1、蒲州梆子(山西省),編號:Ⅳ-19
(1)批次/類型(xing):2006年(第一(yi)批),新增項目(mu)
(2)申報地區或(huo)單位:山西省臨(lin)汾市
(3)保護單(dan)位:臨汾蒲劇院(yuan)
2、蒲州梆子(山西省),編號:Ⅳ-19
(1)批次(ci)/類型:2006年(第一(yi)批),新增(zeng)項目
(2)申(shen)報地區(qu)或單位:山西省運城市
(3)保(bao)護單(dan)位:山西省運城市(shi)蒲劇(ju)團
一說胚胎于晉南和陜西東部民間的鑼鼓(gu)雜戲(xi)(陜西稱“跳戲(xi)”);一說為北(bei)曲(qu)遺響,同(tong)山、陜民歌小曲(qu)、典藝結(jie)合的“弦索調”,至明中葉受青陽腔(清戲(xi))影響后演變而成。
山(shan)(shan)西(xi)蒲(pu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)與陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)同(tong)(tong)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(大荔(li))﹑朝邑(yi)﹐河(he)(he)南陜(shan)(shan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(陜(shan)(shan)縣)﹑靈寶﹐地處黃河(he)(he)中(zhong)游﹐居黃河(he)(he)激流南下而折流向東的(de)(de)(de)三(san)角(jiao)地帶﹐彼此隔河(he)(he)相(xiang)(xiang)望﹐長期以(yi)來有著(zhu)經(jing)濟﹑文化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)密切交往﹐其(qi)風(feng)俗習(xi)慣(guan)﹑語音﹑方言也大體相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。明(ming)末清(qing)初﹐這一(yi)帶已有“亂彈(dan)(dan)”流行。孔(kong)尚任(ren)于康(kang)熙四十六年所作《平陽(yang)(yang)竹枝詞(ci)·亂彈(dan)(dan)詞(ci)》可為(wei)證。當時的(de)(de)(de)平陽(yang)(yang)亂彈(dan)(dan)演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技已有相(xiang)(xiang)當水平,曾博得康(kang)熙帝的(de)(de)(de)賞識(shi)。其(qi)旦角(jiao)葵娃的(de)(de)(de)“花梆(bang)(bang)(bang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)”小(xiao)步非常(chang)出(chu)色,受到孔(kong)尚任(ren)的(de)(de)(de)賞識(shi)。康(kang)熙至(zhi)乾隆(long)時,北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)觀眾(zhong)也稱(cheng)蒲(pu)劇(ju)為(wei)“西(xi)調(diao)”、“西(xi)秦(qin)腔(qiang)”、“勾(gou)腔(qiang)”。咸豐、同(tong)(tong)治(zhi)后(hou),又多以(yi)“山(shan)(shan)梆(bang)(bang)(bang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)”稱(cheng)之(zhi)(見清(qing)吳(wu)長元(yuan)《燕蘭小(xiao)譜》、近人王芷(zhi)章《腔(qiang)調(diao)考源》)。所謂(wei)“山(shan)(shan)陜(shan)(shan)梆(bang)(bang)(bang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)”,當時泛指山(shan)(shan)西(xi)晉(jin)南的(de)(de)(de)蒲(pu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)梆(bang)(bang)(bang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)陜(shan)(shan)西(xi)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)梆(bang)(bang)(bang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。兩地僅一(yi)河(he)(he)之(zhi)隔,語言相(xiang)(xiang)近,風(feng)俗習(xi)慣(guan)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong),又有大慶(qing)(qing)親(qin)渡(du)口毗連一(yi)體,藝(yi)(yi)人相(xiang)(xiang)互搭班(ban)演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)出(chu),歷來無藝(yi)(yi)界。乾隆(long)年間秦(qin)腔(qiang)名旦申祥麟(lin)曾渡(du)黃河(he)(he)“由蒲(pu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)售技至(zhi)太原”(清(qing)嚴(yan)長明(ming)《秦(qin)云擷英小(xiao)譜》)。嘉慶(qing)(qing)年間北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)有“山(shan)(shan)陜(shan)(shan)班(ban)”演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)出(chu),直(zhi)到光緒、宣(xuan)統年間,蒲(pu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)和(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)藝(yi)(yi)人仍(reng)有在北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)搭梆(bang)(bang)(bang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)班(ban)演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)唱的(de)(de)(de),如名須生郭(guo)寶臣和(he)(he)白長命合演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)《鞭打蘆花》。故(gu)京(jing)﹑津(jin)﹑直(zhi)隸(河(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei))一(yi)向謂(wei)之(zhi)“山(shan)(shan)陜(shan)(shan)梆(bang)(bang)(bang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)”。此外﹐他們(men)還有過共同(tong)(tong)組班(ban)南下﹐在湖北(bei)(bei)(bei)襄陽(yang)(yang)老河(he)(he)口演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)戲的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)歷。山(shan)(shan)陜(shan)(shan)梆(bang)(bang)(bang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)對各地梆(bang)(bang)(bang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)腔(qiang)劇(ju)種的(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)﹐曾起過重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)作用。其(qi)后(hou)兩個(ge)劇(ju)種始(shi)逐漸分(fen)(fen)道發展(zhan)。分(fen)(fen)別(bie)以(yi)蒲(pu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)和(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)命名的(de)(de)(de)蒲(pu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)梆(bang)(bang)(bang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)與同(tong)(tong)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)梆(bang)(bang)(bang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)雖(sui)為(wei)兩個(ge)劇(ju)種﹐但實同(tong)(tong)源于此。它們(men)唱腔(qiang)相(xiang)(xiang)似﹐戲路相(xiang)(xiang)通﹐今天(tian)雖(sui)各有不(bu)同(tong)(tong)發展(zhan)變化(hua)﹐然兩地藝(yi)(yi)人均自稱(cheng)為(wei)“亂彈(dan)(dan)”。
