一、汽車膠管干嘛的
汽(qi)(qi)車(che)膠管(guan),即汽(qi)(qi)車(che)用(yong)膠管(guan),是汽(qi)(qi)車(che)中(zhong)用(yong)來傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)各種液體(ti)和(he)氣體(ti)(包括燃油(you)、潤滑(hua)油(you)、制(zhi)冷劑和(he)水等)的專用(yong)膠管(guan),多分布在汽(qi)(qi)車(che)底盤(pan)系統(tong)、發動機系統(tong)和(he)車(che)身(shen)系統(tong)三大(da)總成系統(tong)中(zhong),發揮(hui)著輸(shu)(shu)油(you)、輸(shu)(shu)氣、供(gong)水、控制(zhi)、傳(chuan)遞動力、冷卻、供(gong)暖(nuan)等作用(yong),是汽(qi)(qi)車(che)重要的零部(bu)件。
二、汽車用膠管的種類及用途
汽車膠(jiao)管的(de)種類眾多,按照不同的(de)使用領域,可分(fen)為以下幾種:
1、燃油膠管
在汽(qi)車燃(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)系(xi)統中,燃(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)膠管通(tong)過連(lian)接(jie)油(you)(you)(you)(you)箱(xiang)、炭(tan)罐(guan)、油(you)(you)(you)(you)泵、曲軸箱(xiang)等零部件(jian),一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)傳遞(di)燃(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)至(zhi)發動機燃(ran)燒(shao)做功,另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)傳遞(di)蒸(zheng)發的油(you)(you)(you)(you)氣(qi)、未參與燃(ran)燒(shao)的燃(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)、燃(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)廢氣(qi)至(zhi)燃(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)凈化系(xi)統燃(ran)燒(shao)或(huo)排放(fang)。
隨(sui)著油(you)(you)耗法規的(de)(de)日趨加嚴,傳統三層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)結構(gou)的(de)(de)燃油(you)(you)膠(jiao)(jiao)管(guan)用材(cai)(cai)也不斷(duan)被新(xin)的(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)技術所替代。如要求(qiu)具有(you)低滲透率的(de)(de)內層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)膠(jiao)(jiao),正(zheng)由丁腈橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(NBR)逐漸向氟橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(FKM)、氟樹脂(THV)特種橡膠(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)復合膠(jiao)(jiao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)轉變(bian);具有(you)耐臭(chou)氧、耐油(you)(you)性(xing)(xing)與耐磨性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)外層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)膠(jiao)(jiao),也由氯丁橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(CR)或氯磺化聚乙烯(xi)橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(CSM)轉變(bian)為乙烯(xi)丙烯(xi)酸酯橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(AEM)、氯磺化聚乙烯(xi)(CSM)、氯醚橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(ECO);4層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、5層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)乃至更多層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)結構(gou)的(de)(de)復合膠(jiao)(jiao)管(guan)的(de)(de)也不斷(duan)涌(yong)現(xian)。然而,多層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)結構(gou)膠(jiao)(jiao)管(guan)的(de)(de)出現(xian)雖然提高了膠(jiao)(jiao)管(guan)的(de)(de)高強耐磨性(xing)(xing),但層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)間粘(zhan)合性(xing)(xing)差(cha)又(you)給燃油(you)(you)行業帶來(lai)了新(xin)的(de)(de)困(kun)擾。
2、制動膠管
作(zuo)為(wei)汽車剎車系統中不可替代(dai)的一部(bu)分,主要用于(yu)傳遞制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)力至汽車制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)蹄或制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)鉗,保障(zhang)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)力連(lian)續做(zuo)功(gong)。根(gen)據制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)液的不同(tong),制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)膠管又(you)有石(shi)油基與非石(shi)油基之分。
隨著對制(zhi)動性(xing)能、以及節能環(huan)保法規要求(qiu)的不斷提高(gao),以及新型材料的研發應(ying)用(yong),制(zhi)動膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)管(guan)的內(nei)層(ceng)(ceng)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)已多由三(san)元乙(yi)丙橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(EPDM)取代了丁苯橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(SBR),制(zhi)動膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)管(guan)的內(nei)層(ceng)(ceng)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)料也有了天然(ran)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(NR)、丁腈(jing)(jing)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(NBR)、氯丁橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(CR)、三(san)元乙(yi)丙橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(EPDM)、特種橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)等更多的選擇。通常,外層(ceng)(ceng)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)料可選擇天然(ran)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(NR)、氯丁橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(CR)、三(san)元乙(yi)丙橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(EPDM),對應(ying)內(nei)層(ceng)(ceng)選用(yong)丁腈(jing)(jing)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(NBR)和三(san)元乙(yi)丙橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(EPDM),中間層(ceng)(ceng)用(yong)棉線、滌綸(lun)、人造絲、芳綸(lun)等增(zeng)強材料增(zeng)強。
