怎(zen)樣(yang)給鹽堿地(di)小麥平衡施(shi)肥

大(da)部(bu)分鹽漬化土(tu)壤中，土(tu)壤有機質(zhi)含(han)量低(di)，礦質(zhi)養分不(bu)均衡，微量元素缺(que)(que)乏，作物(wu)(wu)所必需的(de)礦質(zhi)元素因(yin)土(tu)壤PH值較高(gao)而形成沉淀難以被作物(wu)(wu)吸收(shou)利用，從而導致農作物(wu)(wu)營(ying)養缺(que)(que)乏。鹽堿地小(xiao)麥(mai)要高(gao)產(chan)，施肥是關鍵。主要掌握以下原則：

一、堅持以有機肥為主

農(nong)(nong)諺說(shuo)：“堿(jian)大吃苗(miao)，肥(fei)(fei)大吃堿(jian)。”這里所說(shuo)的(de)肥(fei)(fei)即指有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)料，給鹽(yan)堿(jian)地增施(shi)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)料，能增加土(tu)壤中有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)質(zhi)含量(liang)，使農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物在(zai)整個(ge)生育過程中得到全面營養，而(er)且提高土(tu)壤保肥(fei)(fei)能力(li)和對(dui)酸堿(jian)及有(you)(you)害離(li)子的(de)緩沖能力(li)，降低土(tu)壤中鹽(yan)分與PH值，減輕鹽(yan)堿(jian)對(dui)農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物的(de)為害，促進土(tu)壤熟化(hua)。一(yi)般來說(shuo)，每(mei)畝鹽(yan)堿(jian)地應(ying)施(shi)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)3～4立方米，并要堅持(chi)每(mei)年秸稈還田。在(zai)當前有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)料不足(zu)的(de)情況下，種(zhong)植(zhi)綠(lv)肥(fei)(fei)是解決脫鹽(yan)問題(ti)的(de)重(zhong)要途徑。

二、合理選用化肥種類

化肥(fei)(fei)大(da)多數是(shi)(shi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)類，有酸(suan)(suan)性、堿(jian)(jian)性、中性之分。酸(suan)(suan)性、中性化肥(fei)(fei)可以在鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)堿(jian)(jian)地(di)(di)上施(shi)用(yong)(yong)。而堿(jian)(jian)性肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)則(ze)應避(bi)免(mian)在鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)堿(jian)(jian)地(di)(di)上施(shi)用(yong)(yong)。如尿素、碳酸(suan)(suan)氫(qing)銨(an)(an)、硝酸(suan)(suan)銨(an)(an)等在土(tu)壤(rang)中不(bu)殘(can)留任何(he)雜質，不(bu)會(hui)增加土(tu)壤(rang)中的(de)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)分和堿(jian)(jian)性，適宜在鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)堿(jian)(jian)地(di)(di)上施(shi)用(yong)(yong);硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)銨(an)(an)是(shi)(shi)生理酸(suan)(suan)性肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)，其(qi)中的(de)銨(an)(an)被小麥(mai)吸收后，殘(can)留的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)根可以降低(di)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)堿(jian)(jian)的(de)堿(jian)(jian)性，也(ye)適宜施(shi)用(yong)(yong);草木(mu)灰等堿(jian)(jian)性肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)，就不(bu)適宜在鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)堿(jian)(jian)地(di)(di)上施(shi)用(yong)(yong);給鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)堿(jian)(jian)地(di)(di)小麥(mai)施(shi)用(yong)(yong)磷肥(fei)(fei)時，應選用(yong)(yong)過磷酸(suan)(suan)鈣。而鈣鎂磷肥(fei)(fei)是(shi)(shi)堿(jian)(jian)性肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)，在鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)堿(jian)(jian)地(di)(di)上施(shi)用(yong)(yong)，不(bu)僅沒(mei)有效果，還會(hui)導致土(tu)壤(rang)堿(jian)(jian)性加重。

三、注意配合施用有機肥料

這(zhe)樣既可(ke)以補(bu)充多(duo)種(zhong)營(ying)養，又有利于降低土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)溶液(ye)濃度(du)，減輕(qing)由(you)于施(shi)(shi)用化肥(fei)而引起(qi)鹽堿為害。施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)要(yao)注意多(duo)次少量施(shi)(shi)用，以免土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)溶液(ye)濃度(du)驟(zou)然過高，影響小麥吸收和生(sheng)(sheng)長。銨態氮(dan)肥(fei)在鹽堿地(di)上施(shi)(shi)用易引起(qi)氨的揮發。因(yin)此，一定要(yao)深(shen)施(shi)(shi)埋(mai)嚴。鹽堿地(di)地(di)溫低，微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物活(huo)動減弱(ruo)，有效磷(lin)釋放少，常(chang)表現(xian)缺磷(lin)，增施(shi)(shi)磷(lin)肥(fei)可(ke)以顯著增產，施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)方法是做底肥(fei)深(shen)施(shi)(shi)。