一、平地機的種類有哪些

平地機按牽引方式分為拖式和自行式兩種。拖式平地機由專用車輛牽引作業；自行式平地機出發動機驅動行駛和作業。拖(tuo)式平(ping)地機由于(yu)機動性(xing)差、作業效率低(di)等原因(yin)已較少應用。

自行式(shi)平地機可按(an)以(yi)下方式(shi)分類(lei)：

1、按車輪(lun)(lun)輪(lun)(lun)胎(tai)的數(shu)目：四輪(lun)(lun)（兩軸(zhou)）和六輪(lun)(lun)（三軸(zhou)）兩種。

2、按車輪(lun)布置形式(shi)：平地機(ji)車輪(lun)的布置型(xing)(xing)式(shi)由(you)總輪(lun)數x驅動輪(lun)數x轉向輪(lun)數表(biao)示。如4x2x2型(xing)(xing)、4x4x4型(xing)(xing)、6x4x2、6x6x6型(xing)(xing)。

3、按車輪驅動(dong)(dong)：可分為后輪驅動(dong)(dong)式和(he)全輪驅動(dong)(dong)式兩種。

4、按車輪(lun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)：可分為前輪(lun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)式(shi)和全輪(lun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)式(shi)兩種。

5、按刮刀(dao)長度或(huo)發動機功率：分為輕型(xing)、中型(xing)和重型(xing)三種(zhong)。

6、按機架結(jie)構：分為(wei)整(zheng)體式和鉸接(jie)式。

7、按操縱方式：分為機械操縱、液壓(ya)操縱、手柄式三種。

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二、平地機的結構及工作原理

平地(di)機主(zhu)要由發動機、傳動系(xi)統、行駛系(xi)統、轉向(xiang)系(xi)統、制動系(xi)統、工作(zuo)裝置及(ji)液壓操縱系(xi)統、電器設備和駕(jia)駛室(shi)等組成。

1、發動機

一般都(dou)采(cai)用風冷(leng)或水冷(leng)多(duo)缸柴油發動機(ji)。多(duo)數柴油機(ji)都(dou)采(cai)用了廢氣渦輪增壓技術(shu)。

2、傳動系統

傳(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系統(tong)一(yi)(yi)般由主(zhu)離(li)合器、液力變(bian)矩器、變(bian)速(su)箱(xiang)、后橋傳(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、平衡(heng)箱(xiang)串聯傳(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置(zhi)等組成。傳(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系統(tong)中的變(bian)速(su)器有兩種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)配置(zhi)，一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)手動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)變(bian)速(su)器，一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力換擋(dang)變(bian)速(su)器。

3、行駛系統

行駛系統包(bao)括機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)架(jia)和(he)(he)車(che)輪。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)架(jia)為(wei)箱形(xing)(xing)整體(ti)式，它是(shi)一個(ge)弓(gong)形(xing)(xing)的焊接(jie)結構。前(qian)端(duan)弓(gong)形(xing)(xing)縱梁為(wei)箱形(xing)(xing)斷面的單桁梁，工作裝置及(ji)其操(cao)縱機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構懸掛或安裝在此梁上。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)架(jia)后部(bu)由2根縱梁和(he)(he)1根后橫梁組成。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)架(jia)上面安裝發動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、傳動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構和(he)(he)駕駛室。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)架(jia)后部(bu)通過導板、托架(jia)與后橋殼鉸接(jie)，前(qian)鼻則以(yi)鋼座(zuo)支(zhi)承在前(qian)橋上。

4、轉向系統

轉向(xiang)(xiang)系(xi)統包括前輪轉向(xiang)(xiang)系(xi)統和后橋轉向(xiang)(xiang)液壓系(xi)統。

平地機轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向系統(tong)(tong)都采(cai)用液壓轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向系統(tong)(tong)，主要由轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向傳動機構、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向液壓油缸、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向控制閥、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向液壓油泵等(deng)組成。

除(chu)設(she)置有(you)(you)前輪偏轉(zhuan)轉(zhuan)向系統外，為(wei)擴大作業范圍、減小轉(zhuan)彎(wan)半徑和減小側向力，還設(she)置有(you)(you)其他轉(zhuan)向系統。如(ru)有(you)(you)后(hou)四(si)輪偏轉(zhuan)和前輪傾(qing)斜(xie)。

前機架偏轉(zhuan)系統(tong)，可進行(xing)縮小平(ping)地機轉(zhuan)彎半徑。尤其適于(yu)需要(yao)斜行(xing)作業的(de)地方。

5、制動系統

制(zhi)動(dong)系包括腳制(zhi)動(dong)裝(zhuang)置和手(shou)制(zhi)動(dong)裝(zhuang)置。

腳(jiao)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置的制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器采用(yong)液壓張開、自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)增(zeng)力蹄式制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器。制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)傳動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機構(gou)采用(yong)的是(shi)雙管(guan)路氣壓液壓式（從(cong)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)總泵分成(cheng)兩(liang)路，分別到中后(hou)輪）。手制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置的制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器為凸輪張開、自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)增(zeng)力蹄式制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器，制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)傳動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機構(gou)采用(yong)機械式。