3、散熱器膠管
主(zhu)要用于(yu)汽(qi)車發動機(ji)(ji)散(san)(san)熱系統(tong)中傳輸冷卻(que)液,一方面(mian)將發動機(ji)(ji)工作產生的(de)(de)熱量傳遞至散(san)(san)熱器降溫(wen)(wen)、傳遞至暖(nuan)風機(ji)(ji)喂(wei)駕(jia)駛艙供熱,另一方面(mian)將散(san)(san)熱后的(de)(de)冷卻(que)液傳送(song)回發動機(ji)(ji)進行下(xia)一個熱量循(xun)環(huan)。目前發動機(ji)(ji)燃燒控制先進技術的(de)(de)不斷(duan)應用,使得發動機(ji)(ji)艙內的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度由原(yuan)來的(de)(de)110~125℃上升到125~150℃,甚至高達175℃,以往(wang)硫(liu)磺硫(liu)化體(ti)系的(de)(de)散(san)(san)熱器膠(jiao)管已經不再適應較高的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度,過氧化物體(ti)系的(de)(de)膠(jiao)管應用日趨(qu)廣泛(fan)。
4、空調膠管
用于汽車(che)空(kong)調制冷(leng)(leng)系(xi)統,通過傳(chuan)輸不(bu)同壓力、氣液(ye)狀態的制冷(leng)(leng)劑(ji)完成(cheng)制冷(leng)(leng)循環,分純(chun)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)、橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)-樹脂(zhi)復(fu)合材料、純(chun)樹脂(zhi)材料結(jie)(jie)構(gou)三種(zhong)。目前采用最多的是(shi)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)-樹脂(zhi)復(fu)合結(jie)(jie)構(gou),這種(zhong)膠(jiao)(jiao)管內層(ceng)膠(jiao)(jiao)由(you)一層(ceng)樹脂(zhi)和一層(ceng)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)組成(cheng),曾被認為是(shi)新型汽車(che)空(kong)調制冷(leng)(leng)劑(ji)R134a的最佳選擇。
5、助力轉向膠管
應用于(yu)汽車轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong),連接(jie)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)油壺、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)油泵(beng)等主要(yao)零部件,通(tong)過(guo)傳輸不同壓力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的助(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)油,實現對助(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)的控制,從(cong)而(er)提高來(lai)自方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)盤的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。汽車的助(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)主要(yao)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)機械式轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(已(yi)被淘汰)、液(ye)(ye)壓助(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)、電(dian)子(zi)液(ye)(ye)壓助(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)和電(dian)動助(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)四種。目前(qian)大部分(fen)(fen)新款(kuan)乘用車均配置了(le)電(dian)動助(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong),由(you)于(yu)該助(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)由(you)助(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)機直接(jie)提供轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)助(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),省去了(le)液(ye)(ye)壓系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)部分(fen)(fen),因此不含有助(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)軟管(guan)(guan),但在(zai)汽車維修(xiu)后市(shi)場(chang)助(zhu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠管(guan)(guan)仍有較大需求。
6、動力轉向膠管
接(jie)觸介質是(shi)礦物油,要求(qiu)耐(nai)熱性能好(hao)、接(jie)頭部(bu)位牢固。國外汽(qi)車動力(li)轉向系統最近發展趨勢(shi)是(shi)采(cai)用高壓(ya)泵(beng)、以及實現泵(beng)的小型化和高出力(li)化,要求(qiu)膠管提高耐(nai)熱性和耐(nai)久性,內膠層(ceng)(ceng)具有(you)良(liang)好(hao)的耐(nai)油性能,外膠層(ceng)(ceng)耐(nai)磨、耐(nai)熱(150℃以上)、耐(nai)氣(qi)候。