清代末(mo)期至民(min)國初年,是蒲州梆(bang)子(zi)(zi)又(you)一(yi)個重(zhong)要(yao)繁盛時期。盡管由它派(pai)生的北路(lu)梆(bang)子(zi)(zi)、中路(lu)梆(bang)子(zi)(zi)與京梆(bang)子(zi)(zi)(今河(he)北梆(bang)子(zi)(zi))早已獨立成材,枝繁葉茂,它自(zi)己卻仍(reng)然精(jing)神矍鑠(shuo),老當(dang)益壯。在蒲州、平陽地區,梆(bang)子(zi)(zi)戲成為人們生活(huo)中無所不在的精(jing)神食(shi)糧;賽神祭(ji)(ji)祀用優(you),喜、壽、慶典用優(you),官衙飲宴用優(you),集(ji)市貿(mao)易用優(you),連殯葬、服喪(sang)、祭(ji)(ji)祖(zu)也(ye)(ye)用優(you)。 這一(yi)時期,南路(lu)派(pai)因(yin)其比較(jiao)典雅文靜而漸(jian)遭(zao)冷落,西路(lu)派(pai)則以火爆(bao)剛烈而倍受寵愛,兩派(pai)逐漸(jian)合而為一(yi)。樂隊構成也(ye)(ye)有了兩個重(zhong)大變(bian)化:早期的主奏樂器(qi)二股弦被呼胡所取代,三股弦也(ye)(ye)讓位(wei)于活(huo)潑脆亮的笛子(zi)(zi)。
抗日(ri)戰爭時期,藝人們行藝艱難,“一撥兒去西安(an)(an),一撥兒上北山(shan),走不動的(de)就地演(yan)”。楊登云、孫廣盛、彭福魁、王存(cun)才、閻逢春、楊虎山(shan)、筱(xiao)月來、筱(xiao)蘭(lan)香、王秀(xiu)蘭(lan)等(deng)在(zai)(zai)西安(an)(an)國民(min)黨(dang)統(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)組(zu)織了唐風社(she)(she)(she)、虞風社(she)(she)(she)、晉風社(she)(she)(she)進入(ru)劇(ju)(ju)場(chang)演(yan)出;張金榜、宋(song)友(you)梅(mei)、曹福海、張慶奎、牛俊(jun)杰、郭德有(you)(you)等(deng)在(zai)(zai)呂(lv)梁山(shan)國民(min)黨(dang)統(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)組(zu)成了第二戰區(qu)司令長(chang)官(guan)部文(wen)化宣傳第一、二、五隊(dui),納入(ru)閻錫山(shan)軍政組(zu)織活動;一些(xie)藝人則在(zai)(zai)淪陷區(qu)掙扎(zha)糊口。此外(wai),在(zai)(zai)太(tai)岳抗日(ri)根據地有(you)(you)解放劇(ju)(ju)社(she)(she)(she)和太(tai)中蒲劇(ju)(ju)團(tuan)(tuan),在(zai)(zai)革命圣地延安(an)(an)則有(you)(you)南(nan)區(qu)合作(zuo)社(she)(she)(she)蒲劇(ju)(ju)團(tuan)(tuan)。所有(you)(you)這些(xie)表(biao)演(yan)團(tuan)(tuan)體,除(chu)主(zhu)要演(yan)出傳統(tong)戲(xi)(xi)以(yi)外(wai),大都兼演(yan)一些(xie)新編歷史(shi)劇(ju)(ju)和配合時事的(de)現代(dai)戲(xi)(xi)。例(li)如(ru)革命根據地的(de)蒲劇(ju)(ju)團(tuan)(tuan)便都排(pai)演(yan)過墨遺萍(ping)在(zai)(zai)延安(an)(an)創作(zuo)的(de)《正氣圖(tu)》、《勝敗圖(tu)》及馬(ma)健翎編劇(ju)(ju)的(de)《血(xue)淚(lei)仇》。
中(zhong)華人(ren)民共(gong)和(he)國建(jian)立以后,蒲(pu)州(zhou)梆子重振雄(xiong)風,不(bu)僅在晉(jin)南各縣建(jian)立了(le)三十多個(ge)專(zhuan)業(ye)劇(ju)團(tuan),五十的代初(chu),太原市也成(cheng)立了(le)蒲(pu)劇(ju)學社并(bing)從(cong)西安(an)接回了(le)王秀蘭(lan)等(deng)一(yi)批藝人(ren)組成(cheng)大眾蒲(pu)劇(ju)團(tuan),后移歸晉(jin)南地區改建(jian)為晉(jin)南蒲(pu)劇(ju)院(yuan)。河南省(sheng)靈寶、盧氏、陜縣、陜西省(sheng)延安(an)、子丹、安(an)塞(sai),甘肅省(sheng)定西地區等(deng)也都有專(zhuan)業(ye)劇(ju)團(tuan)。省(sheng)內外劇(ju)團(tuan)總數達四十多個(ge),從(cong)業(ye)人(ren)員三千多名(ming)。
1950年以后,遠適西安(an)的(de)名(ming)老藝(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)相(xiang)繼返回晉南,成為蒲(pu)州梆子的(de)代表(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)物,特別是晉南蒲(pu)劇(ju)院涌現了(le)(le)閻(yan)逢春、張慶(qing)奎、王(wang)秀蘭、楊虎山、筱月(yue)來等(deng)(deng)五大名(ming)演員(yuan),藝(yi)術方(fang)面有(you)了(le)(le)超越前人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan):王(wang)秀蘭的(de)《烤火》、《殺狗》、《表(biao)花》,閻(yan)逢春的(de)《跑(pao)城》、《殺驛》,楊虎山的(de)《吃(chi)草》,張慶(qing)奎的(de)《觀(guan)陣》,筱月(yue)來的(de)《白龍關》,田郁文的(de)《殺狗》、《送女》等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng),都有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)所不及的(de)絕活兒(er),常使省內(nei)外觀(guan)眾嘆(tan)為觀(guan)止。唱腔則由于不少名(ming)家長期(qi)(qi)與(yu)西安(an)亂彈接觸甚至兼演之,使蒲(pu)劇(ju)唱腔有(you)了(le)(le)一(yi)些秦腔韻味。伴隨五大名(ming)演員(yuan)成長的(de)是長期(qi)(qi)與(yu)他們合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、為他們服務的(de)一(yi)批編、導(dao)、音(yin)、美創作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan),對蒲(pu)劇(ju)藝(yi)術的(de)發(fa)(fa)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)出了(le)(le)重大貢獻(xian)。幾位藝(yi)術資料(liao)的(de)建設者(zhe)對蒲(pu)劇(ju)各種資料(liao)的(de)積(ji)累與(yu)整理(li),篳(bi)路藍(lan)縷(lv),功不可沒。創作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)通力合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),先后整理(li)改編了(le)(le)《薛(xue)剛反唐》、《意中緣》、《燕燕》、《竇娥冤》、(已攝成影(ying)片)、《三家店》、《麟(lin)骨床(chuang)》、《趙氏(shi)孤兒(er)》等(deng)(deng)傳統劇(ju)目,創作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)了(le)(le)《白溝(gou)河》、《港口驛》等(deng)(deng)新編古(gu)代戲和《結親(qin)記》、《蛟河浪(lang)》、《向陽坡》等(deng)(deng)現代戲,在省內(nei)外均有(you)較大影(ying)響(xiang)。
