一.產品介紹
巍(wei)山(shan)(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)在(zai)當(dang)地(di)(di)栽(zai)培歷(li)史(shi)悠(you)久,據巍(wei)山(shan)(shan)彝(yi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)回族(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)《林(lin)業》記(ji)(ji)載(zai):“巍(wei)山(shan)(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)是縣(xian)(xian)內(nei)特有(you)(you)(you)的(de)晚(wan)(wan)熟(shu)(shu)耐儲藏的(de)優良品(pin)(pin)種,已有(you)(you)(you)近百(bai)年(nian)(nian)的(de)栽(zai)培歷(li)史(shi)”。 因成(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)于(yu)冬(dong)季(ji),群(qun)眾又稱之為(wei)(wei)“冬(dong)雪(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)”。 據巍(wei)山(shan)(shan)彝(yi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)回族(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)局(ju)整理的(de)資料《紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)王》中記(ji)(ji)載(zai):“在(zai)巍(wei)山(shan)(shan)縣(xian)(xian)海拔2400米(mi)的(de)鼠(shu)街(jie)新家(jia)村上(shang)對生(sheng)長有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)株(zhu)自(zi)然雜交(jiao)而成(cheng)的(de)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li),據有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)認定該(gai)樹(shu)至今已在(zai)這片土地(di)(di)上(shang)巍(wei)巍(wei)挺立了兩百(bai)多年(nian)(nian)”。據巍(wei)山(shan)(shan)縣(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)方舊(jiu)志(zhi)叢書(清(qing))《蒙化志(zhi)稿》第十四卷(juan)物產志(zhi)記(ji)(ji)載(zai):“梨(li)(li)(li)(一(yi)名快果(guo)(guo),一(yi)名玉乳,一(yi)名蜜(mi)父,有(you)(you)(you)雪(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)、蠻梨(li)(li)(li)、香(xiang)酥、早(zao)白、火(huo)把(ba)、花紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)、水(shui)扁數種)”。據縣(xian)(xian)《林(lin)業》、《巍(wei)山(shan)(shan)彝(yi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)回族(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)志(zhi)》及《巍(wei)山(shan)(shan)年(nian)(nian)鑒》記(ji)(ji)載(zai):“1983年(nian)(nian)至1984年(nian)(nian),由(you)縣(xian)(xian)政協牽頭,組織了縣(xian)(xian)科(ke)(ke)委(wei)、民委(wei)、經(jing)協辦(ban)(ban)、農(nong)業局(ju)、國土辦(ban)(ban)等有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)單位進(jin)(jin)行紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)資源調(diao)查,獲得(de)巍(wei)山(shan)(shan)縣(xian)(xian)1984年(nian)(nian)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)成(cheng)果(guo)(guo)二等獎(jiang),并(bing)于(yu)1985年(nian)(nian)4月在(zai)《云(yun)(yun)南(nan)科(ke)(ke)技(ji)報》進(jin)(jin)行了報道。1986年(nian)(nian),經(jing)有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)鑒定,巍(wei)山(shan)(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)云(yun)(yun)南(nan)罕見品(pin)(pin)種,具有(you)(you)(you)開發價值。1987年(nian)(nian)巍(wei)山(shan)(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)開發被列為(wei)(wei)云(yun)(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)‘星(xing)火(huo)計(ji)劃’項(xiang)目之一(yi)。1989年(nian)(nian)底(di)統計(ji),全縣(xian)(xian)掛(gua)果(guo)(guo)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)6萬(wan)(wan)多株(zhu),年(nian)(nian)產量100萬(wan)(wan)斤。