一、太陽能自動跟蹤器是什么

太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)自動跟蹤裝置是(shi)用(yong)來跟蹤太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)，使(shi)(shi)集(ji)能(neng)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)主光軸始(shi)終(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光線相平行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)裝置。較常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)平板(ban)式集(ji)熱(re)(re)器(qi)和(he)真(zhen)空管式集(ji)熱(re)(re)器(qi)均(jun)采(cai)用(yong)固定安裝方式。這(zhe)兩種集(ji)熱(re)(re)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)共同缺(que)點是(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量密度(du)(du)低(di)，因而集(ji)熱(re)(re)溫度(du)(du)較低(di)，一般只能(neng)提(ti)(ti)供40~70℃的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)水，不容易得(de)到(dao)(dao)高溫。要提(ti)(ti)高能(neng)量密度(du)(du)則(ze)必須使(shi)(shi)集(ji)能(neng)器(qi)平面(mian)始(shi)終(zhong)(zhong)和(he)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)入射光垂直，同時還應對太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光實行(xing)聚焦。為(wei)了達到(dao)(dao)此目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)，在(zai)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)中需(xu)要在(zai)方位角(jiao)和(he)高度(du)(du)角(jiao)兩個方位上不斷跟蹤太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)，使(shi)(shi)集(ji)能(neng)器(qi)從日出到(dao)(dao)日落始(shi)終(zhong)(zhong)對準太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)，以提(ti)(ti)高太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)利用(yong)率(lv)。

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二、太陽能自動跟蹤器的常用方法有哪些

跟(gen)蹤(zong)太陽的(de)方(fang)法(fa)有很多，但(dan)不外乎采用這兩種(zhong)方(fang)式：光電跟(gen)蹤(zong)和根據視日運(yun)動軌(gui)跡跟(gen)蹤(zong)。后一種(zhong)跟(gen)蹤(zong)方(fang)式又可(ke)以分為雙軸跟(gen)蹤(zong)和單軸跟(gen)蹤(zong)。

1、光電跟蹤

國內(nei)常用(yong)的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有：重力式(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁式(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動式(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。這些(xie)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)都使(shi)用(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏傳感器，如(ru)硅(gui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)(guan)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)(guan)靠近遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板(ban)，調整遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板(ban)的(de)位置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板(ban)對(dui)準太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽，硅(gui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池處于(yu)陰影(ying)區。當太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽西移(yi)時，遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板(ban)的(de)陰影(ying)隨之移(yi)動，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)(guan)受到(dao)(dao)陽光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)直射，輸出一定值(zhi)的(de)微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，發出偏差信號(hao)，經(jing)放(fang)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路放(fang)大(da)，控制跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)準太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽，完成(cheng)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong).光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)優點是靈敏度高，結構(gou)設計較為(wei)方便。其缺(que)點是受到(dao)(dao)天氣的(de)影(ying)響很大(da)。如(ru)果在稍(shao)長時間段里出現烏云遮住太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽的(de)情況(kuang)，太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線往(wang)往(wang)不(bu)能照到(dao)(dao)硅(gui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)(guan)上，導致跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無法對(dui)準太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽，甚(shen)至會引起執行機構(gou)的(de)誤(wu)動作(zuo)。下(xia)面簡(jian)要介紹一下(xia)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池板(ban)的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)經(jing)常用(yong)到(dao)(dao)的(de)兩種(zhong)方法。

（1）太陽能電(dian)池板(ban)光強比較法

把兩(liang)塊完(wan)全相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)按(an)照一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)(du)連接成“人”字(zi)型，它們既(ji)用作光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，也起光敏器件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光垂(chui)直(zhi)照射地(di)面(mian)(mian)時(shi)，兩(liang)塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)上得(de)(de)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能流(liu)(liu)密(mi)度(du)(du)完(wan)全相(xiang)等，產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)大小相(xiang)等，此時(shi)控制它們方位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機不工作。入射太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光與(yu)地(di)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)(jia)角(jiao)改變時(shi)，如果甲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)得(de)(de)到太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能流(liu)(liu)密(mi)度(du)(du)大于乙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)得(de)(de)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能流(liu)(liu)密(mi)度(du)(du)，則甲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)強度(du)(du)就大于乙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)強度(du)(du)，利用這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)信號(hao)驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)，使(shi)得(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)與(yu)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)(jia)角(jiao)同(tong)光垂(chui)直(zhi)于地(di)面(mian)(mian)時(shi)完(wan)全相(xiang)同(tong)。其優點(dian)為調節較(jiao)為精確，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路也比較(jiao)簡單(dan)，但兩(liang)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)(jia)角(jiao)始終存在，永遠無法(fa)達到真正意義上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)垂(chui)直(zhi)。