“文化大(da)革命”前(qian)后,楊虎山(shan)、筱(xiao)月(yue)來、閻逢春、張慶奎相(xiang)繼謝世(shi)。王秀蘭、田(tian)郁(yu)文碩(shuo)果(guo)僅存(cun),也(ye)都轉入傳藝授業,息(xi)影(ying)舞臺。越過了十年動亂造成的斷裂,一(yi)(yi)批新(xin)秀涌現(xian)出來,任跟心、武(wu)俊英(ying)、郭澤民便是其中的佼(jiao)佼(jiao)者。武(wu)俊英(ying)在新(xin)絳蒲劇團(tuan),師從筱(xiao)蘭香(xiang)(田(tian)郁(yu)文),工閨(gui)門旦,學中路梆子(zi)與豫劇之(zhi)柔婉(wan)以唱蒲州梆子(zi),一(yi)(yi)改傳統(tong)肅殺直(zhi)樸(pu)之(zhi)風(feng),啟一(yi)(yi)代新(xin)聲,受到(dao)普遍贊譽(yu)。
蒲(pu)劇本身在晉南(nan)(nan)又分南(nan)(nan)路(lu)(lu)和西路(lu)(lu),在劇目與(yu)表(biao)演風格(ge)上各(ge)具特(te)色,人稱(cheng)“南(nan)(nan)路(lu)(lu)文雅,西路(lu)(lu)火爆”。蒲(pu)劇音調(diao)高亢激昂(ang),音韻(yun)優(you)美,長于表(biao)現激情,其(qi)旋(xuan)律跳躍(yue)幅(fu)度(du)大,起(qi)調(diao)高,大小(xiao)嗓(sang)兼用,素以“慷慨激昂(ang),粗獷豪(hao)放(fang)”著稱(cheng)。
須生多(duo)用“四(si)子(zi)(zi)(zi)”來表現人物的(de)情緒和性格。“四(si)子(zi)(zi)(zi)”即胡(hu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(髯(ran)口)、翅子(zi)(zi)(zi)(帽翅)、鞭(bian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(馬鞭(bian))、梢子(zi)(zi)(zi)(甩(shuai)發)。前(qian)輩(bei)藝人對這些特(te)技的(de)運用,積累(lei)了十(shi)分寶貴的(de)經驗,總(zong)結出一整套特(te)技運用的(de)口訣。胡(hu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)運用有(you)二(er)十(shi)字口訣:“推、掠、擄、彈、捻(nian)、捋、吹(chui)、揉(rou)、擋、端(duan)、抹、攤、揚、蓋、繞(rao)、耍、撂、甩(shuai)、咬、翻。”
帽翅的運(yun)用有四句口(kou)訣(jue):“左(zuo)閃右不動,右閃左(zuo)即(ji)停;上下交并用,前后旋(xuan)繞行。”
鞭子的運用有二(er)十(shi)四字口訣:“上(shang)、下、抖(dou)、捋、蹁、左、右、斜(xie)、跨(kua)、翻,坐(zuo)、擄、回、拉、絆(ban)、撲、立(li)、拴、引、臥、揚、攀。”
小(xiao)旦在表演上多用扇(shan)子(zi)(zi)、手(shou)帕、血彩、鞒功(gong)(gong),以及“花梆子(zi)(zi)”小(xiao)步功(gong)(gong)的訓練和使(shi)用。扇(shan)子(zi)(zi)可變六、七十種樣式,對表現人物感情頗有幫(bang)助。運用上有十六字口訣:“撒、合、彈、扇(shan)、抖、顫、掄、翻,抄、回、飛、轉(zhuan),輔(fu)、映(ying)、手(shou)、顛。”
血彩常(chang)用(yong)(yong)以表現人(ren)物性格。“花梆(bang)子”小(xiao)步(bu)功,早在(zai)(zai)康熙年(nian)間(jian),平陽(yang)名角(jiao)葵娃的“小(xiao)步(bu)”就已馳名。現代旦角(jiao)演員孫廣勝、筱蘭香、王秀(xiu)蘭等,在(zai)(zai)花梆(bang)子小(xiao)步(bu)基(ji)本功上,總結出一套訓練(lian)方(fang)法:“小(xiao)腿(tui)帶大(da)腿(tui),疾行如游水,身(shen)穩裙不動,兩腳(jiao)向前(qian)滾(gun)。”小(xiao)生多用(yong)(yong)翎子、帽子、梢子等特技刻畫人(ren)物。此(ci)外(wai),青(qing)衣、二花臉、丑角(jiao),也都有(you)各(ge)自的特技。
蒲劇(ju)的臉譜,構圖(tu)、色(se)彩(cai)、線條(tiao)簡潔樸素,活(huo)潑明(ming)朗(lang),富有裝(zhuang)飾趣味,較(jiao)恰當(dang)地表現了劇(ju)中(zhong)人的形貌特征和性格特點,有的還表現了其出身及重要經(jing)歷。在用(yong)色(se)上,多(duo)(duo)用(yong)紅、黑、白(亦稱“粉”)、綠、紫、灰、金(jin)(jin)等,一般規(gui)律(lv)為紅忠(zhong)、黑直、白奸(jian),綠多(duo)(duo)用(yong)于綠林好漢、草莽(mang)英(ying)雄,亦用(yong)于神(shen)、鬼(gui)、妖怪,金(jin)(jin)多(duo)(duo)用(yong)于神(shen)仙、妖。在白臉中(zhong)又(you)有水粉與油粉之分。
丑(chou)行的(de)(de)臉譜(pu),大體可分(fen)為大三(san)花(hua)(hua)臉、小三(san)花(hua)(hua)臉、老三(san)花(hua)(hua)臉三(san)種,其(qi)區(qu)別主要按鼻上所畫(hua)白色面積的(de)(de)大小,形(xing)狀和底色的(de)(de)不同,以及眼(yan)(yan)、眉(mei)、嘴不同的(de)(de)勾畫(hua)。用以分(fen)別表示(shi)正直憨(han)厚、滑稽可愛和奸詐陰險。此外,生、旦中也有少數采用臉譜(pu)的(de)(de)。除臉譜(pu)外,生、旦的(de)(de)化裝,小旦、正旦畫(hua)眼(yan)(yan)描眉(mei),施粉涂胭脂(zhi)畫(hua)口紅,比較講究。其(qi)他行當如小生、須生只(zhi)用干黑畫(hua)眼(yan)(yan)描眉(mei),臉上、眉(mei)心稍擦干紅,不施脂(zhi)粉。建國后(hou)有很(hen)大改(gai)進,已較為細致(zhi)講究。
蒲劇(ju)的音樂(le)唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)屬(shu)板(ban)(ban)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體,腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)高板(ban)(ban)急,慷慨(kai)激越。唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)部(bu)分以板(ban)(ban)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變化為(wei)主,另有(you)花腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)和(he)雜腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)部(bu)分。花腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),有(you)十(shi)三灣(wan)、花腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、二音腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、三倒(dao)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)等。這些花腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),除“十(shi)三灣(wan)”是專戲專用外其他(ta)都與(yu)慢板(ban)(ban)、二性腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)溶為(wei)一體使(shi)用,為(wei)各(ge)種板(ban)(ban)式(shi)(shi)(shi)的擴展樂(le)句(ju)或附加樂(le)句(ju),不能成為(wei)一種獨立的腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。在各(ge)種板(ban)(ban)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)之外,還(huan)有(you)不少雜腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),均自其他(ta)劇(ju)種吸(xi)收(shou)來。有(you)的單用嗩吶伴奏,昆腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)則專用笛子伴奏。
