一、太陽能自動跟蹤器是什么

太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)自動跟蹤裝置(zhi)是用來(lai)跟蹤太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)，使集(ji)(ji)能(neng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)主光(guang)軸始(shi)(shi)終與太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)線(xian)相平行的(de)(de)裝置(zhi)。較(jiao)常用的(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)平板式集(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和真(zhen)空(kong)管式集(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)(qi)均采用固定安裝方(fang)式。這兩種集(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)共(gong)同缺點(dian)是太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)密(mi)度(du)低，因而集(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)較(jiao)低，一般只(zhi)能(neng)提供40~70℃的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)水，不(bu)容易得到(dao)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)。要提高(gao)能(neng)量(liang)密(mi)度(du)則必須使集(ji)(ji)能(neng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)平面始(shi)(shi)終和太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)入射光(guang)垂直，同時還應(ying)對太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)實行聚焦。為了達到(dao)此目的(de)(de)，在使用中需要在方(fang)位角和高(gao)度(du)角兩個方(fang)位上不(bu)斷跟蹤太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)，使集(ji)(ji)能(neng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)從日(ri)出到(dao)日(ri)落(luo)始(shi)(shi)終對準太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)，以提高(gao)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)的(de)(de)利用率。

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二、太陽能自動跟蹤器的常用方法有哪些

跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)太陽的(de)方(fang)法有很多，但不外(wai)乎采用這兩種(zhong)方(fang)式：光電(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)和(he)根據視日運(yun)動(dong)軌跡跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)。后一種(zhong)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)方(fang)式又可(ke)以分為雙軸跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)和(he)單軸跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)。

1、光電跟蹤

國內常用(yong)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置有：重力式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置、電(dian)磁式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置、電(dian)動(dong)式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置。這些光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置都使用(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏傳感(gan)器，如(ru)硅(gui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)管(guan)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)管(guan)靠(kao)近遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板，調整遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板的(de)(de)位置使遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板對(dui)準太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，硅(gui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)池處于(yu)陰(yin)(yin)影區。當太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)西移時(shi)，遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板的(de)(de)陰(yin)(yin)影隨之(zhi)移動(dong)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)管(guan)受到(dao)(dao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)直射，輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)一(yi)定(ding)值的(de)(de)微電(dian)流，發出(chu)(chu)偏(pian)差信號，經放大(da)電(dian)路放大(da)，控制跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置對(dui)準太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，完(wan)成(cheng)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong).光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)優點(dian)是(shi)靈敏度高，結構(gou)(gou)設計較為方(fang)便。其缺(que)點(dian)是(shi)受到(dao)(dao)天氣的(de)(de)影響(xiang)很大(da)。如(ru)果在稍長時(shi)間段里出(chu)(chu)現烏云遮(zhe)住太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)情況，太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線(xian)往(wang)往(wang)不能照到(dao)(dao)硅(gui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)管(guan)上，導致跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置無法對(dui)準太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，甚(shen)至會引(yin)起執行機構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)誤動(dong)作(zuo)。下面(mian)簡要(yao)介紹一(yi)下太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能電(dian)池板的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)經常用(yong)到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)兩(liang)種方(fang)法。

（1）太陽能(neng)電池(chi)板光強比較法

把(ba)兩(liang)塊(kuai)完(wan)(wan)全相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板按(an)照(zhao)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度連接成(cheng)“人(ren)”字(zi)型，它們既用作光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)轉化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，也起光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏器件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。太陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)垂直照(zhao)射地(di)(di)面(mian)時，兩(liang)塊(kuai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板上得(de)到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能流(liu)(liu)密(mi)度完(wan)(wan)全相(xiang)等，產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)大(da)小(xiao)相(xiang)等，此(ci)時控制它們方位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動機不工(gong)作。入射太陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)與(yu)地(di)(di)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾角(jiao)改變時，如(ru)果甲電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板得(de)到(dao)(dao)太陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能流(liu)(liu)密(mi)度大(da)于乙電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板得(de)到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能流(liu)(liu)密(mi)度，則(ze)甲電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)強(qiang)度就大(da)于乙電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)強(qiang)度，利(li)用這(zhe)一信號驅動電(dian)(dian)動機轉動，使得(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板與(yu)太陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾角(jiao)同光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)垂直于地(di)(di)面(mian)時完(wan)(wan)全相(xiang)同。其優點為調節(jie)較為精(jing)確(que)，電(dian)(dian)路也比較簡單，但兩(liang)個電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾角(jiao)始終存在，永遠無法(fa)達到(dao)(dao)真正(zheng)意義上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)垂直。

（2）光敏電(dian)阻光強比較法(fa)