1990年(nian)(nian),巍(wei)山(shan)(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)被云(yun)(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)溫帶果(guo)(guo)樹(shu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)評委(wei)會評為(wei)(wei)省(sheng)晚(wan)(wan)熟(shu)(shu)梨(li)(li)(li)第一(yi)名,并(bing)頒發了證(zheng)(zheng)書。1993年(nian)(nian)獲得(de)云(yun)(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)農(nong)牧漁業廳(ting)優質(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)果(guo)(guo)產品(pin)(pin)證(zheng)(zheng)書,1995年(nian)(nian)獲得(de)中國第二屆農(nong)業博覽(lan)會銀質(zhi)(zhi)獎(jiang)產品(pin)(pin)”。 巍(wei)山(shan)(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)晚(wan)(wan)熟(shu)(shu)、耐貯藏、外(wai)觀艷麗,富含氨基(ji)酸(suan),營(ying)養豐富,深受消(xiao)費(fei)者青睞(lai),市場供不應求。2009年(nian)(nian)巍(wei)山(shan)(shan)彝(yi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)回族(zu)(zu)(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)綠源林(lin)果(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)限(xian)責任公司(si)生(sheng)產的(de)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)獲得(de)了“綠色食品(pin)(pin)A級”認證(zheng)(zheng)。2011年(nian)(nian),巍(wei)山(shan)(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)被云(yun)(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)列為(wei)(wei)農(nong)業地(di)(di)方標準示范項(xiang)目。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷(li)史因素
(1)地(di)質地(di)貌 種植區(qu)地(di)勢由西(xi)北向東(dong)南傾斜和降低,西(xi)部為(wei)高(gao)山(shan)峽谷(gu),東(dong)部為(wei)高(gao)山(shan),中間(jian)為(wei)巍山(shan)壩(ba)子,最(zui)高(gao)海拔3037 m,最(zui)低海拔1146 m,平均海拔1780 m。適宜種植的海拔為(wei)1700m~2400m,土壤主要類型(xing)以紫色土和紅壤土為(wei)主, PH值5.6~7.2的山(shan)區(qu)半山(shan)區(qu)及緩坡(po)地(di),土壤有機質含量(liang)高(gao),疏松(song)、透氣(qi)、排水良好。
(2)水(shui)文情況(kuang) 種植(zhi)區(qu)主要河流有漾江(jiang)和西河,流經(jing)縣內十(shi)個(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮,漾江(jiang)歸(gui)入瀾滄江(jiang)水(shui)系,西河歸(gui)入紅河水(shui)系。種植(zhi)區(qu)水(shui)資源豐(feng)富,水(shui)質優良。
(3)氣(qi)候(hou)情況 種植(zhi)區屬北亞熱帶高原(yuan)季風氣(qi)候(hou),境(jing)內山(shan)勢磅礴,峻嶺(ling)逶迤,河谷、山(shan)地(di)、壩子相間分布(bu),在(zai)(zai)特(te)定的(de)地(di)理(li)條(tiao)件下形成了冬(dong)無嚴寒(han)、夏無酷暑、冬(dong)干(gan)夏雨、干(gan)濕季分明和氣(qi)候(hou)水平(ping)分布(bu)復雜(za),“立(li)體氣(qi)候(hou)”明顯的(de)地(di)域(yu)性氣(qi)候(hou)及立(li)體性氣(qi)候(hou)特(te)征。年最(zui)高氣(qi)溫32.4℃,最(zui)低(di)氣(qi)溫-1.1℃,年平(ping)均氣(qi)溫15.8℃;無霜期246天;年平(ping)均日照(zhao)時數為2342.8小時,冬(dong)半(ban)(ban)年多于(yu)夏半(ban)(ban)年;年平(ping)均降(jiang)雨量800~1000mm,主要集(ji)中在(zai)(zai)7、8月份。
三.地域范圍
巍(wei)山紅雪梨產于云南省大理白族(zu)自治州巍(wei)山彝(yi)族(zu)回族(zu)自治縣境(jing)內,種植區域涉及(ji)馬(ma)鞍山鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、巍(wei)寶山鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、五印鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、紫金鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、南詔鎮(zhen)、廟街(jie)鎮(zhen)、大倉鎮(zhen)、永建鎮(zhen)、牛街(jie)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、青華鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)十個鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen),地理坐標為:東經(jing)99°55′~100°25′、北緯24°56′~25°32′之間,東西(xi)寬47㎞,南北長65㎞,種植總面(mian)積2000公頃,年產量(liang)50000噸。
四(si).產(chan)品品質特(te)性特(te)征
