【鏡(jing)子原(yuan)理】平(ping)面鏡(jing)成(cheng)像原(yuan)理 鏡(jing)子的原(yuan)理是(shi)什(shen)么
平面鏡成像原理
原理是遵從光(guang)的反射定(ding)律
光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的反(fan)(fan)射定律:反(fan)(fan)射光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線(xian)(xian)(xian)與入射光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線(xian)(xian)(xian)、法(fa)線(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)同一平(ping)面(mian)上;反(fan)(fan)射光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)入射光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線(xian)(xian)(xian)分居在(zai)法(fa)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的兩(liang)側;反(fan)(fan)射角(jiao)等于入射角(jiao)。可歸(gui)納(na)為:“三線(xian)(xian)(xian)共面(mian),兩(liang)線(xian)(xian)(xian)分居,兩(liang)角(jiao)相(xiang)等,光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)路可逆”。
鏡子的原理是什么
單位時(shi)間內從界面單位面積上反(fan)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)(guang)所帶走的能(neng)量(liang)與(yu)入(ru)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)(guang)入(ru)射(she)(she)(she)的能(neng)量(liang)之比,稱為反(fan)射(she)(she)(she)率(lv)。能(neng)量(liang)之比等(deng)于(yu)光(guang)(guang)強之比,故(gu)反(fan)射(she)(she)(she)率(lv)即為反(fan)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)(guang)強與(yu)入(ru)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)(guang)強之比,也(ye)等(deng)于(yu)反(fan)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)(guang)與(yu)入(ru)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)(guang)的振幅平方之比。正反(fan)射(she)(she)(she)時(shi),反(fan)射(she)(she)(she)率(lv)可用第二媒質對第一媒質的相對折射(she)(she)(she)率(lv)n21(=n2/n1)表示,為R=(n21-1)2/(n21+2)2。反(fan)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)(guang)波(bo)振幅與(yu)入(ru)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)(guang)波(bo)振幅之比,稱為反(fan)射(she)(she)(she)比或反(fan)射(she)(she)(she)系(xi)數。
研究某材(cai)料的反(fan)射情況,需要(yao)測(ce)定(ding)該(gai)材(cai)料樣品(pin)平面在各方(fang)向上對各種波長的反(fan)射率。對于一般(ban)性的研究工作,國際照明委員會(簡(jian)寫CIE)推薦取(qu)45°±5°方(fang)向上照明,90°±10°的法線方(fang)向觀(guan)測(ce);也(ye)可以(yi)90°±10°照明而以(yi)45°±5°觀(guan)測(ce)。物質的反(fan)射率與厚度有關,因(yin)為一部分光要(yao)稍進(jin)入物體內部,然后(hou)再被(bei)反(fan)射出來。故嚴格的定(ding)義還應限定(ding)材(cai)料樣品(pin)的厚度。
反(fan)射率有時也稱(cheng)為(wei)反(fan)射比,反(fan)射系數(shu),反(fan)射本領或反(fan)射因數(shu)。我國全國自(zi)然科學(xue)名詞審定委員(yuan)會于1988年公布的物理(li)學(xue)名詞(基礎物理(li)學(xue)部分(fen))中(zhong),把這些術語統一規(gui)范為(wei)強度反(fan)射率和振幅(fu)反(fan)射率。
光(guang)的反射是生活中(zhong)常見的現象。例如人們日(ri)常照鏡子(zi),物體在(zai)湖面形成(cheng)倒影等(deng),都屬于光(guang)的反射現象。
反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)鏡(mirror)利用(yong)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)面(mian)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)光(guang)線的光(guang)學元件(jian)。通常(chang)有平面(mian)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)鏡、球(qiu)面(mian)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)鏡和(he)非球(qiu)面(mian)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)鏡三(san)種。根據反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)的程度又(you)可分為(wei)全反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)和(he)半(ban)透半(ban)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)兩(liang)種,后者常(chang)簡稱為(wei)分束鏡。
平面(mian)鏡反射鏡通常由鍍銀或鍍鋁的平面(mian)玻璃制成(cheng)。平面(mian)反射鏡對(dui)(dui)實(shi)物成(cheng)虛像(xiang),對(dui)(dui)虛物成(cheng)實(shi)像(xiang)。它是唯(wei)一不(bu)破壞光束單心性的光學元件(jian),能形成(cheng)完善(shan)的像(xiang)。
球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)面(mian)(mian)反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)鏡反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)面(mian)(mian)為(wei)(wei)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)面(mian)(mian)。若球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)心位于(yu)(yu)(yu)受光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)一側(ce),則(ze)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)凹(ao)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)面(mian)(mian)鏡,簡稱(cheng)凹(ao)面(mian)(mian)鏡;球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)心位于(yu)(yu)(yu)受光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)另一側(ce),則(ze)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)凸球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)面(mian)(mian)鏡,簡稱(cheng)凸面(mian)(mian)鏡。凹(ao)面(mian)(mian)鏡是會(hui)(hui)聚(ju)鏡,平(ping)行(xing)(xing)(xing)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)束(shu)經(jing)它(ta)(ta)反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)后(hou)會(hui)(hui)聚(ju)于(yu)(yu)(yu)一點(dian),此點(dian)為(wei)(wei)實焦(jiao)點(dian)。把(ba)點(dian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源放在(zai)實焦(jiao)點(dian)位置上,光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)束(shu)經(jing)反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)后(hou)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)平(ping)行(xing)(xing)(xing)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)束(shu)。凸面(mian)(mian)鏡是發散(san)(san)鏡,平(ping)行(xing)(xing)(xing)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)束(shu)經(jing)它(ta)(ta)反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)后(hou)成(cheng)(cheng)發散(san)(san)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)束(shu),反(fan)(fan)射(she)(she)(she)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線的(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)向延長線交(jiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)一點(dian),此點(dian)為(wei)(wei)虛(xu)焦(jiao)點(dian)。汽車(che)駕駛室兩旁安置的(de)(de)觀察鏡為(wei)(wei)凸面(mian)(mian)鏡,遠處的(de)(de)物體(ti)在(zai)虛(xu)焦(jiao)點(dian)前附近形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)立縮小(xiao)的(de)(de)虛(xu)像(xiang)。
非球面(mian)反(fan)(fan)射鏡(jing)(jing)有拋(pao)物面(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)、雙(shuang)曲面(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)、橢(tuo)球面(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)、錐(zhui)面(mian)和(he)柱(zhu)面(mian)反(fan)(fan)射鏡(jing)(jing)等。平行光軸的(de)光束經拋(pao)物面(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)反(fan)(fan)射后會聚于(yu)拋(pao)物面(mian)的(de)焦點,在(zai)反(fan)(fan)射式天文望(wang)遠鏡(jing)(jing)中(zhong)做物鏡(jing)(jing),可以使遙遠的(de)星體(ti)成(cheng)像于(yu)焦點處(chu)。反(fan)(fan)之(zhi)由焦點發出的(de)光束經拋(pao)物面(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)反(fan)(fan)射后形成(cheng)平行光束,用于(yu)做探照(zhao)燈。雙(shuang)曲面(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)和(he)橢(tuo)球面(mian)鏡(jing)(jing)常用于(yu)某些特殊(shu)的(de)光學系統中(zhong),以簡(jian)化(hua)結(jie)構和(he)改進成(cheng)像質量(liang)。