一、平地機的種類有哪些

平地機按牽引方式分為拖式和自行式兩種。拖式平地機由專用車輛牽引作業；自行式平地機出發動機驅動行駛和作業。拖式平地機(ji)由于機動性差、作業效(xiao)率低(di)等原因已(yi)較少應(ying)用。

自行(xing)式平(ping)地機可按(an)以下方式分類(lei)：

1、按(an)車輪(lun)輪(lun)胎的數(shu)目：四輪(lun)（兩軸）和六輪(lun)（三軸）兩種。

2、按車輪布置形式(shi)：平地機車輪的布置型(xing)(xing)式(shi)由(you)總輪數x驅(qu)動輪數x轉向輪數表(biao)示。如4x2x2型(xing)(xing)、4x4x4型(xing)(xing)、6x4x2、6x6x6型(xing)(xing)。

3、按(an)車輪驅動：可分為后(hou)輪驅動式(shi)和全輪驅動式(shi)兩(liang)種。

4、按車輪(lun)轉向(xiang)：可分(fen)為前輪(lun)轉向(xiang)式(shi)和全輪(lun)轉向(xiang)式(shi)兩種。

5、按刮(gua)刀長(chang)度或發動(dong)機(ji)功率：分為輕(qing)型(xing)、中型(xing)和重(zhong)型(xing)三(san)種。

6、按機架結構：分為(wei)整體式(shi)和(he)鉸接式(shi)。

7、按(an)操(cao)(cao)縱(zong)方(fang)式(shi)：分為機(ji)械操(cao)(cao)縱(zong)、液壓(ya)操(cao)(cao)縱(zong)、手柄式(shi)三種(zhong)。

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二、平地機的結構及工作原理

平地機主要由發動機、傳動系統、行駛系統、轉向系統、制動系統、工作裝(zhuang)置(zhi)及液(ye)壓操縱(zong)系統、電(dian)器設備和駕駛室等組(zu)成。

1、發動機

一般都采用(yong)風冷或水冷多缸(gang)柴(chai)油發動機(ji)。多數柴(chai)油機(ji)都采用(yong)了(le)廢(fei)氣渦輪增壓(ya)技術。

2、傳動系統

傳動(dong)系(xi)統一(yi)般由主(zhu)離合器、液力變(bian)矩器、變(bian)速(su)箱、后(hou)橋傳動(dong)、平衡箱串聯傳動(dong)裝置等組成。傳動(dong)系(xi)統中的(de)變(bian)速(su)器有(you)兩種配置，一(yi)種是手動(dong)變(bian)速(su)器，一(yi)種是動(dong)力換擋變(bian)速(su)器。

3、行駛系統

行駛系(xi)統包括(kuo)機架(jia)(jia)和車輪。機架(jia)(jia)為箱(xiang)形整體式(shi)，它(ta)是一個弓形的(de)焊接結構(gou)(gou)。前端弓形縱(zong)梁為箱(xiang)形斷面(mian)的(de)單桁梁，工(gong)作裝(zhuang)置及其操縱(zong)機構(gou)(gou)懸掛或安裝(zhuang)在此(ci)梁上。機架(jia)(jia)后(hou)部(bu)由2根縱(zong)梁和1根后(hou)橫梁組成(cheng)。機架(jia)(jia)上面(mian)安裝(zhuang)發動(dong)機、傳動(dong)機構(gou)(gou)和駕駛室。機架(jia)(jia)后(hou)部(bu)通(tong)過導板、托架(jia)(jia)與后(hou)橋(qiao)殼鉸接，前鼻則以(yi)鋼座支承在前橋(qiao)上。

4、轉向系統

轉向(xiang)(xiang)系統包括前輪轉向(xiang)(xiang)系統和(he)后橋轉向(xiang)(xiang)液壓系統。

平地(di)機(ji)轉(zhuan)向(xiang)系(xi)統都采用(yong)液壓轉(zhuan)向(xiang)系(xi)統，主(zhu)要(yao)由轉(zhuan)向(xiang)傳動(dong)機(ji)構(gou)、轉(zhuan)向(xiang)液壓油缸(gang)、轉(zhuan)向(xiang)控制閥、轉(zhuan)向(xiang)液壓油泵(beng)等(deng)組(zu)成。

除設(she)置(zhi)有前(qian)輪(lun)(lun)偏(pian)轉(zhuan)轉(zhuan)向(xiang)系(xi)統外，為擴大(da)作業(ye)范圍(wei)、減(jian)小轉(zhuan)彎半徑和減(jian)小側向(xiang)力，還(huan)設(she)置(zhi)有其他轉(zhuan)向(xiang)系(xi)統。如有后四(si)輪(lun)(lun)偏(pian)轉(zhuan)和前(qian)輪(lun)(lun)傾斜(xie)。

前機架偏(pian)轉系(xi)統(tong)，可進行縮小平地機轉彎半徑。尤其適于(yu)需要斜行作業的地方。

5、制動系統

制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)系(xi)包括腳制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)裝置和手制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)裝置。

腳制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置的制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器采(cai)用液壓張(zhang)開、自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)增(zeng)力(li)蹄(ti)式(shi)制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器。制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)構采(cai)用的是雙管路氣(qi)壓液壓式(shi)（從制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)總泵分(fen)成兩路，分(fen)別到中后(hou)輪）。手制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)置的制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器為(wei)凸輪張(zhang)開、自動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)增(zeng)力(li)蹄(ti)式(shi)制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器，制動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)構采(cai)用機(ji)械式(shi)。