(1)外在感官(guan)特征 巍(wei)山紅(hong)雪梨成(cheng)年(nian)果樹(shu)樹(shu)高1.5m以(yi)上,整(zheng)(zheng)形(xing)(xing)修(xiu)剪多為主干疏散分(fen)層(ceng)形(xing)(xing)和自然開心形(xing)(xing),葉翠(cui)綠(lv);是一(yi)種晚熟優質水(shui)果,每(mei)年(nian)2月(yue)底(di)3月(yue)初開花(hua),10—12月(yue)成(cheng)熟;耐貯藏(zang),可貯藏(zang)到翌年(nian)梨花(hua)盛開時節;果卵圓形(xing)(xing),大(da)小整(zheng)(zheng)齊,平均單果重150~250克,表皮(pi)底(di)色發(fa)黃(huang),三分(fen)之二以(yi)上果面鮮(xian)紅(hong)色,似胭脂紅(hong),色澤鮮(xian)艷美(mei)觀,果肉白色,肉質細而質脆、汁多無渣、酸甜適中。
(2)內在品質指(zhi)標 巍山(shan)紅雪梨口感嫩脆,汁多、無渣、核小,酸(suan)甜(tian)適度,營養豐(feng)富, 耐儲藏。可(ke)溶性固形物(wu)≥8.0%;硬度≥2.8 kg f/平方厘米;總糖(tang)≥4.8%;可(ke)滴定酸(suan)≤3.0g/kg;總氨基酸(suan)≥1.8%;維生素C≥2.0㎎/100g。
(3)安全要求 巍(wei)山紅雪(xue)梨產地(di)環境(jing)按照《NY5013-2006 無公害食品林果類產品產地(di)環境(jing)條件(jian)》執行(xing);產品質量符(fu)合《GB/T 10650-2008鮮梨》產品標準。
五.特定生產方式
(1)產地(di)選擇 一般(ban)選擇海(hai)拔1700~2400m,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)主(zhu)(zhu)要類型以紫色(se)土(tu)(tu)和(he)紅壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),PH值5.6~7.2,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)氣溫15.8℃,無霜期246天(tian);年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)日照時(shi)數(shu)不低于2342.8小時(shi),年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)降(jiang)雨量(liang)800~1000mm的(de)山區(qu)半山區(qu)及緩坡地(di),土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)有機質含量(liang)高,疏松、透氣、排水良好,背風向陽,周圍無柏樹和(he)泡(pao)桐(tong)種植的(de)地(di)區(qu)種植。
(2)品(pin)種(zhong)選(xuan)擇(ze) 巍山紅雪梨選(xuan)擇(ze)品(pin)種(zhong)是種(zhong)植歷史悠(you)久(jiu),屬于優(you)(you)質晚(wan)熟耐(nai)儲藏(zang)且抗逆性(xing)(xing)、抗病性(xing)(xing)強的優(you)(you)良地方品(pin)種(zhong)。
(3)種植規程
①砧(zhen)木(mu)培育(yu) 苗地選(xuan)擇(ze):選(xuan)擇(ze)地勢平(ping)坦(tan),土(tu)壤肥沃,土(tu)層(ceng)深厚,灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)、排水(shui)(shui)方(fang)便的沙壤土(tu)或壤土(tu),周邊環境無污(wu)染的地方(fang)。 苗木(mu)培育(yu):選(xuan)擇(ze)本地川(chuan)梨作為砧(zhen)木(mu),選(xuan)用種性(xing)純正,豐(feng)產性(xing)好,抗逆(ni)性(xing)、抗病性(xing)強,且(qie)五年(nian)以上(shang)結(jie)果(guo)株(zhu)為采(cai)穗(sui)母樹的巍山紅(hong)雪梨接穗(sui)。
②嫁接(jie)(jie) 嫁接(jie)(jie)以(yi)枝接(jie)(jie)為主,一般(ban)在(zai)早春樹液(ye)開始(shi)流(liu)動時進(jin)行,以(yi)立春前后(hou)20天為宜,嫁接(jie)(jie)時把握好(hao)“快(kuai)、平、凈、齊、緊”五(wu)個(ge)要領,即(ji):嫁接(jie)(jie)操作時間(jian)短,速(su)度快(kuai);使砧(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)木和接(jie)(jie)穗的切(qie)面(mian)光滑(hua)平整;保證(zheng)接(jie)(jie)穗和砧(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)木的切(qie)面(mian)清(qing)潔(jie)無污染;保證(zheng)砧(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)木和接(jie)(jie)穗的形成層(ceng)對齊;保證(zheng)包扎(zha)不漏氣,可提高嫁接(jie)(jie)成活(huo)力。
③出圃 當苗(miao)(miao)高長(chang)至1m以上,直徑0.8cm以上時可(ke)出圃移栽,要(yao)求梨(li)苗(miao)(miao)根系生長(chang)完(wan)好,無(wu)病蟲(chong)害(hai)、無(wu)損傷,無(wu)失(shi)水現象(xiang)。
④建園 整地(di):坡(po)地(di)應修筑梯地(di)或(huo)(huo)魚(yu)鱗臺。按(an)株(zhu)行(xing)距挖穴(xue)(溝(gou))寬80cm,深60cm的(de)定植穴(xue)(溝(gou))。開挖時要把(ba)(ba)表土和心土分開堆放,定植穴(xue)(溝(gou))上下寬度要保持一致。穴(xue)(溝(gou))挖好后,先(xian)填(tian)入(ru)30~40cm左(zuo)(zuo)右的(de)作物秸稈或(huo)(huo)綠肥,并將(jiang)表土加(jia)入(ru)踏(ta)緊,再用(yong)足量腐熟有機(ji)肥和少量化(hua)肥與土混合填(tian)入(ru)。 栽(zai)植方式與密度:定植時,將(jiang)梨(li)(li)苗主根剪除(chu)2~3cm,除(chu)去嫁接口薄(bo)膜(mo),嫁接口需(xu)露出地(di)面5~10cm,踏(ta)實根部土壤,培半徑(jing)50cm 左(zuo)(zuo)右樹(shu)(shu)(shu)盤,并高于地(di)面30㎝,澆足定根水,然后用(yong)薄(bo)膜(mo)覆蓋。根據(ju)不同地(di)形、地(di)塊確(que)定種植密度,常規(gui)株(zhu)行(xing)距4m×5m,密植株(zhu)行(xing)距4m×3m。 