怎樣給鹽堿(jian)地小(xiao)麥平(ping)衡施肥(fei)

大部分(fen)鹽漬化土壤中，土壤有機(ji)質(zhi)含量低，礦(kuang)質(zhi)養分(fen)不(bu)均衡，微量元(yuan)素缺乏，作物所必(bi)需的礦(kuang)質(zhi)元(yuan)素因土壤PH值較高(gao)而(er)形(xing)成沉淀難以被作物吸收利用，從而(er)導(dao)致農作物營養缺乏。鹽堿地小麥要高(gao)產(chan)，施肥是(shi)關鍵。主要掌握以下原則：

一、堅持以有機肥為主

農(nong)(nong)諺(yan)說(shuo)：“堿大(da)吃苗，肥(fei)(fei)(fei)大(da)吃堿。”這里所說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)即指有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)料，給鹽(yan)堿地(di)增施有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)料，能(neng)(neng)增加(jia)土壤(rang)中(zhong)有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)含量，使農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)在整個生育過程中(zhong)得到全(quan)面(mian)營養，而且(qie)提高土壤(rang)保肥(fei)(fei)(fei)能(neng)(neng)力(li)和對(dui)酸堿及有(you)害(hai)離(li)子的(de)(de)(de)緩沖能(neng)(neng)力(li)，降低土壤(rang)中(zhong)鹽(yan)分與PH值，減輕鹽(yan)堿對(dui)農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)為(wei)害(hai)，促(cu)進土壤(rang)熟化。一般(ban)來說(shuo)，每畝鹽(yan)堿地(di)應(ying)施有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)3～4立方米(mi)，并(bing)要堅(jian)持每年秸(jie)稈還田。在當前有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)料不足的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下，種植綠肥(fei)(fei)(fei)是解決脫鹽(yan)問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)重要途徑。

二、合理選用化肥種類

化(hua)肥大多數是鹽(yan)(yan)類，有酸性(xing)(xing)、堿(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)、中性(xing)(xing)之(zhi)分。酸性(xing)(xing)、中性(xing)(xing)化(hua)肥可(ke)以在(zai)鹽(yan)(yan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)地上(shang)(shang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。而(er)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)肥料則應(ying)避(bi)免(mian)在(zai)鹽(yan)(yan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)地上(shang)(shang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。如尿素、碳酸氫銨(an)、硝酸銨(an)等(deng)在(zai)土壤(rang)中不(bu)殘留任何雜質，不(bu)會增(zeng)加土壤(rang)中的鹽(yan)(yan)分和堿(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)，適宜(yi)在(zai)鹽(yan)(yan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)地上(shang)(shang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong);硫(liu)酸銨(an)是生(sheng)理酸性(xing)(xing)肥料，其中的銨(an)被小(xiao)麥(mai)吸收后，殘留的硫(liu)酸根(gen)可(ke)以降(jiang)低鹽(yan)(yan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)的堿(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)，也適宜(yi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong);草(cao)木灰等(deng)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)肥料，就不(bu)適宜(yi)在(zai)鹽(yan)(yan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)地上(shang)(shang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong);給(gei)鹽(yan)(yan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)地小(xiao)麥(mai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)磷肥時，應(ying)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)過(guo)磷酸鈣。而(er)鈣鎂磷肥是堿(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)肥料，在(zai)鹽(yan)(yan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)地上(shang)(shang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，不(bu)僅沒有效果，還會導致土壤(rang)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)加重。

三、注意配合施用有機肥料

這樣既可以補充多種營養，又有利(li)于降低土壤溶液濃度(du)，減輕由(you)于施(shi)(shi)用化肥(fei)而引(yin)起(qi)鹽堿(jian)為害。施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)要(yao)注意多次(ci)少量施(shi)(shi)用，以免(mian)土壤溶液濃度(du)驟然過高，影響小(xiao)麥吸收和生長。銨態氮肥(fei)在鹽堿(jian)地上施(shi)(shi)用易引(yin)起(qi)氨的揮發。因此，一定要(yao)深(shen)施(shi)(shi)埋(mai)嚴(yan)。鹽堿(jian)地地溫低，微生物活動(dong)減弱，有效(xiao)磷釋放(fang)少，常表現缺(que)磷，增施(shi)(shi)磷肥(fei)可以顯著增產，施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)方法是(shi)做底肥(fei)深(shen)施(shi)(shi)。