蒲劇(ju)唱(chang)腔(qiang)﹐為徵調(diao)式﹐采取真(zhen)假聲結合(he)的(de)(de)方法,起調(diao)高,音域寬(kuan)。建國前通常用的(de)(de)是“二眼調(diao)”﹑“梅花調(diao)”﹐現多用G調(diao)。因(yin)其(qi)音域寬(kuan)廣(guang)﹐旋律(lv)跳躍(yue)性大(da)﹐腔(qiang)高板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)急﹐起伏跌宕﹐旋律(lv)跳躍(yue)幅度大(da)。有時(shi)在一(yi)(yi)拍內就直(zhi)接(jie)有十四(si)度的(de)(de)跳越(yue)。故長於(wu)抒(shu)發激(ji)(ji)越(yue)凄楚的(de)(de)情緒﹐具有豪邁奔放的(de)(de)特色。演唱(chang)時(shi)大(da)小嗓兼(jian)用。板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式有一(yi)(yi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)三眼的(de)(de)慢板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(四(si)股(gu)眼)﹐一(yi)(yi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)一(yi)(yi)眼的(de)(de)二性﹐有板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)無眼的(de)(de)緊(jin)二性﹔有板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)無眼的(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)水與緊(jin)打慢唱(chang)的(de)(de)緊(jin)流(liu)(liu)水﹐以(yi)及介板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)﹑滾(gun)白﹑倒板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等(deng)。一(yi)(yi)句唱(chang)腔(qiang),前半節(jie)用本(ben)音,中間用復(fu)音,末尾仍過渡到本(ben)音。因(yin)而給人以(yi)高亢激(ji)(ji)越(yue)之感。伴奏樂隊分文﹑武場﹐文場以(yi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)為主弦樂器(qi)﹐輔以(yi)笛﹑二股(gu)弦﹑三弦﹑二胡(hu)等(deng)。武場有鼓板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)﹑棗梆﹑馬鑼(luo)﹑鐃(nao)鈸(ba)等(deng)。
蒲劇鑼鼓經,從名稱(cheng)上(shang)有六、七十套,但變(bian)化(hua)后實有一(yi)百余種。從速度上(shang)可(ke)(ke)分慢、中(zhong)、快、散四種類型,用(yong)以配(pei)合動作,說唱(chang)填(tian)補,掌握節奏,渲染氣氛。運用(yong)靈活,如人(ren)物緊急上(shang)場一(yi)般都用(yong),但在傳統戲(xi)《會(hui)孟津》里,四個上(shang)場人(ren)物因身份、性格不(bu)(bu)同,所(suo)用(yong)的[豹(bao)子(zi)頭(tou)],長短緊慢,套子(zi)結構都不(bu)(bu)一(yi)樣。劇中(zhong)人(ren)物在觀看時,用(yong)[三翻鷂],但劇情(qing)不(bu)(bu)同,人(ren)物不(bu)(bu)同,它的節奏尺寸就不(bu)(bu)能雷同。[間板頭(tou)],可(ke)(ke)長可(ke)(ke)短;[七錘子(zi)]能靈活縮短、伸展,或攔腰截(jie)斷,甚至掐(qia)頭(tou)留(liu)尾。
分(fen)嗩吶曲(qu)(qu)牌、絲弦(xian)曲(qu)(qu)牌兩種。嗩吶曲(qu)(qu)牌西、南兩路合起來有(you)一百數十支,絲弦(xian)曲(qu)(qu)牌也(ye)不下七十多支。皇帝(di)登殿,朝官坐堂(tang),武將升帳、回營,軍伍行進,文臣迎(ying)送,飲酒行令,接旨迎(ying)親(qin),靈堂(tang)祭奠,洞房花(hua)燭,打掃庭堂(tang),拜佛(fo)救仙,開打舞劍,備(bei)馬梳妝等,無一不用牌子曲(qu)(qu)來渲染。甚至許多伴唱也(ye)離不開曲(qu)(qu)牌來彌補。
伴奏樂器包(bao)括文場(chang)(chang)和武場(chang)(chang)。文場(chang)(chang)主要樂器是呼胡笛子(zi)二股弦(xian)、
二胡、三弦、大(da)嗩(suo)吶(na)與小嗩(suo)吶(na)。武場主要樂器是鼓板(ban)、雌板(ban)、梆子、馬(ma)鑼、鐃鈸、小鑼、鉸子、堂(tang)鼓、戰鼓、碰鈴、云鑼、道鑼、木魚、京鑼。
蒲州梆(bang)(bang)子(zi)(zi)唱(chang)腔以梆(bang)(bang)子(zi)(zi)腔為主(zhu),另有(you)(you)昆曲(qu)、吹腔及民歌小調(diao)(diao)等。梆(bang)(bang)子(zi)(zi)腔屬板(ban)(ban)腔體,有(you)(you)7種基本板(ban)(ban)式,另有(you)(you)嗩吶曲(qu)牌和(he)絲弦曲(qu)牌三百多(duo)支。蒲州梆(bang)(bang)子(zi)(zi)的聲腔特征(zheng)是腔高(gao)板(ban)(ban)急,起(qi)伏(fu)跌宕,長(chang)于(yu)抒(shu)發慷(kang)慨(kai)激越(yue)的情(qing)緒。蒲劇音樂(le)長(chang)于(yu)表(biao)現(xian)激情(qing)。蒲劇唱(chang)腔由(you)于(yu)當(dang)(dang)地人民生活習(xi)性和(he)語言(yan)、音調(diao)(diao)關系,其旋律跳躍(yue)(yue)幅度大(通常有(you)(you)十一度乃至(zhi)十四度猛跳),起(qi)調(diao)(diao)高(gao)(過(guo)去(qu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)"二(er)眼調(diao)(diao)",相當(dang)(dang)于(yu)bB調(diao)(diao),直至(zhi)"梅(mei)花調(diao)(diao)"相當(dang)(dang)C調(diao)(diao)。現(xian)今(jin)多(duo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)G或#G調(diao)(diao)),大小嗓兼用(yong)(yong)(yong)。腔高(gao)板(ban)(ban)急,起(qi)伏(fu)跌宕,長(chang)于(yu)抒(shu)發激躍(yue)(yue)凄楚的情(qing)緒。故蒲州梆(bang)(bang)子(zi)(zi)素以"慷(kang)慨(kai)激昂,粗獷豪放(fang)"著稱。在演唱(chang)過(guo)程中(zhong)演員大小嗓兼用(yong)(yong)(yong),往(wang)往(wang)出現(xian)十度以上或兩個八度的跳躍(yue)(yue),行(xing)腔高(gao)亢奔放(fang),富于(yu)激情(qing)。伴(ban)奏樂(le)隊有(you)(you)文、武場之分,文場樂(le)器以板(ban)(ban)胡(hu)為主(zhu),輔以笛、二(er)股弦、三弦、二(er)胡(hu)等;武場樂(le)器采用(yong)(yong)(yong)鼓(gu)板(ban)(ban)、棗(zao)梆(bang)(bang)、馬(ma)鑼、鐃鈸等,鑼鼓(gu)經(jing)十分豐(feng)富。
蒲(pu)劇的(de)(de)角色有生(sheng)(sheng)、旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、凈、丑(chou)(chou)四行。清末(mo)民初時(shi),蒲(pu)劇的(de)(de)腳色行當為三(san)大行、十三(san)小行。三(san)大行即生(sheng)(sheng)、旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、花(hua)臉(lian);十三(san)小行是:胡子生(sheng)(sheng)(須生(sheng)(sheng))、老(lao)生(sheng)(sheng)、小生(sheng)(sheng)、二生(sheng)(sheng)(兼(jian)娃(wa)娃(wa)生(sheng)(sheng))、老(lao)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、正旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、小旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、二旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、丑(chou)(chou)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、武旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、大花(hua)臉(lian)、二花(hua)臉(lian)、三(san)花(hua)臉(lian)(丑(chou)(chou))。
