【公共開(kai)(kai)放空間(jian)設(she)計】公共空間(jian)的開(kai)(kai)放設(she)計 公共開(kai)(kai)放空間(jian)設(she)計要求
公共開放空間:
建(jian)設(she)用地(di)范(fan)圍(wei)內建(jian)筑(zhu)物內部或外(wai)部開(kai)(kai)辟出全天開(kai)(kai)放供公(gong)眾(zhong)使用的(de)(de)室外(wai)場地(di)空(kong)間(jian)。公(gong)共開(kai)(kai)放空(kong)間(jian)應與(yu)建(jian)設(she)用地(di)周(zhou)圍(wei)的(de)(de)城市空(kong)間(jian)密(mi)切聯系成有機的(de)(de)整體。公(gong)共開(kai)(kai)放空(kong)間(jian)必須符合《標準(zhun)與(yu)準(zhun)則》中(zhong)的(de)(de)相關(guan)條(tiao)款。
空間組成:
公(gong)共(gong)開(kai)(kai)放空間(jian)(jian)包(bao)括城市公(gong)共(gong)開(kai)(kai)放空間(jian)(jian)和(he)用地單位在建設用地范圍(wei)內開(kai)(kai)辟的(de)公(gong)共(gong)開(kai)(kai)放空間(jian)(jian)。城市公(gong)共(gong)開(kai)(kai)放空間(jian)(jian)包(bao)括公(gong)共(gong)綠(lv)地、城市水體和(he)城市廣場等。城市公(gong)共(gong)開(kai)(kai)放空間(jian)(jian)的(de)分(fen)布與規模應結(jie)合相(xiang)應層次的(de)城市規劃協(xie)調確定。
設計要求:
公共綠地:
包括公(gong)園綠(lv)(lv)地和街頭綠(lv)(lv)地。對于不(bu)同類(lei)型的公(gong)共綠(lv)(lv)地,《標準(zhun)與準(zhun)則》在規劃設計上(shang)提出了不(bu)同的要(yao)求。
(1)綜合公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan):綜合公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)是指具有較豐富的活動(dong)內(nei)容和服(fu)務設施、適合公(gong)(gong)眾開展各(ge)種(zhong)戶外活動(dong)的規模較大(da)的綠地,人(ren)均綠地標準宜大(da)于(yu)5平方米/人(ren),公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)面(mian)積宜大(da)于(yu)20公(gong)(gong)頃。
(2)專類公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan):專類公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)包括(kuo)兒(er)童公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)、植物園(yuan)(yuan)、動(dong)(dong)物園(yuan)(yuan)、歷史(shi)名園(yuan)(yuan)、風景名勝公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)、陵園(yuan)(yuan)、游樂公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)其(qi)它具(ju)有(you)(you)特定主題內(nei)(nei)容的專類公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)。專類公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)的規模應(ying)根(gen)據其(qi)內(nei)(nei)容和(he)(he)性質確定。兒(er)童公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)有(you)(you)兒(er)童科普教育(yu)內(nei)(nei)容和(he)(he)游戲設(she)施,宜(yi)大于2公(gong)(gong)頃。動(dong)(dong)物園(yuan)(yuan)(市級)應(ying)有(you)(you)適合動(dong)(dong)物生活的環境(jing),有(you)(you)供(gong)游人參觀、休息、進行科普教育(yu)的設(she)施,有(you)(you)安全(quan)(quan)、衛生隔離的設(she)施和(he)(he)綠帶,但飼料(liao)加工場以及(ji)獸醫(yi)院、檢疫站、隔離場和(he)(he)飼料(liao)基地不(bu)宜(yi)設(she)在園(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)(nei),全(quan)(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)的面積宜(yi)大于20公(gong)(gong)頃。
專類(lei)動物(wu)(wu)園(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)(ying)以展(zhan)出(chu)(chu)具有(you)(you)地(di)區或(huo)類(lei)型(xing)特(te)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動物(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)要內(nei)(nei)容(rong),宜大于(yu)(yu)20公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)。植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)園(yuan)(yuan)(市(shi)級)應(ying)(ying)創造適于(yu)(yu)多種植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)生長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立地(di)環境,應(ying)(ying)有(you)(you)體現本園(yuan)(yuan)特(te)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科普展(zhan)覽(lan)區和相應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科研實驗區,全(quan)(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)宜大于(yu)(yu)40公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)。專類(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)園(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)(ying)以展(zhan)出(chu)(chu)具有(you)(you)明顯特(te)征或(huo)重(zhong)要意(yi)義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)要內(nei)(nei)容(rong),全(quan)(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)宜大于(yu)(yu)20公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)。盆(pen)(pen)景園(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)(ying)以展(zhan)出(chu)(chu)各種盆(pen)(pen)景為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)要內(nei)(nei)容(rong),獨立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盆(pen)(pen)景園(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)宜大于(yu)(yu)2公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)。