氣(qi)(qi)液綜合式行(xing)(xing)車制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)統，由(you)氣(qi)(qi)液驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機構和4個(ge)車輪(lun)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)所(suo)組成，車輪(lun)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)為對稱自行(xing)(xing)增力式。空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)壓(ya)縮機輸出的(de)壓(ya)縮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)經油水分離器(qi)、氣(qi)(qi)壓(ya)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)（控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統壓(ya)力為0.5MPa）后(hou)進入儲氣(qi)(qi)筒中(zhong)(zhong)，平地(di)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)通過制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)踏板(ban)和制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)閥的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)使壓(ya)縮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)助力器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)活(huo)塞，將制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)主缸的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液分別壓(ya)入4個(ge)車輪(lun)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)分泵中(zhong)(zhong)，推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)蹄片而(er)產生制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)作(zuo)用。

6、工作裝置

平地機的工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)裝置包括(kuo)刮(gua)土鏟(chan)、松(song)土器和推(tui)(tui)土鏟(chan)，其中(zhong)松(song)土器和推(tui)(tui)土鏟(chan)屬于輔助工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)裝置。

①刮(gua)土鏟。刮(gua)土裝(zhuang)置主要由(you)刮(gua)刀(dao)(dao)、牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)架(jia)、回(hui)轉(zhuan)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)等組成。刮(gua)刀(dao)(dao)由(you)刀(dao)(dao)體和刀(dao)(dao)片(pian)組成。牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)架(jia)的(de)(de)前(qian)端(duan)(duan)是個球形(xing)鉸(jiao)，與機架(jia)前(qian)端(duan)(duan)鉸(jiao)接，因而牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)架(jia)可(ke)以繞球鉸(jiao)在(zai)任意方向轉(zhuan)動(dong)和擺動(dong)。回(hui)轉(zhuan)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)支承在(zai)牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)架(jia)上，可(ke)在(zai)回(hui)轉(zhuan)驅動(dong)裝(zhuang)置的(de)(de)驅動(dong)下繞牽(qian)(qian)引(yin)架(jia)轉(zhuan)動(dong)，從而帶動(dong)刮(gua)刀(dao)(dao)在(zai)360°內任意回(hui)轉(zhuan)。刮(gua)刀(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)背面有上下兩(liang)條(tiao)滑軌支承在(zai)兩(liang)側(ce)角位器的(de)(de)滑槽上，可(ke)以在(zai)刮(gua)刀(dao)(dao)側(ce)移(yi)油缸(gang)的(de)(de)推(tui)動(dong)下側(ce)向滑動(dong)。角位器與回(hui)轉(zhuan)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)耳板下端(duan)(duan)鉸(jiao)接，上端(duan)(duan)用螺(luo)(luo)母(mu)固定；當松開螺(luo)(luo)母(mu)時，可(ke)以調整鏟土角。

②松(song)土(tu)(tu)器。松(song)土(tu)(tu)器主要用于疏松(song)堅硬(ying)土(tu)(tu)壤，清除土(tu)(tu)壤中的樹根(gen)和(he)石(shi)(shi)塊，以及翻(fan)修碎石(shi)(shi)、礫石(shi)(shi)路(lu)面。松(song)土(tu)(tu)器安(an)裝在(zai)刮(gua)刀的背面，主要由(you)耙齒、桿軸、安(an)全彈簧等組成。

耙齒(chi)共有6個，裝在(zai)桿軸上。不作業時(shi)，耙齒(chi)尖朝上，并由安全彈簧定位。當需(xu)要(yao)松(song)土器工作時(shi)，將安全彈簧拆下(xia)，通過手柄將桿軸拉出后，可以將耙齒(chi)放置在(zai)工作位置。耙齒(chi)放下(xia)后，把桿軸推(tui)回，如需(xu)減少耙齒(chi)時(shi)，中(zhong)間需(xu)放隔套。松(song)土作業時(shi)，利用刮刀升降油缸，使松(song)土器得到合適的入土深(shen)度。

③推土鏟。推土鏟是平地機的輔助裝置。主要用于大型平地機，進行(xing)輔助推土作業。

7、液壓操作系統

液壓系(xi)統主(zhu)要由油箱、液壓泵、多路閥、液壓缸、刮(gua)刀(dao)回轉液壓馬達等(deng)組成。

平地機液壓(ya)操作系統對全車的液壓(ya)裝置進行(xing)驅動，包括刮(gua)土(tu)(tu)鏟升降、刮(gua)土(tu)(tu)鏟左右(you)傾(qing)斜、刮(gua)土(tu)(tu)鏟左右(you)回轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)、松土(tu)(tu)器升降、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向輪偏(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)、制(zhi)動器制(zhi)動等。常由(you)多個油路組(zu)成。

8、電器設備

電(dian)器設(she)備由蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)、發電(dian)機(ji)及調節器、啟動(dong)機(ji)、儀表及照明裝(zhuang)置等組成。電(dian)路(lu)采用單(dan)線制，負(fu)極(ji)搭(da)鐵，額(e)定(ding)電(dian)壓為(wei)24V。