利用光(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)在(zai)光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)時(shi)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)發生變化的(de)(de)原理，將(jiang)兩(liang)個完(wan)全相同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)分別放置于一塊電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板東(dong)西(xi)方(fang)向邊(bian)沿(yan)處(chu)的(de)(de)下(xia)方(fang)（光(guang)(guang)與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板垂(chui)直時(shi)一半可接(jie)收(shou)(shou)光(guang)(guang)，一半在(zai)下(xia)邊(bian)）。如(ru)果太陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)垂(chui)直照(zhao)(zhao)射太陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板時(shi)，兩(liang)個光(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)接(jie)收(shou)(shou)到的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)相同(tong)(tong)，所(suo)以它(ta)們的(de)(de)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)完(wan)全相等(deng)，此時(shi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機不轉動(dong)。當太陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)方(fang)向與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板垂(chui)直方(fang)向有夾角時(shi)，接(jie)收(shou)(shou)光(guang)(guang)強(qiang)(qiang)多的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)減小，驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機轉動(dong)，直至兩(liang)個光(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)上的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)相同(tong)(tong)。其優點在(zai)于控制較(jiao)精確，且電(dian)(dian)路(lu)也比較(jiao)容易(yi)實現。

2、視日運動軌跡跟蹤

（1）單軸跟蹤

單軸(zhou)(zhou)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)一般采用(yong)以下(xia)三種跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)方(fang)(fang)式：傾斜(xie)(xie)布置(zhi)(zhi)東西(xi)(xi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)；焦線(xian)(xian)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)水平布置(zhi)(zhi)，東西(xi)(xi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)；焦線(xian)(xian)東西(xi)(xi)水平布置(zhi)(zhi)，南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)。這三種方(fang)(fang)式基本(ben)上都是單軸(zhou)(zhou)轉動的(de)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)或東西(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)，工作(zuo)原理基本(ben)相似跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)系統的(de)轉軸(zhou)(zhou)（或焦線(xian)(xian)）系東西(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)布置(zhi)(zhi)。然(ran)后根據太陽赤緯角的(de)變(bian)化(hua)使(shi)柱形(xing)拋物面(mian)反射鏡繞轉軸(zhou)(zhou)作(zuo)俯仰(yang)轉動，以跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)太陽。采用(yong)這種跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)方(fang)(fang)式時，一天(tian)之中只有(you)正午時刻太陽光(guang)與柱形(xing)拋物面(mian)的(de)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)相垂直，此時熱(re)流最大。而(er)在早上或下(xia)午太陽光(guang)線(xian)(xian)都是斜(xie)(xie)射，所以一天(tian)之中熱(re)流的(de)變(bian)化(hua)比(bi)較(jiao)大。采用(yong)單軸(zhou)(zhou)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)方(fang)(fang)式的(de)特點是結(jie)構簡(jian)單，但(dan)是由于入射光(guang)線(xian)(xian)不能始終(zhong)與主光(guang)軸(zhou)(zhou)平行(xing)，從收集太陽能來說并不理想。如果能夠(gou)在太陽高度和赤緯角的(de)變(bian)化(hua)上都能夠(gou)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)太陽就可以獲得(de)最多的(de)太陽能，全跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)即雙軸(zhou)(zhou)就是根據這樣(yang)的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)而(er)設(she)計的(de)。

（2）雙軸跟蹤

雙軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)又可以(yi)分為(wei)兩種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)：極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)式(shi)全跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)和高度角(jiao)—方(fang)(fang)位角(jiao)式(shi)全跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)。極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)式(shi)全跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)原理(li)：聚(ju)光(guang)鏡(jing)的(de)(de)一軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)指向天(tian)球(qiu)北極(ji)(ji)，即(ji)與地球(qiu)自(zi)轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)相(xiang)(xiang)平行，故(gu)稱為(wei)極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。另一軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)與極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)垂直，稱為(wei)赤(chi)(chi)緯軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。工作(zuo)時反射鏡(jing)面(mian)只須(xu)繞極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)用與地球(qiu)自(zi)轉(zhuan)角(jiao)速度大小相(xiang)(xiang)同方(fang)(fang)向相(xiang)(xiang)反的(de)(de)固定轉(zhuan)速，以(yi)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)太陽的(de)(de)視日運動。此(ci)外再按照(zhao)季節的(de)(de)變化(hua)間斷地將反射鏡(jing)圍繞赤(chi)(chi)緯軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)作(zuo)俯仰(yang)轉(zhuan)動以(yi)適應赤(chi)(chi)緯角(jiao)的(de)(de)變化(hua)。這種(zhong)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)并不復雜，只是反射鏡(jing)的(de)(de)重量并不通過極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)線，使極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)支(zhi)承裝(zhuang)置的(de)(de)設計比較困難。