蒲(pu)劇腳色行(xing)(xing)當,根據演(yan)(yan)(yan)員的(de)技藝高(gao)低及在群(qun)眾中的(de)影響程(cheng)度(du),分為頭套(tao)(亦稱頭路、頭牌)、二(er)套(tao)(二(er)路、二(er)牌)、零碎三類。頭套(tao)演(yan)(yan)(yan)劇中主要(yao)(yao)人(ren)物,二(er)套(tao)演(yan)(yan)(yan)次等人(ren)物,零碎應雜。蒲(pu)州梆子(zi)稱胡子(zi)生、正旦(dan)、小生、小旦(dan)為四柱。這些行(xing)(xing)當中的(de)主要(yao)(yao)演(yan)(yan)(yan)員要(yao)(yao)求功底深(shen)厚(hou),技藝全面,并(bing)各(ge)有自己的(de)拿手好戲和(he)驚人(ren)絕技。清末民初,晉中地區的(de)一些字(zi)號班行(xing)(xing)當齊(qi)全、陣(zhen)容整齊(qi)。三大(da)門、三小門的(de)主要(yao)(yao)演(yan)(yan)(yan)員講(jiang)究要(yao)(yao)“雙梁雙柱”,加上完整的(de)文武場面,華麗(li)的(de)服飾和(he)配套(tao)的(de)流成、把子(zi)、上下手、彩女,上演(yan)(yan)(yan)劇目十(shi)分豐富(fu),文戲、武戲、大(da)戲、小戲均能演(yan)(yan)(yan)出。
在(zai)這(zhe)些腳色行(xing)(xing)(xing)當中(zhong),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)的(de)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)為(wei)最主要的(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)當,一(yi)般(ban)(ban)戲班以其為(wei)挑班演(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)(yuan),故稱(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)挑大(da)梁的(de),在(zai)戲班中(zhong)所掙“戲份(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)”(即工(gong)資)最高。胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)可分為(wei)黑(hei)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、老(lao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、紅(hong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),多(duo)(duo)扮(ban)演(yan)(yan)(yan)中(zhong)老(lao)年(nian)的(de)正(zheng)派人物(wu)。戴三(san)綹(關羽(yu)則(ze)為(wei)五綹)髯(ran)口(kou)為(wei)其主要標志(zhi)。一(yi)般(ban)(ban)群(qun)眾和(he)演(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)習(xi)慣上都稱(cheng)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)演(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)唱(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)紅(hong)的(de)。四大(da)梆(bang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)中(zhong)的(de)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)演(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)(yuan)以“紅(hong)”為(wei)藝名的(de)尤多(duo)(duo)。胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中(zhong)戴黑(hei)髯(ran)(一(yi)般(ban)(ban)為(wei)黑(hei)三(san)綹)稱(cheng)黑(hei)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),居胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)首,多(duo)(duo)扮(ban)演(yan)(yan)(yan)帝王將相、官吏(li)員(yuan)(yuan)外等有(you)(you)地位的(de)中(zhong)年(nian)男子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),須生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)演(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)(yuan)必須具備過硬的(de)唱(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)念功(gong)(gong)(gong)夫和(he)扎(zha)實的(de)腰退功(gong)(gong)(gong)、武功(gong)(gong)(gong);另外還須掌握梢于功(gong)(gong)(gong)、髯(ran)口(kou)功(gong)(gong)(gong)、帽(mao)翅(chi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)、幅子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)、靴子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)、鞭子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)等高難度技巧。唱(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)功(gong)(gong)(gong)戲、做(zuo)功(gong)(gong)(gong)戲、功(gong)(gong)(gong)架(jia)戲均(jun)(jun)要能(neng)拿得起(qi)。能(neng)唱(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)做(zuo)或(huo)能(neng)做(zuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)唱(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),稱(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)上好把(ba)式,只(zhi)能(neng)算片(pian)(撇)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)演(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)(yuan),不(bu)(bu)(bu)夠挑班資格。在(zai)唱(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)念上講(jiang)究吐字清楚、噴口(kou)有(you)(you)力、緩疾有(you)(you)致,以本嗓為(wei)主兼用假音(yin)(背弓音(yin)),具有(you)(you)高亢激昂之(zhi)特色。身段、功(gong)(gong)(gong)架(jia)則(ze)講(jiang)究儀表莊重、英武剛健。因胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)演(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)(yuan)表演(yan)(yan)(yan)難度大(da),扛(kang)戲分量重,故胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)歷來均(jun)(jun)由男演(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)(yuan)擔任,已成傳統。蒲(pu)州梆(bang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)直到現在(zai)極少有(you)(you)女(nv)演(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)(yuan)唱(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)。胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)當中(zhong)還有(you)(you)老(lao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。紅(hong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)分。