（2）光(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)阻光(guang)(guang)強比較法

利用光(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻在(zai)光(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)時(shi)(shi)阻值發生變(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)原理，將兩個(ge)完(wan)全相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻分(fen)別放(fang)置于一(yi)塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板(ban)東(dong)西方(fang)向邊(bian)沿處的(de)(de)(de)下(xia)方(fang)（光(guang)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板(ban)垂直(zhi)時(shi)(shi)一(yi)半可接(jie)收光(guang)，一(yi)半在(zai)下(xia)邊(bian)）。如(ru)果太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)垂直(zhi)照(zhao)(zhao)射太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板(ban)時(shi)(shi)，兩個(ge)光(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻接(jie)收到的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)強(qiang)度相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)，所(suo)以它(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)阻值完(wan)全相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)等，此時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)不轉動(dong)(dong)。當太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)方(fang)向與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板(ban)垂直(zhi)方(fang)向有夾角(jiao)時(shi)(shi)，接(jie)收光(guang)強(qiang)多的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻阻值減小，驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)轉動(dong)(dong)，直(zhi)至兩個(ge)光(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)強(qiang)度相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。其優點在(zai)于控(kong)制較(jiao)(jiao)精確，且電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路也比較(jiao)(jiao)容易實現。

2、視日運動軌跡跟蹤

（1）單軸跟蹤

單(dan)軸跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)一(yi)般采(cai)用(yong)以(yi)下(xia)三種跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)方(fang)式：傾斜(xie)布(bu)置(zhi)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)；焦線(xian)南北水(shui)平布(bu)置(zhi)，東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)；焦線(xian)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)水(shui)平布(bu)置(zhi)，南北跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。這(zhe)三種方(fang)式基本(ben)上都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)單(dan)軸轉動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)南北方(fang)向或東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)方(fang)向跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)，工作原理基本(ben)相似跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)系統的(de)(de)轉軸（或焦線(xian)）系東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)方(fang)向布(bu)置(zhi)。然后(hou)根(gen)據(ju)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)赤緯角的(de)(de)變(bian)化使柱(zhu)形拋(pao)物面(mian)反(fan)射(she)鏡繞轉軸作俯(fu)仰轉動(dong)(dong)，以(yi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)。采(cai)用(yong)這(zhe)種跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)方(fang)式時(shi)，一(yi)天(tian)之中只有(you)正(zheng)午(wu)時(shi)刻太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光與(yu)柱(zhu)形拋(pao)物面(mian)的(de)(de)母線(xian)相垂直，此時(shi)熱流(liu)最(zui)大(da)(da)。而(er)(er)在早上或下(xia)午(wu)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光線(xian)都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)斜(xie)射(she)，所以(yi)一(yi)天(tian)之中熱流(liu)的(de)(de)變(bian)化比(bi)較大(da)(da)。采(cai)用(yong)單(dan)軸跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)方(fang)式的(de)(de)特點(dian)是(shi)(shi)結構簡單(dan)，但是(shi)(shi)由于入(ru)射(she)光線(xian)不(bu)能始終與(yu)主光軸平行，從收集太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能來說并不(bu)理想。如果能夠在太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)高度(du)和赤緯角的(de)(de)變(bian)化上都(dou)(dou)能夠跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)就可以(yi)獲得(de)最(zui)多的(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能，全跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)即雙軸就是(shi)(shi)根(gen)據(ju)這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)要求而(er)(er)設(she)計的(de)(de)。

（2）雙軸跟蹤

雙軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)跟蹤(zong)(zong)又(you)可以分為兩種(zhong)方式(shi)(shi)：極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)式(shi)(shi)全跟蹤(zong)(zong)和高度角—方位(wei)角式(shi)(shi)全跟蹤(zong)(zong)。極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)式(shi)(shi)全跟蹤(zong)(zong)原理：聚光鏡(jing)的一(yi)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)指向天球(qiu)北極(ji)(ji)，即與地球(qiu)自轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)相(xiang)平行，故(gu)稱為極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。另一(yi)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)與極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)垂直，稱為赤緯軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。工作時(shi)反射(she)鏡(jing)面只須(xu)繞極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)用(yong)與地球(qiu)自轉(zhuan)(zhuan)角速(su)度大小相(xiang)同方向相(xiang)反的固定轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，以跟蹤(zong)(zong)太陽(yang)的視日運動(dong)。此外再按照季節(jie)的變化間斷地將反射(she)鏡(jing)圍繞赤緯軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)作俯(fu)仰轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)以適(shi)應赤緯角的變化。這種(zhong)跟蹤(zong)(zong)方式(shi)(shi)并(bing)不復雜，只是反射(she)鏡(jing)的重量并(bing)不通過極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)線，使(shi)極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)支承(cheng)裝置的設計比較困難。