游樂(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)是新(xin)增設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專類(lei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)類(lei)型(xing),作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)城市(shi)旅游景點和居民戶外活(huo)動場(chang)所(suo)(suo)之一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大型(xing)游樂(le)場(chang),當其綠(lv)化占地(di)比例大于(yu)(yu)65%時,可算(suan)作(zuo)“游樂(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)”;達不(bu)到(dao)該項要求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),不(bu)能按“公(gong)(gong)(gong)共綠(lv)地(di)”計算(suan)。風景名勝公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)(ying)在保護好自然和人文景觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上,設(she)(she)置適量游覽(lan)道路以及休憩(qi)、服務等(deng)設(she)(she)施。歷史(shi)名園(yuan)(yuan)修復(fu)設(she)(she)計必須符(fu)合(he)《中華人民共和國(guo)文物(wu)(wu)保護法》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding);為(wei)(wei)保護文物(wu)(wu)或(huo)便于(yu)(yu)參觀使用文物(wu)(wu)而設(she)(she)置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防火設(she)(she)施、值班室、廁所(suo)(suo)及水電等(deng)工程(cheng)管(guan)線,不(bu)得改變(bian)文物(wu)(wu)原狀;其他(ta)專類(lei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan),應(ying)(ying)有(you)(you)名副其實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)題內(nei)(nei)容(rong),全(quan)(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)宜大于(yu)(yu)2公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)。
(3)帶(dai)(dai)狀公(gong)(gong)園(yuan):是沿城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)道路、城(cheng)墻(qiang)、水(shui)濱等(deng)設(she)置(zhi)的(de)(de)有一定游憩設(she)施(shi)的(de)(de)狹長型綠地(di)。帶(dai)(dai)狀公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)常結合城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)道路、水(shui)系(xi)、城(cheng)墻(qiang)而建設(she),是綠地(di)系(xi)統中頗具特色的(de)(de)構成要素,承擔著城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)生(sheng)態走廊的(de)(de)職能。本標準(zhun)與準(zhun)則雖(sui)未(wei)對(dui)帶(dai)(dai)狀公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)提出寬度(du)規(gui)定,但在(zai)帶(dai)(dai)狀公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)的(de)(de)最窄(zhai)處(chu)必(bi)須滿足(zu)游人通行、綠化種(zhong)植帶(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)延續以(yi)及布置(zhi)小型休息設(she)施(shi)的(de)(de)要求。
(4)街(jie)頭綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地散(san)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)城市(shi)中(zhong),雖然面(mian)積(ji)較小,但具備游憩(qi)和美(mei)化城市(shi)的(de)功(gong)能,是城市(shi)中(zhong)量大(da)面(mian)廣的(de)一種公共綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地類型。“街(jie)頭綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地”與“道(dao)路綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地”在形態和功(gong)能上并沒有本質的(de)區別,劃分(fen)兩者的(de)界限主要依據綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)帶(dai)的(de)寬度。當沿道(dao)路布(bu)置的(de)路側(ce)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)帶(dai)寬度超過(guo)8米(mi)(mi)時,根據規劃可以(yi)劃為(wei)“街(jie)頭綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地”,算(suan)作公共綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)地;當路側(ce)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)帶(dai)寬度不超過(guo)8米(mi)(mi)(含8米(mi)(mi))且位于(yu)(yu)道(dao)路紅(hong)線范圍內(nei)時,應(ying)計入道(dao)路廣場用地內(nei)。
城市廣場:
城市廣場應采用無障礙設計。城市廣場的設計應與廣場功能及周邊環境結合,滿足人的活動和空間景觀氛圍的要求;廣場內應設置電話亭、飲水機、標志牌、垃圾箱、座椅(凳)和燈光照明(ming)等設施;規模較大的(de)廣(guang)場(chang)應設置(zhi)公廁。以休憩功(gong)能為主的(de)城(cheng)市廣(guang)場(chang)綠化覆蓋(gai)率不應小于45%,綠化宜(yi)種植(zhi)高大喬木。
城市水體:
應保護岸線的(de)(de)自然形態(tai)和生(sheng)態(tai)特(te)點,岸線設計應充分考慮水體(ti)的(de)(de)警戒水位(wei)、潮差和綠化。應保持水體(ti)沿(yan)岸用(yong)地的(de)(de)開(kai)放性(xing)、公共性(xing)和可達性(xing),嚴格控制(zhi)沿(yan)岸用(yong)地的(de)(de)開(kai)發強(qiang)度和機動車道路的(de)(de)建(jian)設,保持水體(ti)和陸(lu)地間良好的(de)(de)景(jing)觀通透(tou)性(xing)。
建設用地范圍內的公共開放空間:
建(jian)設用地(di)范圍內開(kai)(kai)辟(pi)的(de)場地(di)公共開(kai)(kai)放空(kong)間(jian),與基地(di)地(di)面(mian)(mian)高差應控制(zhi)在±6.0米以內(含(han)±6.0米),并應有(you)寬度不小于(yu)(yu)1.5米的(de)開(kai)(kai)放性樓(lou)梯或坡道(dao)(dao)(dao)連(lian)接基地(di)地(di)面(mian)(mian)或道(dao)(dao)(dao)路。建(jian)筑(zhu)物地(di)面(mian)(mian)首(shou)層架(jia)空(kong)作公共開(kai)(kai)放空(kong)間(jian)時(shi),凈高不應小于(yu)(yu)5.4米,進(jin)深不應小于(yu)(yu)8.0 米。建(jian)筑(zhu)物沿(yan)街地(di)面(mian)(mian)首(shou)層開(kai)(kai)辟(pi)騎(qi)樓(lou)時(shi),騎(qi)樓(lou)凈高不應小于(yu)(yu) 3.6米,步(bu)行通道(dao)(dao)(dao)最窄(zhai)處(chu)凈寬不應小于(yu)(yu)3.0米,騎(qi)樓(lou)地(di)面(mian)(mian)應與人行道(dao)(dao)(dao)地(di)面(mian)(mian)相平;無人行道(dao)(dao)(dao)時(shi)應高出(chu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)路邊界處(chu)10~20厘米,并應有(you)防撞和安全措施(shi)。
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