栽(zai)植時間:落葉后至(zhi)(zhi)發芽前,時間為(wei)每年11月至(zhi)(zhi)第二年2月。 配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)授(shou)粉(fen)樹(shu)(shu)(shu):巍(wei)山紅(hong)雪(xue)梨(li)(li)為(wei)異花授(shou)粉(fen)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種,所以必須配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)花一致的(de)授(shou)粉(fen)梨(li)(li)樹(shu)(shu)(shu),授(shou)粉(fen)梨(li)(li)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)品種可用(yong)黃梨(li)(li)、巍(wei)山本地(di)蠻梨(li)(li)、火把(ba)(ba)梨(li)(li)作為(wei)授(shou)粉(fen)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)。紅(hong)雪(xue)梨(li)(li)與授(shou)粉(fen)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)比(bi)例為(wei)8∶1;授(shou)粉(fen)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)應配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)在上風方口。
⑤土(tu)(tu)(tu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)水管理 土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)管理:幼年果園(yuan)每年深(shen)翻擴(kuo)穴1-2次(ci)(ci),成年果園(yuan)每年全園(yuan)深(shen)翻或(huo)隔(ge)行(株(zhu))深(shen)翻1-2次(ci)(ci),深(shen)度一(yi)般以(yi)30~40cm為宜。深(shen)翻時間在(zai)冬季落葉前(qian)進(jin)行。 肥(fei)(fei)(fei)水管理:基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)用(yong)結(jie)合土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)深(shen)翻,以(yi)有機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu),可(ke)混加少量氮(dan)(dan)、磷、鉀(jia)素化肥(fei)(fei)(fei)。追肥(fei)(fei)(fei),第(di)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)在(zai)萌(meng)芽前(qian)后,以(yi)氮(dan)(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu),每株(zhu)(成年樹(shu))2.0~2.5kg;第(di)二次(ci)(ci)在(zai)花(hua)芽分化及(ji)果實(shi)膨大期(qi),以(yi)速效氮(dan)(dan)鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu),適當(dang)配合磷肥(fei)(fei)(fei),施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)量略高(gao)于第(di)一(yi)次(ci)(ci);第(di)三次(ci)(ci)在(zai)果實(shi)生長(chang)后期(qi),以(yi)鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu)。其余時間根據具體情(qing)況進(jin)行施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei),施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)量以(yi)當(dang)地的土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)條(tiao)件和施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)特點確定(ding)。施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)方法采用(yong)溝(gou)施(shi),挖放射狀(zhuang)溝(gou)或(huo)在(zai)樹(shu)冠(guan)外圍挖環狀(zhuang)溝(gou),溝(gou)深(shen)15cm~20cm。根外追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)可(ke)結(jie)合噴藥施(shi)用(yong),全年4~5次(ci)(ci),一(yi)般生長(chang)前(qian)期(qi) 2 次(ci)(ci),以(yi)氮(dan)(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu);后期(qi)2~3次(ci)(ci),以(yi)磷、鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu)。施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)應(ying)結(jie)合灌水,應(ying)根據土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)墑情(qing)及(ji)降雨情(qing)況確定(ding)是否灌水,一(yi)般全年共3~4次(ci)(ci)。我縣紅(hong)雪梨種(zhong)植區,冬春(chun)應(ying)注意(yi)灌水尤其是春(chun)季梨樹(shu)開花(hua)前(qian)和開花(hua)后,夏季果實(shi)生長(chang)期(qi)要注意(yi)水分供給(gei)的均衡性(xing),以(yi)防出現(xian)(xian)裂(lie)果的現(xian)(xian)象。