扮演老年長者(zhe),掛白三(san)繕或蒼三(san)綹,表(biao)演以唱做(zuo)為主,蒼老、凝重、樸實(shi)是其主要特色。紅(hong)生戴黑三(san)綹,勾(gou)紅(hong)臉,扮演勇武忠直(zhi)的人物。
分文(wen)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、武(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、娃娃生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。文(wen)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)有紗(sha)帽(mao)(mao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、翎(ling)子(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、巾子(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、窮(qiong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)等(deng)。主(zhu)(zhu)要扮(ban)(ban)(ban)演(yan)青年男子(zi)(zi)。紗(sha)帽(mao)(mao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),戴紗(sha)帽(mao)(mao),穿(chuan)(chuan)蟒袍(pao)或(huo)官(guan)衣,扮(ban)(ban)(ban)演(yan)有功名的(de)人(ren)物,表(biao)演(yan)上(shang)要求(qiu)儀態端莊灑脫。翎(ling)子(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)以頭插(cha)錐尾(wei)為主(zhu)(zhu)要標志(zhi),多扮(ban)(ban)(ban)演(yan)武(wu)將和文(wen)武(wu)雙全的(de)人(ren)物。一般由(you)文(wen)武(wu)小(xiao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)扮(ban)(ban)(ban)演(yan),。要翎(ling)子(zi)(zi)為這類腳色絕活(huo)。巾子(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),戴 巾于,穿(chuan)(chuan)褶子(zi)(zi),持折扇(故又稱扇子(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)),主(zhu)(zhu)要演(yan)風流儒雅的(de)公子(zi)(zi),表(biao)演(yan)上(shang)要求(qiu)風流瀟灑、儒雅俊秀(xiu)。窮(qiong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),穿(chuan)(chuan)素道袍(pao)或(huo)富貴衣扮(ban)(ban)(ban)演(yan)落(luo)魄書生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)一類人(ren)物。要求(qiu)表(biao)演(yan)出(chu)人(ren)物窮(qiong)困潦(liao)倒及(ji)貧(pin)而有志(zhi)的(de)神情形(xing)態,娃娃生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),扮(ban)(ban)(ban)演(yan)少年兒童(tong),戲的(de)分量不重,多由(you)童(tong)伶、學員扮(ban)(ban)(ban)演(yan)。武(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng):分短(duan)(duan)打(da)、長靠(kao)兩種。扮(ban)(ban)(ban)演(yan)擅長武(wu)藝的(de)青壯年男子(zi)(zi)。短(duan)(duan)打(da)武(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),戴羅(luo)帽(mao)(mao),穿(chuan)(chuan)箭衣、侉衣、豹衣,表(biao)演(yan)上(shang)以武(wu)打(da)、翻跌(die)為主(zhu)(zhu),武(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),扎大靠(kao),著(zhu)厚底靴,表(biao)演(yan)上(shang)以開(kai)打(da)、功架(jia)為主(zhu)(zhu)。
主要(yao)有正(zheng)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(包括(kuo)閨(gui)門旦(dan)(dan)(dan))、小旦(dan)(dan)(dan)、老(lao)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)、彩旦(dan)(dan)(dan)、武旦(dan)(dan)(dan)、刀馬旦(dan)(dan)(dan)。
正(zheng)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan),又稱大(da)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、青(qing)衣,多飾(shi)演(yan)(yan)(yan)已婚(hun)(hun)、正(zheng)派(pai)的(de)中(zhong)年(nian)(nian)婦(fu)(fu)女。以(yi)唱做(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),寧靜端莊、曉理賢慧為(wei)(wei)其主(zhu)要(yao)特色(se),另外有(you)一些唱功戲(xi)中(zhong)的(de)未婚(hun)(hun)女子(zi)(zi)(zi)(所謂(wei)“閨門旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)”)。也由(you)正(zheng)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)應工,正(zheng)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)常與胡子(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)配戲(xi),戲(xi)的(de)分量一般都(dou)較重。小(xiao)(xiao)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan),多扮演(yan)(yan)(yan)青(qing)少年(nian)(nian)女子(zi)(zi)(zi),有(you)小(xiao)(xiao)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、花(hua)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)之分,二者的(de)區別在于人物(wu)的(de)性格及(ji)表演(yan)(yan)(yan)特點(dian)。小(xiao)(xiao)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)多扮演(yan)(yan)(yan)正(zheng)派(pai)純真(zhen)的(de)青(qing)年(nian)(nian)女子(zi)(zi)(zi),表演(yan)(yan)(yan)以(yi)唱做(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。以(yi)活(huo)潑(po)(po)伶俐、天真(zhen)爛漫、舉動輕捷見長。花(hua)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)則以(yi)做(zuo)(zuo)功和(he)念白為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),多扮演(yan)(yan)(yan)放浪(lang)潑(po)(po)辣(la)或(huo)(huo)妖艷俏麗的(de)青(qing)年(nian)(nian)女子(zi)(zi)(zi),以(yi)潑(po)(po)辣(la)刁狠(hen)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)要(yao)特點(dian)。