一、太陽能自動跟蹤器是什么

太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能自動(dong)跟(gen)蹤裝置(zhi)是用來(lai)跟(gen)蹤太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)，使(shi)集(ji)(ji)能器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)主光(guang)軸始(shi)終(zhong)與太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)線相平行的(de)(de)(de)裝置(zhi)。較常(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能平板式集(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)和真空管式集(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)均采(cai)用固(gu)定安裝方式。這兩(liang)種集(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)共同缺點是太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)能量密度(du)低(di)，因而集(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)溫度(du)較低(di)，一(yi)般只能提(ti)供40~70℃的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)水(shui)，不容易得到(dao)高溫。要(yao)提(ti)高能量密度(du)則必須(xu)使(shi)集(ji)(ji)能器(qi)(qi)平面始(shi)終(zhong)和太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)入射(she)光(guang)垂(chui)直，同時還應對太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)實(shi)行聚焦(jiao)。為了達到(dao)此目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)，在使(shi)用中需要(yao)在方位角和高度(du)角兩(liang)個方位上不斷跟(gen)蹤太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)，使(shi)集(ji)(ji)能器(qi)(qi)從日出到(dao)日落(luo)始(shi)終(zhong)對準太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)，以提(ti)高太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能的(de)(de)(de)利用率。

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二、太陽能自動跟蹤器的常用方法有哪些

跟(gen)蹤(zong)太陽的方法有很多，但不(bu)外(wai)乎采用這兩種方式：光電跟(gen)蹤(zong)和(he)根據視日運(yun)動軌跡跟(gen)蹤(zong)。后一種跟(gen)蹤(zong)方式又可以(yi)分為雙軸(zhou)跟(gen)蹤(zong)和(he)單軸(zhou)跟(gen)蹤(zong)。

1、光電跟蹤

國內常用(yong)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)有(you)：重力式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。這些光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)都(dou)使(shi)用(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)(min)傳感器，如硅光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)靠(kao)近(jin)遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板(ban)，調整(zheng)遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板(ban)的(de)(de)位置(zhi)使(shi)遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板(ban)對準太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)，硅光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)處(chu)于陰影區。當太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)西移(yi)時(shi)，遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板(ban)的(de)(de)陰影隨之移(yi)動(dong)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)受到(dao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)直射(she)，輸出一定值的(de)(de)微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，發出偏差信號，經放大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路放大，控制跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)對準太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)，完成(cheng)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong).光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)的(de)(de)優點(dian)是靈敏(min)(min)度高，結構設計較為方(fang)(fang)便。其缺點(dian)是受到(dao)天(tian)氣(qi)的(de)(de)影響很大。如果在稍(shao)長時(shi)間段里出現(xian)烏云遮住太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)，太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線(xian)往往不能照到(dao)硅光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)上(shang)，導(dao)致(zhi)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)無(wu)法對準太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)，甚至會引起執行機構的(de)(de)誤動(dong)作。下面簡要介紹一下太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)經常用(yong)到(dao)的(de)(de)兩種方(fang)(fang)法。

（1）太陽能電池板光強比較法

把(ba)兩(liang)塊(kuai)完全(quan)相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)按照一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du)(du)(du)連接成“人”字型，它(ta)們既(ji)用作(zuo)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉化的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，也起光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏器件的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)垂直照射地面時(shi)(shi)，兩(liang)塊(kuai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)得到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能流(liu)(liu)密(mi)度(du)(du)(du)完全(quan)相(xiang)等，產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)大(da)(da)小(xiao)相(xiang)等，此時(shi)(shi)控制它(ta)們方位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機不工作(zuo)。入(ru)射太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)與(yu)地面的(de)(de)(de)(de)夾角改變時(shi)(shi)，如果甲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)得到(dao)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能流(liu)(liu)密(mi)度(du)(du)(du)大(da)(da)于乙(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)得到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能流(liu)(liu)密(mi)度(du)(du)(du)，則甲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)強度(du)(du)(du)就大(da)(da)于乙(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)強度(du)(du)(du)，利用這(zhe)一信號(hao)驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機轉動(dong)，使得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)與(yu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)夾角同光(guang)(guang)(guang)垂直于地面時(shi)(shi)完全(quan)相(xiang)同。其優點為(wei)調節較為(wei)精確(que)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路也比較簡(jian)單，但兩(liang)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)夾角始終存在，永遠無法達到(dao)真(zhen)正意義上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)垂直。