氣液(ye)綜合式(shi)行(xing)車制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系統，由氣液(ye)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機構和(he)(he)4個車輪制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器所組(zu)成，車輪制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器為(wei)對稱自行(xing)增(zeng)力式(shi)。空(kong)氣壓縮(suo)機輸(shu)出的(de)(de)壓縮(suo)空(kong)氣經油(you)水分離器、氣壓控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器（控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系統壓力為(wei)0.5MPa）后進入儲(chu)氣筒中(zhong)，平地機制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)通過制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)踏(ta)板和(he)(he)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)閥的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)使壓縮(suo)空(kong)氣推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)助力器中(zhong)的(de)(de)活(huo)塞，將制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)主缸的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)分別壓入4個車輪制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)分泵中(zhong)，推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)蹄片而產生制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)作用。

6、工作裝置

平(ping)地機的工(gong)作裝(zhuang)置包括刮(gua)土鏟(chan)(chan)、松土器和推土鏟(chan)(chan)，其中松土器和推土鏟(chan)(chan)屬于輔助工(gong)作裝(zhuang)置。

①刮(gua)土鏟。刮(gua)土裝(zhuang)置(zhi)主(zhu)要由(you)刮(gua)刀、牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)(yin)架(jia)(jia)、回(hui)(hui)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)圈等組(zu)成。刮(gua)刀由(you)刀體和(he)刀片(pian)組(zu)成。牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)(yin)架(jia)(jia)的(de)前(qian)端是個球形鉸(jiao)，與機架(jia)(jia)前(qian)端鉸(jiao)接，因而(er)牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)(yin)架(jia)(jia)可(ke)(ke)以繞球鉸(jiao)在(zai)任(ren)(ren)意方向轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)擺動(dong)(dong)(dong)。回(hui)(hui)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)圈支承在(zai)牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)(yin)架(jia)(jia)上，可(ke)(ke)在(zai)回(hui)(hui)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)下繞牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)(yin)架(jia)(jia)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)，從(cong)而(er)帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)刮(gua)刀在(zai)360°內任(ren)(ren)意回(hui)(hui)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)。刮(gua)刀的(de)背面(mian)有上下兩條滑軌支承在(zai)兩側角位器(qi)的(de)滑槽(cao)上，可(ke)(ke)以在(zai)刮(gua)刀側移油缸(gang)的(de)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)下側向滑動(dong)(dong)(dong)。角位器(qi)與回(hui)(hui)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)圈耳板下端鉸(jiao)接，上端用螺母固定；當松開螺母時，可(ke)(ke)以調(diao)整鏟土角。

②松(song)(song)土器。松(song)(song)土器主要用(yong)于(yu)疏松(song)(song)堅硬土壤，清(qing)除土壤中的樹(shu)根(gen)和石塊，以及翻修(xiu)碎石、礫石路面。松(song)(song)土器安裝(zhuang)在刮刀(dao)的背(bei)面，主要由(you)耙齒、桿軸(zhou)、安全彈簧等組(zu)成。

耙(pa)齒共有6個，裝在(zai)桿軸上。不作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業時(shi)(shi)，耙(pa)齒尖(jian)朝上，并(bing)由安全彈簧定(ding)位。當需要(yao)松土器工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)(shi)，將(jiang)安全彈簧拆下，通(tong)過手柄將(jiang)桿軸拉出后，可以將(jiang)耙(pa)齒放(fang)置(zhi)在(zai)工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)位置(zhi)。耙(pa)齒放(fang)下后，把桿軸推回，如需減少耙(pa)齒時(shi)(shi)，中(zhong)間需放(fang)隔套。松土作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業時(shi)(shi)，利用(yong)刮(gua)刀升降(jiang)油缸(gang)，使松土器得(de)到合適的(de)入土深度。

③推土鏟。推土鏟是平地機的輔(fu)(fu)助裝(zhuang)置。主要(yao)用于大型平地機，進行輔(fu)(fu)助推(tui)土作業(ye)。

7、液壓操作系統

液壓(ya)(ya)系(xi)統主要由(you)油箱(xiang)、液壓(ya)(ya)泵(beng)、多路閥、液壓(ya)(ya)缸、刮刀(dao)回轉(zhuan)液壓(ya)(ya)馬達等組成。

平地機液壓(ya)操作系(xi)統對全車的液壓(ya)裝置進(jin)行驅動，包括刮(gua)土鏟升降、刮(gua)土鏟左(zuo)右傾斜(xie)、刮(gua)土鏟左(zuo)右回轉、松(song)土器升降、轉向輪偏轉、制(zhi)動器制(zhi)動等。常由(you)多個油路組成。

8、電器設備

電(dian)器設備由蓄電(dian)池、發(fa)電(dian)機及(ji)(ji)調(diao)節(jie)器、啟動(dong)機、儀表及(ji)(ji)照明裝(zhuang)置(zhi)等組成(cheng)。電(dian)路采(cai)用單(dan)線(xian)制，負極搭(da)鐵(tie)，額定電(dian)壓(ya)為24V。