正(zheng)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、小(xiao)(xiao)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)為(wei)(wei)蒲劇中(zhong)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)行當,故有(you)“一窩(wo)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(正(zheng)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)和(he)小(xiao)(xiao)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))吃飽飯”,“一旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)挑八角”之說(shuo)。老旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan),扮演(yan)(yan)(yan)老年(nian)(nian)婦(fu)(fu)女,彩(cai)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan),也稱丑旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、丑婆(po)子(zi)(zi)(zi),扮演(yan)(yan)(yan)滑(hua)稽或(huo)(huo)刁奸的(de)婦(fu)(fu)女。武(wu)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan),扮演(yan)(yan)(yan)勇武(wu)的(de)女性人物(wu),一般為(wei)(wei)小(xiao)(xiao)打(da)扮,不(bu)穿蟒(mang)靠,重武(wu)打(da)。一般班社由(you)刀馬(ma)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)兼任。刀馬(ma)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、多扮演(yan)(yan)(yan)擅(shan)長武(wu)藝的(de)青(qing)壯年(nian)(nian)婦(fu)(fu)女。身扎大(da)靠,頭(tou)戴七星額子(zi)(zi)(zi),插翎子(zi)(zi)(zi),唱做(zuo)(zuo)打(da)和(he)舞(wu)蹈并重。這類(lei)腳(jiao)色(se)大(da)都(dou)由(you)功底扎實的(de)小(xiao)(xiao)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)演(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)扮演(yan)(yan)(yan),故亦稱為(wei)(wei)刀馬(ma)小(xiao)(xiao)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)。
也(ye)稱凈(jing)、黑(hei)頭。分大(da)花(hua)(hua)臉(lian)(lian)(lian)、二花(hua)(hua)臉(lian)(lian)(lian)。多扮演相貌、性格、品(pin)質特異的(de)(de)(de)人物,均(jun)以面部勾(gou)(gou)臉(lian)(lian)(lian)(即(ji)在面部勾(gou)(gou)畫各種顏色的(de)(de)(de)臉(lian)(lian)(lian)譜)為主要(yao)標(biao)志。大(da)花(hua)(hua)臉(lian)(lian)(lian),偏(pian)重唱、念、做、舉止穩(wen)重,主要(yao)扮演身份地位較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)人物,如(ru)(ru)包拯(zheng)(zheng)、曹操、徐彥昭等。大(da)花(hua)(hua)臉(lian)(lian)(lian)有花(hua)(hua)臉(lian)(lian)(lian)、白臉(lian)(lian)(lian)、黑(hei)臉(lian)(lian)(lian)、紅臉(lian)(lian)(lian)、凈(jing)臉(lian)(lian)(lian)之(zhi)分,由人物的(de)(de)(de)性格、品(pin)質及行為所定。如(ru)(ru)包拯(zheng)(zheng)黑(hei)臉(lian)(lian)(lian),以示(shi)(shi)其秉公執法、鐵面無私(si);曹操、潘仕(shi)美(mei)由因其奸詐(zha)、殘忍(ren),勾(gou)(gou)白胸;關羽(yu)勾(gou)(gou)戲臉(lian)(lian)(lian),以表示(shi)(shi)其忠心不二的(de)(de)(de)品(pin)質和英武剛(gang)強的(de)(de)(de)性格。二花(hua)(hua)臉(lian)(lian)(lian)有架子花(hua)(hua)臉(lian)(lian)(lian)、武二花(hua)(hua)臉(lian)(lian)(lian)之(zhi)分。
架子(zi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)臉(lian)(lian)重功(gong)(gong)架、念白(bai)和做(zuo)功(gong)(gong),多(duo)扮演性格粗魯、忠義(yi)正直的人(ren)(ren)物。武(wu)二(er)(er)(er)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)臉(lian)(lian)以跌撲高(gao)年(nian)級打(da)為主,故也(ye)稱摔打(da)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)臉(lian)(lian)。另外還有(you)一種(zhong)毛(mao)頭二(er)(er)(er)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)臉(lian)(lian),亦稱毛(mao)二(er)(er)(er)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)臉(lian)(lian)、毛(mao)凈、把把花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)臉(lian)(lian)。以載一字(zi)須為標志,由(you)于在(zai)舞臺上(shang)表演動作繁多(duo)、身(shen)段復雜多(duo)變,顯得其毛(mao)手毛(mao)腳,沒(mei)有(you)片(pian)刻休止而(er)得名。在(zai)一般班社中,毛(mao)頭二(er)(er)(er)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)臉(lian)(lian)并(bing)不作為專行,這(zhe)類腳色(se)大都(dou)由(you)架子(zi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)臉(lian)(lian)或(huo)武(wu)二(er)(er)(er)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)臉(lian)(lian)承(cheng)擔。三花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)臉(lian)(lian),亦稱丑(chou)(chou)(chou)。以在(zai)面部勾(gou)畫一小(xiao)(xiao)塊(kuai)白(bai)粉為標志,分文丑(chou)(chou)(chou)、武(wu)丑(chou)(chou)(chou)。文丑(chou)(chou)(chou)又可分大丑(chou)(chou)(chou)、小(xiao)(xiao)丑(chou)(chou)(chou)。大丑(chou)(chou)(chou)重念白(bai)、做(zuo)功(gong)(gong),扮演的人(ren)(ren)物種(zhong)類繁多(duo),有(you)心地(di)善良、語言幽(you)默、行動滑稽的人(ren)(ren)物,如《蘇(su)三起解》的崇公道(dao);有(you)也(ye)陰險兇殘、為虎作長或(huo)賣友求榮、卑鄙無恥的人(ren)(ren)物,如《一捧雪》的湯勤、小(xiao)(xiao)丑(chou)(chou)(chou),扮演擅(shan)長武(wu)藝而(er)性格機警、詼(hui)諧幽(you)默的人(ren)(ren)物。著重翻跳(tiao)武(wu)技。
