一、太陽能自動跟蹤器是什么

太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)自動跟(gen)蹤(zong)裝置是用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)來跟(gen)蹤(zong)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)，使集(ji)能(neng)(neng)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)主光(guang)(guang)軸始(shi)(shi)終與太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)線相平(ping)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)裝置。較(jiao)(jiao)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)平(ping)板(ban)式集(ji)熱(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)和真空管式集(ji)熱(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)均采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)固定(ding)安裝方式。這兩(liang)種集(ji)熱(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)共同缺點是太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量密度(du)低，因而集(ji)熱(re)(re)溫度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)低，一般只能(neng)(neng)提供40~70℃的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)水，不(bu)容易得(de)到(dao)高溫。要提高能(neng)(neng)量密度(du)則(ze)必(bi)須使集(ji)能(neng)(neng)器(qi)(qi)平(ping)面始(shi)(shi)終和太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)入射光(guang)(guang)垂(chui)直，同時還應對太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)實行(xing)聚焦。為了達到(dao)此目的(de)(de)(de)，在使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)中需(xu)要在方位角(jiao)和高度(du)角(jiao)兩(liang)個方位上(shang)不(bu)斷跟(gen)蹤(zong)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)，使集(ji)能(neng)(neng)器(qi)(qi)從(cong)日(ri)(ri)出到(dao)日(ri)(ri)落始(shi)(shi)終對準(zhun)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)，以提高太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)率。

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二、太陽能自動跟蹤器的常用方法有哪些

跟蹤太(tai)陽的方(fang)法有很多(duo)，但不外乎(hu)采用這兩種(zhong)方(fang)式：光電跟蹤和根(gen)據視日運動軌跡跟蹤。后(hou)一種(zhong)跟蹤方(fang)式又(you)可以分為(wei)雙(shuang)軸跟蹤和單軸跟蹤。

1、光電跟蹤

國(guo)內常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)有：重(zhong)力(li)式(shi)(shi)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁式(shi)(shi)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動式(shi)(shi)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。這些光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)都使(shi)用(yong)光(guang)敏傳感器，如(ru)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)，光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)靠近(jin)遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)板，調(diao)整(zheng)遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)板的(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)板對準太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)，硅(gui)(gui)(gui)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池處(chu)于陰(yin)影區。當太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)西移時，遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)板的(de)(de)(de)陰(yin)影隨之移動，光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)受到(dao)(dao)陽(yang)光(guang)直射，輸出(chu)一(yi)定值的(de)(de)(de)微電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，發出(chu)偏差信號(hao)，經(jing)放大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)放大(da)，控制跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)對準太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)，完成跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤.光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤的(de)(de)(de)優點(dian)是靈敏度高，結構設計(ji)較為方便。其缺點(dian)是受到(dao)(dao)天(tian)氣的(de)(de)(de)影響很大(da)。如(ru)果在稍(shao)長(chang)時間段(duan)里出(chu)現烏云遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)住(zhu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)的(de)(de)(de)情況，太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)線往往不能(neng)照到(dao)(dao)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)上(shang)，導致跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)法對準太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)，甚至(zhi)會引起執行機構的(de)(de)(de)誤動作。下面簡要介紹一(yi)下太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池板的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤經(jing)常用(yong)到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)種方法。

（1）太陽能(neng)電(dian)池板光強比較法

把兩(liang)塊完全相(xiang)(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)按照(zhao)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)連接(jie)成“人(ren)”字(zi)型，它們(men)既(ji)用作光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，也起光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)器(qi)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)垂(chui)(chui)直照(zhao)射地(di)面時(shi)，兩(liang)塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)得(de)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能流(liu)(liu)密(mi)度(du)(du)完全相(xiang)(xiang)等，產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)大小(xiao)相(xiang)(xiang)等，此時(shi)控制它們(men)方位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)不工作。入射太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)與地(di)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾角(jiao)(jiao)改變(bian)時(shi)，如果甲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)得(de)到太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能流(liu)(liu)密(mi)度(du)(du)大于乙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)得(de)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能流(liu)(liu)密(mi)度(du)(du)，則甲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)強度(du)(du)就大于乙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)強度(du)(du)，利(li)用這一信號驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)動，使得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)與太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾角(jiao)(jiao)同光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)垂(chui)(chui)直于地(di)面時(shi)完全相(xiang)(xiang)同。其優(you)點為調節較為精(jing)確，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路也比(bi)較簡單，但兩(liang)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾角(jiao)(jiao)始終存在，永遠無法達(da)到真正意義(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)垂(chui)(chui)直。

