)方向有夾角時(shi)(shi)，接(jie)收(shou)光(guang)(guang)強多的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)減小(xiao)，驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機轉(zhuan)動，直(zhi)至兩(liang)個(ge)光(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)上的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)照強度(du)相同(tong)。其優點在于控制(zhi)較精確，且電(dian)(dian)(dian)路也比較容易實現。

2、視日運動軌跡跟蹤

（1）單軸跟蹤

單(dan)軸(zhou)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)一般采用(yong)以下(xia)(xia)三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)方(fang)式(shi)：傾(qing)斜布(bu)置(zhi)東西跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)；焦(jiao)線(xian)(xian)南北(bei)水(shui)平布(bu)置(zhi)，東西跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)；焦(jiao)線(xian)(xian)東西水(shui)平布(bu)置(zhi)，南北(bei)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。這(zhe)(zhe)三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)基本上都(dou)是單(dan)軸(zhou)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動的南北(bei)方(fang)向(xiang)或東西方(fang)向(xiang)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)，工作原理(li)基本相似跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)系(xi)統(tong)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)（或焦(jiao)線(xian)(xian)）系(xi)東西方(fang)向(xiang)布(bu)置(zhi)。然后根據太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽赤(chi)緯角(jiao)(jiao)的變化使柱(zhu)形(xing)拋物面(mian)(mian)反(fan)射鏡繞轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)作俯仰轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動，以跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽。采用(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)方(fang)式(shi)時，一天(tian)之(zhi)中只(zhi)有正(zheng)午(wu)時刻太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽光(guang)與(yu)(yu)柱(zhu)形(xing)拋物面(mian)(mian)的母線(xian)(xian)相垂直，此時熱(re)流最大。而在(zai)早上或下(xia)(xia)午(wu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽光(guang)線(xian)(xian)都(dou)是斜射，所以一天(tian)之(zhi)中熱(re)流的變化比較大。采用(yong)單(dan)軸(zhou)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)方(fang)式(shi)的特(te)點(dian)是結(jie)構簡單(dan)，但是由于入(ru)射光(guang)線(xian)(xian)不能(neng)(neng)始終(zhong)與(yu)(yu)主(zhu)光(guang)軸(zhou)平行，從收集太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)來說并不理(li)想。如果能(neng)(neng)夠在(zai)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽高度(du)和(he)赤(chi)緯角(jiao)(jiao)的變化上都(dou)能(neng)(neng)夠跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽就(jiu)可以獲得(de)最多的太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)，全跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)即雙軸(zhou)就(jiu)是根據這(zhe)(zhe)樣的要(yao)求(qiu)而設計的。

（2）雙軸跟蹤

雙(shuang)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)跟蹤(zong)又可以分為兩種方(fang)式：極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)式全(quan)跟蹤(zong)和高度(du)角(jiao)—方(fang)位角(jiao)式全(quan)跟蹤(zong)。極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)式全(quan)跟蹤(zong)原理(li)：聚(ju)光鏡(jing)的(de)(de)(de)一軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)指向天球北(bei)極(ji)(ji)(ji)，即(ji)與地球自轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)相(xiang)(xiang)平行，故稱為極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。另(ling)一軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)與極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)垂直，稱為赤(chi)緯(wei)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。工作(zuo)時反射鏡(jing)面(mian)只(zhi)須繞極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)用與地球自轉(zhuan)(zhuan)角(jiao)速度(du)大小相(xiang)(xiang)同方(fang)向相(xiang)(xiang)反的(de)(de)(de)固定轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速，以跟蹤(zong)太(tai)陽的(de)(de)(de)視(shi)日運動(dong)。此(ci)外再按照(zhao)季節的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化間斷(duan)地將(jiang)反射鏡(jing)圍繞赤(chi)緯(wei)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)作(zuo)俯仰轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)以適應赤(chi)緯(wei)角(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化。這種跟蹤(zong)方(fang)式并不復雜，只(zhi)是反射鏡(jing)的(de)(de)(de)重量并不通過極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)線，使(shi)極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)支(zhi)承(cheng)裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)設計比較困(kun)難。