過去,蒲劇(ju)有代(dai)(dai)腳制(zhi)(代(dai)(dai)行(xing)制(zhi)),這是由于(yu)舊班(ban)(ban)社中(zhong)演(yan)(yan)職(zhi)人員不足所致(zhi)。老(lao)旦(dan)行(xing),除(chu)個(ge)別講究排場(chang)的(de)字號班(ban)(ban)設有專人外,一般(ban)班(ban)(ban)社的(de)老(lao)旦(dan)腳色(se)均由丑行(xing)、胡(hu)(hu)子生(sheng)或正旦(dan)行(xing)的(de)演(yan)(yan)員承擔。如楊(yang)家(jia)戲中(zhong)以佘太君為主的(de)劇(ju)目,多(duo)(duo)由胡(hu)(hu)子生(sheng)或正理飾佘太君,其它戲中(zhong)的(de)老(lao)旦(dan)則多(duo)(duo)由丑行(xing)演(yan)(yan)員代(dai)(dai)演(yan)(yan)。娃娃生(sheng)雖屬專行(xing),但無人專演(yan)(yan),除(chu)由學員、藝徒扮(ban)演(yan)(yan)外,小旦(dan)演(yan)(yan)員也(ye)(ye)經(jing)常(chang)演(yan)(yan)的(de)這類人物。彩旦(dan)通常(chang)由丑行(xing)代(dai)(dai),個(ge)別小旦(dan)演(yan)(yan)員也(ye)(ye)代(dai)(dai)之。建國后,隨著時代(dai)(dai)的(de)發展及(ji)觀眾的(de)要求,劇(ju)團編制(zhi)逐(zhu)漸擴大(da),演(yan)(yan)職(zhi)人員大(da)大(da)增加(jia),戲校和訓練(lian)班(ban)(ban)也(ye)(ye)注(zhu)意培養老(lao)旦(dan)演(yan)(yan)員,除(chu)少數劇(ju)團外,多(duo)(duo)數均有專人扮(ban)演(yan)(yan)。但彩旦(dan)、娃娃生(sheng)的(de)代(dai)(dai)腳制(zhi)仍延用至今。
蒲劇(ju)傳(chuan)統劇(ju)目有(you)本戲、折戲500多個,題材上至遠古,下至明清,有(you)文有(you)武,風格多樣。傳(chuan)統劇(ju)目有(you)《薛剛(gang)反朝(chao)》、《三家店》、《竇娥冤》、《意中緣》、《燕(yan)燕(yan)》、《西廂記(ji)》、《趙氏孤兒》等,新編歷史(shi)劇(ju)有(you)《白溝河》、《港(gang)口驛》,現代戲有(you)《小(xiao)二黑結婚》等。其中《竇娥冤》已攝制成(cheng)影片。
抗(kang)日戰(zhan)爭(zheng)時期﹐部分(fen)蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)藝人聚集(ji)在(zai)(zai)陜(shan)北(bei)延安南(nan)(nan)區(qu)合作社(she)(she)組成(cheng)蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)班(ban)﹐曾演(yan)出《正氣圖》等。解(jie)放戰(zhan)爭(zheng)時期﹐太岳區(qu)的(de)翼(yi)城解(jie)放劇(ju)(ju)(ju)團曾演(yan)出現(xian)代戲《赤葉河》等。在(zai)(zai)西安有(you)(you)(you)晉風(feng)社(she)(she)﹑唐(tang)風(feng)社(she)(she)。此外(wai)﹐在(zai)(zai)晉南(nan)(nan)也有(you)(you)(you)班(ban)社(she)(she)堅持演(yan)出活(huo)動。中華人民(min)共和國成(cheng)立(li)後﹐蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)得到迅速發展﹐晉南(nan)(nan)﹑豫西﹑陜(shan)北(bei)等地(di)相繼(ji)成(cheng)立(li)的(de)蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)團共有(you)(you)(you)40多個(ge)。其(qi)中以山(shan)西晉南(nan)(nan)蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)(今(jin)臨汾地(di)區(qu)蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)院(yuan)(yuan)和運城地(di)區(qu)蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)團的(de)前身(shen))最具有(you)(you)(you)代表性(xing)﹐主(zhu)要名演(yan)員(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)王秀蘭(小旦(dan))﹑閻逢春(須生)﹑張慶奎(須生)﹑楊(yang)虎山(shan)(二(er)凈)﹑筱月來(lai)(小生)﹐主(zhu)要樂師有(you)(you)(you)車林(lin)娃(鼓(gu)板)﹑車太娃(板胡(hu))等。又有(you)(you)(you)編劇(ju)(ju)(ju)﹑導演(yan)﹑音樂﹑舞美工(gong)作者共同參加(jia)藝術創作和革新(xin)工(gong)作。整(zheng)理(li)改(gai)編的(de)傳統劇(ju)(ju)(ju)目(mu)有(you)(you)(you)《薛剛(gang)反朝》﹑《三家店》﹑《竇娥(e)冤》﹑《意(yi)中緣(yuan)》﹑《燕燕》﹑《西廂(xiang)記》﹑《趙氏孤兒》﹑《周仁獻嫂(sao)》﹑《販馬》﹑《殺驛》﹑《出棠邑》﹑《破洪州》﹑《少(shao)華山(shan)》﹑《麟骨床》﹐新(xin)編歷(li)史劇(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)《白(bai)溝河》﹑《港口驛》﹐現(xian)代戲有(you)(you)(you)《小二(er)黑結婚》等。其(qi)中《竇娥(e)冤》已攝(she)制成(cheng)影片。
本(ben)世紀三十年(nian)代,蒲(pu)劇舞臺上的(de)(de)三個小旦的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)---王存(cun)才的(de)(de)"路數",馮三狗的(de)(de)"亂彈",孫(sun)廣(guang)勝的(de)(de)"走(zou)",都各稱(cheng)絕。特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)王存(cun)才在(zai)《掛畫》中扮演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)少女含嫣(yan),更是(shi)(shi)唱做俱佳(jia),技(ji)藝超群。因而時人有(you)(you)"寧看存(cun)才掛畫,不坐民國天(tian)下"(意即不當(dang)(dang)民國總統),"寧肯誤了收秋打(da)夏,不能誤了存(cun)才掛畫"之說,可見當(dang)(dang)時的(de)(de)蒲(pu)劇表(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)藝術確有(you)(you)極大的(de)(de)魅(mei)力。蒲(pu)劇藝術除具有(you)(you)各種梆子戲的(de)(de)共(gong)同特點外,還有(you)(you)其自身的(de)(de)特色。在(zai)表(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)藝術方面,不僅動作寬大有(you)(you)力,且慣用特技(ji)表(biao)(biao)現人物。
許多贊賞近代(dai)蒲(pu)劇(ju)及(ji)著名(ming)演(yan)(yan)員(yuan)的(de)諺語,至今也仍流傳不衰:"寧(ning)(ning)誤打夏收秋,不誤廣盛《藏舟(zhou)》";"寧(ning)(ning)看存才《掛(gua)畫》,不坐民國天下",諺語里說的(de)(孫)廣盛,(王)存才,都是30年(nian)代(dai)紅極一時的(de)名(ming)旦。到了蒲(pu)劇(ju)藝(yi)術(shu)空前興旺的(de)20世紀50年(nian)代(dai),不但(dan)整理改編出(chu)一大批(pi)傳統劇(ju)目如《徐策跑城(cheng)》、《麟骨床》等(deng),更(geng)涌現出(chu)一批(pi)著名(ming)演(yan)(yan)員(yuan)。五(wu)大蒲(pu)劇(ju)明星--閻逢春、王秀蘭、張慶(qing)奎、筱月來(lai)、楊(yang)虎山(shan)聯(lian)袂出(chu)演(yan)(yan)的(de)戲劇(ju)電影《竇娥(e)冤》,遍映大江南北,倍享美譽。
俗話說,"臺(tai)上一分(fen)鐘(zhong),臺(tai)下十年(nian)(nian)功"。蒲(pu)劇(ju)藝術還(huan)體(ti)現在演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)們(men)的特技功夫(fu)上。閻逢春當年(nian)(nian)獨創的"翎子功",已被許(xu)多劇(ju)種演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)推廣承襲;80年(nian)(nian)代一批青年(nian)(nian)蒲(pu)劇(ju)演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)們(men),又以傳神的表演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)和精彩的水袖、椅子"雙(shuang)絕"等(deng)功夫(fu)獲得戲劇(ju)"梅(mei)花獎(jiang)"。