（2）光(guang)(guang)敏電阻光(guang)(guang)強比較法

利用光敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)在光照時(shi)阻(zu)(zu)值發生(sheng)變化的(de)(de)原理，將兩個完全相(xiang)(xiang)同的(de)(de)光敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)分(fen)別放置(zhi)于一(yi)塊電(dian)池板東西(xi)方向邊(bian)沿(yan)處(chu)的(de)(de)下(xia)方（光與(yu)電(dian)池板垂(chui)直時(shi)一(yi)半可(ke)接收(shou)光，一(yi)半在下(xia)邊(bian)）。如(ru)果(guo)太(tai)陽(yang)光垂(chui)直照射太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池板時(shi)，兩個光敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)接收(shou)到的(de)(de)光照強(qiang)度相(xiang)(xiang)同，所(suo)以它們(men)的(de)(de)阻(zu)(zu)值完全相(xiang)(xiang)等，此時(shi)電(dian)動機不轉動。當(dang)太(tai)陽(yang)光方向與(yu)電(dian)池板垂(chui)直方向有夾(jia)角時(shi)，接收(shou)光強(qiang)多的(de)(de)光敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)阻(zu)(zu)值減小，驅動電(dian)動機轉動，直至兩個光敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)上的(de)(de)光照強(qiang)度相(xiang)(xiang)同。其優點(dian)在于控制較精確，且電(dian)路也比較容易(yi)實現。

2、視日運動軌跡跟蹤

（1）單軸跟蹤

單(dan)軸(zhou)(zhou)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)一(yi)般采用以下(xia)三種(zhong)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)方式：傾斜布(bu)置(zhi)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)；焦(jiao)線(xian)南北(bei)(bei)水平布(bu)置(zhi)，東(dong)西(xi)(xi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)；焦(jiao)線(xian)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)水平布(bu)置(zhi)，南北(bei)(bei)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)。這三種(zhong)方式基本(ben)上(shang)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)單(dan)軸(zhou)(zhou)轉動的(de)南北(bei)(bei)方向或東(dong)西(xi)(xi)方向跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)，工作(zuo)(zuo)原理基本(ben)相(xiang)似跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)系統的(de)轉軸(zhou)(zhou)（或焦(jiao)線(xian)）系東(dong)西(xi)(xi)方向布(bu)置(zhi)。然后根(gen)據太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)赤緯角的(de)變化(hua)(hua)使柱形拋物面反(fan)射鏡繞轉軸(zhou)(zhou)作(zuo)(zuo)俯仰轉動，以跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。采用這種(zhong)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)方式時，一(yi)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)只有正午時刻太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)與(yu)柱形拋物面的(de)母線(xian)相(xiang)垂直，此時熱(re)流(liu)最大。而在早上(shang)或下(xia)午太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)線(xian)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斜射，所以一(yi)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)熱(re)流(liu)的(de)變化(hua)(hua)比較大。采用單(dan)軸(zhou)(zhou)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)方式的(de)特(te)點是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)構簡單(dan)，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由于入射光(guang)(guang)線(xian)不(bu)能始終與(yu)主光(guang)(guang)軸(zhou)(zhou)平行，從收(shou)集太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能來說并不(bu)理想(xiang)。如果能夠在太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)高度和赤緯角的(de)變化(hua)(hua)上(shang)都能夠跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)就(jiu)可以獲得最多的(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能，全跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)即(ji)雙軸(zhou)(zhou)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)根(gen)據這樣的(de)要求而設計(ji)的(de)。

（2）雙軸跟蹤

雙軸(zhou)跟(gen)蹤又可(ke)以分為兩種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)：極(ji)軸(zhou)式(shi)全跟(gen)蹤和高度角—方(fang)位角式(shi)全跟(gen)蹤。極(ji)軸(zhou)式(shi)全跟(gen)蹤原理：聚光(guang)鏡(jing)的一軸(zhou)指向天球北(bei)極(ji)，即(ji)與地(di)(di)球自轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)相平行，故稱為極(ji)軸(zhou)。另一軸(zhou)與極(ji)軸(zhou)垂直，稱為赤緯(wei)軸(zhou)。工作時反(fan)(fan)射(she)鏡(jing)面只(zhi)須繞極(ji)軸(zhou)用與地(di)(di)球自轉(zhuan)角速度大(da)小相同方(fang)向相反(fan)(fan)的固定轉(zhuan)速，以跟(gen)蹤太陽的視日運(yun)動。此外再按照(zhao)季節(jie)的變化(hua)間斷地(di)(di)將反(fan)(fan)射(she)鏡(jing)圍繞赤緯(wei)軸(zhou)作俯仰轉(zhuan)動以適應(ying)赤緯(wei)角的變化(hua)。這種(zhong)(zhong)跟(gen)蹤方(fang)式(shi)并不復雜(za)，只(zhi)是反(fan)(fan)射(she)鏡(jing)的重量并不通過極(ji)軸(zhou)軸(zhou)線，使極(ji)軸(zhou)支(zhi)承裝置(zhi)的設計比較困(kun)難。