這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)管的(de)內外(wai)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)層材料過去一般選用(yong)(yong)(yong)丁腈橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)和(he)氯丁橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),現在向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)氫化(hua)丁腈橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(HNBR)、氯磺化(hua)聚(ju)乙烯橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、氯化(hua)聚(ju)乙烯、丙(bing)烯酸酯橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)發展。液壓(ya)轉向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)管新結構一般采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)HNBR作(zuo)內膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)層,尼龍66作(zuo)增(zeng)強層,氯磺化(hua)聚(ju)乙烯橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)作(zuo)外(wai)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)層。與傳統的(de)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)管相比,這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)管的(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命在140℃條件下可提高2倍以上。為提高耐(nai)熱性能,動力轉向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)管也有使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)氟橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de),但由于(yu)氟橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)容易與油中某些添加劑起反應,因而應用(yong)(yong)(yong)受到一定的(de)限制。
7、渦輪增壓橡膠管
應用于汽車發動(dong)機進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系統,連(lian)接增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器、中(zhong)冷(leng)(leng)器、進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管等主要零部(bu)件,將經過渦(wo)輪增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)熱(re)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)傳遞至中(zhong)冷(leng)(leng)器降溫后(hou)傳遞至進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管,為發動(dong)機燃燒提(ti)供(gong)充足的(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi),增(zeng)(zeng)加燃燒效率。在(zai)國(guo)外,渦(wo)輪增(zeng)(zeng)壓(ya)(ya)器膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)管目前采(cai)用全橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)結構(gou),內膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)層(ceng)由氟橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)和耐熱(re)性(xing)好的(de)硅橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)組成(cheng),增(zeng)(zeng)強層(ceng)用高(gao)強度芳酰胺(an)纖維針織而成(cheng),外膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)層(ceng)采(cai)用硅橡膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。
三、各類汽車膠管的性能要求及檢測項目
汽(qi)車(che)膠(jiao)(jiao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)必須具(ju)有一定的挺性和柔性,一定的耐高低(di)溫、壓力(li)、天(tian)候、輸送液體及機(ji)械振(zhen)動(dong)(dong)的能力(li)。汽(qi)車(che)膠(jiao)(jiao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)可分為燃油膠(jiao)(jiao)管(guan)(guan)(guan),空調膠(jiao)(jiao)管(guan)(guan)(guan),制動(dong)(dong)膠(jiao)(jiao)管(guan)(guan)(guan),冷卻管(guan)(guan)(guan),動(dong)(dong)力(li)轉向管(guan)(guan)(guan)和空氣輸送管(guan)(guan)(guan)等,不同(tong)用途(tu)的膠(jiao)(jiao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)又有一些不同(tong)要(yao)求,一般(ban)需(xu)要(yao)通過以(yi)下檢(jian)測項目:
1、燃油膠管
檢(jian)測(ce)項目:耐液體(C液體、含氧(yang)(yang)燃油(you)、氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)燃油(you)、3號油(you))、氣密性(xing)、爆破(po)壓力、粘著強度、C液體抽出后臭(chou)氧(yang)(yang)試驗(yan)、低(di)溫(wen)曲撓、清潔(jie)度和萃(cui)取物、燃油(you)滲(shen)透、真空試驗(yan)、膠(jiao)管拉伸永久變形和撕裂、含氧(yang)(yang)燃油(you)長期循環試驗(yan)、耐燃性(xing)、加速老化(hua)(hua)、銅片(pian)沉積。
2、制動膠管
檢測(ce)項目:液壓試(shi)驗(yan)、縮頸試(shi)驗(yan)、容積膨脹試(shi)驗(yan)、爆(bao)破壓力試(shi)驗(yan)、制動液相溶試(shi)驗(yan)、曲撓(nao)疲勞(lao)試(shi)驗(yan)、拔(ba)脫試(shi)驗(yan)、吸水試(shi)驗(yan)、低溫(wen)彎曲試(shi)驗(yan)、動態臭氧(yang)試(shi)驗(yan)、高溫(wen)脈沖試(shi)驗(yan)、鹽霧試(shi)驗(yan)。
3、散熱器膠管
檢測項目:粘合強度、爆破(po)壓力(li)、外徑變化(hua)(hua)、脆性(xing)溫(wen)度、臭氧(yang)老化(hua)(hua)、熱老化(hua)(hua)(耐冷卻(que)液充冷卻(que)液老化(hua)(hua)后(hou)的(de)爆破(po)壓力(li)、彎曲(qu)試驗(yan)、低(di)溫(wen)柔性(xing)、壓縮永久變形、脈沖強度、電化(hua)(hua)學(xue)腐蝕(shi))。
4、空調膠管
檢測項目:制冷(leng)劑泄漏和(he)滲透試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、老(lao)化試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、低(di)溫曲撓試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、真空(kong)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、靜壓長度(du)變化試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)爆破壓力、R134a抽出試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、耐R134a試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、耐臭氧、清潔度(du)、脈沖試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、濕(shi)氣進(jin)入試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、整體密封性(xing)、壓變。
5、動力轉向膠管
檢測項目:脈沖試(shi)驗(yan)、爆(bao)破壓力、液壓長(chang)度變化試(shi)驗(yan)、低溫(wen)曲(qu)撓、粘合強(qiang)度、耐(nai)臭氧、容積膨脹、清潔(jie)度、接頭腐蝕、耐(nai)液性、振(zhen)動疲勞(lao)。