（2）光(guang)敏電阻光(guang)強比較法

利用光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)在光(guang)(guang)(guang)照時阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)生變化的(de)原理，將兩(liang)個完全相(xiang)同的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)分別放置于(yu)一塊(kuai)電(dian)(dian)池板(ban)東西方向邊沿處的(de)下(xia)方（光(guang)(guang)(guang)與電(dian)(dian)池板(ban)垂(chui)直(zhi)時一半(ban)可接收光(guang)(guang)(guang)，一半(ban)在下(xia)邊）。如果太(tai)陽光(guang)(guang)(guang)垂(chui)直(zhi)照射太(tai)陽能電(dian)(dian)池板(ban)時，兩(liang)個光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)接收到的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)照強度相(xiang)同，所以它(ta)們的(de)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)完全相(xiang)等，此時電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機不(bu)轉動(dong)(dong)。當太(tai)陽光(guang)(guang)(guang)方向與電(dian)(dian)池板(ban)垂(chui)直(zhi)方向有夾(jia)角時，接收光(guang)(guang)(guang)強多(duo)的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)減小，驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機轉動(dong)(dong)，直(zhi)至兩(liang)個光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)上的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)照強度相(xiang)同。其優點(dian)在于(yu)控制較精確，且(qie)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)也(ye)比較容易(yi)實現。

2、視日運動軌跡跟蹤

（1）單軸跟蹤

單(dan)軸跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)一般采(cai)用以(yi)下(xia)三(san)(san)種(zhong)(zhong)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)方(fang)式(shi)：傾斜(xie)(xie)布(bu)(bu)置東(dong)西(xi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)；焦(jiao)線(xian)(xian)南北水(shui)平(ping)布(bu)(bu)置，東(dong)西(xi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)；焦(jiao)線(xian)(xian)東(dong)西(xi)水(shui)平(ping)布(bu)(bu)置，南北跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)。這(zhe)三(san)(san)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)基本上(shang)都(dou)是單(dan)軸轉動的(de)南北方(fang)向(xiang)或(huo)東(dong)西(xi)方(fang)向(xiang)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)，工作(zuo)原理(li)基本相似跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)系統的(de)轉軸（或(huo)焦(jiao)線(xian)(xian)）系東(dong)西(xi)方(fang)向(xiang)布(bu)(bu)置。然后根(gen)據(ju)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)赤(chi)緯(wei)(wei)角的(de)變化使柱形(xing)拋物面反射(she)鏡(jing)繞轉軸作(zuo)俯仰轉動，以(yi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)。采(cai)用這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)方(fang)式(shi)時，一天之(zhi)中只有正午時刻太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)與柱形(xing)拋物面的(de)母線(xian)(xian)相垂直，此時熱(re)流最大(da)。而(er)在早上(shang)或(huo)下(xia)午太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)線(xian)(xian)都(dou)是斜(xie)(xie)射(she)，所(suo)以(yi)一天之(zhi)中熱(re)流的(de)變化比較(jiao)大(da)。采(cai)用單(dan)軸跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)方(fang)式(shi)的(de)特點是結構簡單(dan)，但是由于入射(she)光(guang)(guang)線(xian)(xian)不能(neng)始終與主光(guang)(guang)軸平(ping)行，從收(shou)集太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)來說并不理(li)想(xiang)。如果能(neng)夠在太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)高度和赤(chi)緯(wei)(wei)角的(de)變化上(shang)都(dou)能(neng)夠跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)就可以(yi)獲(huo)得最多的(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)，全(quan)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)即雙軸就是根(gen)據(ju)這(zhe)樣的(de)要求(qiu)而(er)設計的(de)。

（2）雙軸跟蹤

雙軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)又可以(yi)分為(wei)(wei)兩種方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)：極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)式(shi)(shi)全(quan)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)和高(gao)度角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)—方(fang)(fang)位(wei)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)式(shi)(shi)全(quan)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)。極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)式(shi)(shi)全(quan)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)原理：聚光鏡(jing)的一(yi)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)指向天球(qiu)北極(ji)(ji)(ji)，即(ji)與地(di)球(qiu)自轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)相平行，故稱為(wei)(wei)極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。另一(yi)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)與極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)垂直(zhi)，稱為(wei)(wei)赤緯軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。工作時反射(she)鏡(jing)面(mian)只須繞極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)用與地(di)球(qiu)自轉(zhuan)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)速度大(da)小相同方(fang)(fang)向相反的固定(ding)轉(zhuan)速，以(yi)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)太陽的視日(ri)運動。此(ci)外再按照季節的變化(hua)間斷地(di)將反射(she)鏡(jing)圍繞赤緯軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)作俯仰轉(zhuan)動以(yi)適應赤緯角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的變化(hua)。這種跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)復雜(za)，只是(shi)反射(she)鏡(jing)的重量并(bing)不(bu)(bu)通(tong)過極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)線，使極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)支承裝(zhuang)置的設計比較困難。