⑥整形(xing)(xing)(xing)修剪 根據栽(zai)培技術、立地條件不同而(er)異,一般(ban)有主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)疏散分(fen)(fen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、自然(ran)開心形(xing)(xing)(xing)。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)疏散分(fen)(fen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)形(xing)(xing)(xing):定(ding)干(gan)高(gao)度(du)通常為80cm,下端(duan)(duan)50cm做主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)干(gan),上(shang)端(duan)(duan)30cm做整形(xing)(xing)(xing)帶;第(di)(di)(di)(di)一層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)分(fen)(fen)布3個(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之間(jian)(jian)的角(jiao)度(du)以120°為好,每(mei)個(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)配備(bei)(bei)3個(ge)側枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),第(di)(di)(di)(di)二層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)分(fen)(fen)布2個(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),每(mei)個(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)配備(bei)(bei)2個(ge)側枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)分(fen)(fen)布1個(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),配以1~2個(ge)側枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);第(di)(di)(di)(di)一層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)二層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)之間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)距80~100cm,第(di)(di)(di)(di)二層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)三(san)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)之間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)距100~120cm,全樹高(gao)度(du)控制在3~3.5m。自然(ran)開心形(xing)(xing)(xing):干(gan)高(gao)40cm~50cm,主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3~4個(ge),斜(xie)直向上(shang)生(sheng)長(chang),無中心干(gan),在主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)再(zai)向外分(fen)(fen)生(sheng)副主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),共3~4層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)腰角(jiao)70度(du),大量結(jie)果時達80度(du),樹高(gao)控制在2~3m。
⑦疏果(guo)(guo)(guo) 疏果(guo)(guo)(guo)通常在(zai)落果(guo)(guo)(guo)高(gao)峰過后進行。一般幼果(guo)(guo)(guo)間距30cm~35cm。留(liu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)時掌握(wo)選留(liu)第三個果(guo)(guo)(guo)或第四(si)個果(guo)(guo)(guo)。對于開(kai)花量較(jiao)少的年份,則應進行保(bao)花保(bao)果(guo)(guo)(guo),采取加(jia)強土(tu)肥水管(guan)理(li)、果(guo)(guo)(guo)園放蜂、在(zai)盛(sheng)花期全(quan)樹噴0.3%硼(peng)砂(sha)和0.3%尿素及0.5%白砂(sha)糖(tang)混合液(ye)等(deng)措施,提高(gao)座果(guo)(guo)(guo)率。
⑧病蟲害防(fang)(fang)(fang)治 以預防(fang)(fang)(fang)為主(zhu),綜合防(fang)(fang)(fang)治為原則(ze),根據病蟲害的發生規律及(ji)時防(fang)(fang)(fang)治。主(zhu)要病蟲害有(you):黑星(xing)病、褐斑病、梨(li)食心蟲、蚜蟲、紅蜘蛛、蝽象(xiang)。防(fang)(fang)(fang)治措施(shi)以物理防(fang)(fang)(fang)治、生物防(fang)(fang)(fang)治為主(zhu),化(hua)學防(fang)(fang)(fang)治嚴禁使(shi)用(yong)國家禁止使(shi)用(yong)及(ji)高毒高殘(can)留農藥(yao)。
(4)采(cai)收 采(cai)收期一般(ban)在10—12月(yue),采(cai)收方(fang)法人(ren)工(gong)采(cai)收,根據(ju)果(guo)實(shi)成熟度(du)和市場需求適(shi)時采(cai)收。要求采(cai)摘時輕(qing)拿輕(qing)放(fang),免碰傷、刺傷。果(guo)實(shi)下樹后要用專用竹籃(lan)或(huo)果(guo)框盛放(fang)。
(5)生產安全記錄 種植、施肥、病蟲害(hai)防治、包裝等全過程都要有(you)記錄,建立生產檔(dang)案,以便查閱。立生產檔(dang)案保存不低于2年。