一、砂石墊層的施工要求有哪些
1、砂石墊層的材料必須具有良好的振實加密性能,宜選用碎石、卵石、角礫、圓礫、礫砂、粗砂、中(zhong)砂或石(shi)屑(xie)(粒(li)徑(jing)小于2mm的(de)(de)部分(fen)不(bu)(bu)應超過總(zong)重的(de)(de)45%),且應級配(pei)良好,不(bu)(bu)含植物殘體(ti)、垃(la)圾等雜物。若只用(yong)粉細砂或石(shi)粉(粒(li)徑(jing)小于0.075 mm的(de)(de)部分(fen)不(bu)(bu)超過總(zong)重的(de)(de)90%)時,應均(jun)勻摻入不(bu)(bu)少于總(zong)重30%的(de)(de)碎石(shi)或卵石(shi)。砂石(shi)的(de)(de)最大(da)粒(li)徑(jing)不(bu)(bu)宜大(da)于50mm。
2、基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)開(kai)挖時(shi)應避免坑(keng)(keng)(keng)底(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)受(shou)(shou)擾動,可保留約(yue)200mm厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)暫不(bu)挖去,待鋪填(tian)墊(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)前(qian)再挖至設(she)計標高。嚴禁擾動墊(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)軟弱土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng),防(fang)止(zhi)其被踐踏、受(shou)(shou)凍或受(shou)(shou)水浸泡。在碎石墊(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)底(di)部(bu)宜設(she)置150~300mm厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)砂墊(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)或鋪一層(ceng)(ceng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)織物,以防(fang)止(zhi)軟弱土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)表面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)局部(bu)破壞,同時(shi)必(bi)須(xu)防(fang)止(zhi)基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)邊坡坍土(tu)(tu)(tu)混入墊(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)。在地下(xia)水位以下(xia)施工(gong)時(shi),應采取(qu)降(jiang)低地下(xia)水位的(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)施(水撼法(fa)施工(gong)除外),使(shi)基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)保持無積(ji)水狀(zhuang)態(tai)。如因(yin)墊(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)下(xia)方土(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)差異而(er)使(shi)墊(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)底(di)面(mian)標高不(bu)一時(shi),基(ji)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(槽)底(di)宜挖成階梯形,施工(gong)時(shi)按(an)先深后淺(qian)的(de)(de)(de)順序進(jin)行,并應注(zhu)意搭接處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量。
3、砂石(shi)(shi)墊(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)關鍵是將砂石(shi)(shi)材料振(zhen)實(shi)(shi)加(jia)密(mi)到設(she)計要求的(de)(de)密(mi)實(shi)(shi)度(du)(壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)(shi)系數0.94~0.97)。如要求進一步提高砂石(shi)(shi)墊(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang),則宜加(jia)大機械的(de)(de)功率。砂石(shi)(shi)墊(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方(fang)法(fa)有振(zhen)實(shi)(shi)法(fa)、水撼法(fa)、夯實(shi)(shi)法(fa)、碾壓(ya)(ya)法(fa)等多(duo)種(zhong),可根據砂石(shi)(shi)材料、地質條件(jian)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)設(she)備等條件(jian)選用。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)時應分層(ceng)(ceng)鋪筑,在下層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)密(mi)實(shi)(shi)度(du)經檢驗達到合格(ge)要求后,方(fang)可進行上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)。砂墊(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)時的(de)(de)含水量(liang)(liang)對壓(ya)(ya)實(shi)(shi)效(xiao)果(guo)影(ying)響很大,一般以潤濕(shi)到接近飽和狀態時效(xiao)果(guo)最好。
二、砂石墊層成品有哪些保護措施
1、施工時應(ying)妥善保(bao)護標高控制樁,防止碰撞位移,并應(ying)經常(chang)復測(ce)。
2、對伸(shen)出墻的設備管(guan)線、埋入墊(dian)層中的各種管(guan)線均應妥(tuo)善(shan)保護(hu),防止施工(gong)時碰撞或損壞。
3、施工中遇雨、雪天要做(zuo)臨時覆蓋,以防墊(dian)層被浸泡或受(shou)凍。
4、墊層施工完(wan)后(hou),應及時(shi)進(jin)行下道工序施工,否(fou)則,應進(jin)行圍擋和臨時(shi)遮(zhe)蓋.并(bing)經常灑水濕潤。
5、施工(gong)完(wan)的墊層不得在上(shang)堆放重物和行駛車(che)輛。