【公共(gong)(gong)(gong)開(kai)放(fang)空間設計(ji)】公共(gong)(gong)(gong)空間的開(kai)放(fang)設計(ji) 公共(gong)(gong)(gong)開(kai)放(fang)空間設計(ji)要求
公共開放空間：
建設(she)用地范(fan)圍內建筑物內部或外(wai)部開辟出全(quan)天開放供公(gong)眾(zhong)使用的(de)室外(wai)場地空(kong)(kong)間。公(gong)共(gong)開放空(kong)(kong)間應與建設(she)用地周圍的(de)城市空(kong)(kong)間密切聯系成有機的(de)整體(ti)。公(gong)共(gong)開放空(kong)(kong)間必須符合《標準與準則(ze)》中的(de)相關條款。
空間組成：
公(gong)共(gong)(gong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)放(fang)空(kong)間包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)城市(shi)(shi)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)放(fang)空(kong)間和(he)用地(di)單位(wei)在建設用地(di)范圍內開(kai)(kai)(kai)辟(pi)的公(gong)共(gong)(gong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)放(fang)空(kong)間。城市(shi)(shi)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)放(fang)空(kong)間包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)綠地(di)、城市(shi)(shi)水體和(he)城市(shi)(shi)廣場(chang)等。城市(shi)(shi)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)放(fang)空(kong)間的分布與(yu)規(gui)(gui)模應結(jie)合相應層次的城市(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)劃協(xie)調(diao)確定。
設計要求：
公共綠地：
包括公園綠地和街頭綠地。對(dui)于不同類型的(de)公共(gong)綠地，《標準(zhun)與(yu)準(zhun)則》在規劃設計上提出了不同的(de)要求。
（1）綜合(he)公(gong)園(yuan)：綜合(he)公(gong)園(yuan)是指(zhi)具(ju)有較豐富(fu)的(de)活動內容和(he)服務(wu)設施(shi)、適合(he)公(gong)眾開展各種戶外活動的(de)規模較大的(de)綠地(di)，人(ren)均綠地(di)標準宜大于5平方米/人(ren)，公(gong)園(yuan)面積宜大于20公(gong)頃。
（2）專(zhuan)(zhuan)類(lei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)：專(zhuan)(zhuan)類(lei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)包(bao)括兒(er)童(tong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、植(zhi)物(wu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、動(dong)(dong)物(wu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、歷(li)史名園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、風景名勝公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、陵園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、游(you)樂公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和其(qi)它具有特定主題內(nei)容(rong)的專(zhuan)(zhuan)類(lei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。專(zhuan)(zhuan)類(lei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的規模應(ying)根據其(qi)內(nei)容(rong)和性質確定。兒(er)童(tong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)有兒(er)童(tong)科普教育內(nei)容(rong)和游(you)戲(xi)設(she)施，宜大于2公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。動(dong)(dong)物(wu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)（市級）應(ying)有適合動(dong)(dong)物(wu)生活的環境，有供游(you)人參觀、休息、進(jin)行科普教育的設(she)施，有安全、衛生隔(ge)離的設(she)施和綠帶，但飼(si)料加工場以及(ji)獸(shou)醫院、檢(jian)疫站、隔(ge)離場和飼(si)料基地不宜設(she)在(zai)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)，全園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的面積宜大于20公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。
專(zhuan)類動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)以(yi)展(zhan)出(chu)(chu)具有(you)(you)(you)地區或類型特點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)要內(nei)容，宜(yi)大(da)于(yu)(yu)20公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)。植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)（市級）應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)創造適于(yu)(yu)多種(zhong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立地環(huan)境，應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)有(you)(you)(you)體現本園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)特點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科普展(zhan)覽區和(he)(he)(he)相應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科研實驗區，全園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面積(ji)(ji)宜(yi)大(da)于(yu)(yu)40公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)。專(zhuan)類植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)以(yi)展(zhan)出(chu)(chu)具有(you)(you)(you)明顯特征或重要意義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)要內(nei)容，全園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面積(ji)(ji)宜(yi)大(da)于(yu)(yu)20公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)。盆(pen)(pen)景園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)以(yi)展(zhan)出(chu)(chu)各種(zhong)盆(pen)(pen)景為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)要內(nei)容，獨立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)盆(pen)(pen)景園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面積(ji)(ji)宜(yi)大(da)于(yu)(yu)2公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)。游(you)(you)樂公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是新增設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)類公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)類型，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)城市旅游(you)(you)景點和(he)(he)(he)居民戶外活動(dong)場所之一的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)型游(you)(you)樂場，當其(qi)綠(lv)化占地比(bi)例(li)大(da)于(yu)(yu)65%時，可算(suan)作(zuo)“游(you)(you)樂公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”；達不(bu)到該(gai)項要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)能按“公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)綠(lv)地”計算(suan)。風景名(ming)勝公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)在保護好(hao)自然和(he)(he)(he)人文(wen)景觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上，設(she)置(zhi)適量(liang)游(you)(you)覽道路以(yi)及(ji)休憩、服務(wu)等設(she)施。歷史(shi)名(ming)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)修(xiu)復(fu)設(she)計必須符(fu)合《中華(hua)人民共(gong)和(he)(he)(he)國文(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)保護法》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)；為(wei)(wei)保護文(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)或便(bian)于(yu)(yu)參觀使用(yong)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)而設(she)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防火設(she)施、值班(ban)室(shi)、廁所及(ji)水(shui)電等工程(cheng)管線，不(bu)得改(gai)變(bian)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)原(yuan)狀(zhuang)；其(qi)他專(zhuan)類公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)有(you)(you)(you)名(ming)副其(qi)實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)題內(nei)容，全園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面積(ji)(ji)宜(yi)大(da)于(yu)(yu)2公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)。
（3）帶(dai)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)：是沿城市(shi)道路(lu)、城墻、水濱等設(she)(she)置的(de)有一定(ding)游憩設(she)(she)施的(de)狹(xia)長型綠地。帶(dai)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)常(chang)結(jie)合(he)城市(shi)道路(lu)、水系、城墻而建(jian)設(she)(she)，是綠地系統中(zhong)頗具特(te)色(se)的(de)構成要素，承擔著(zhu)城市(shi)生態走廊(lang)的(de)職能(neng)。本標準與準則(ze)雖未(wei)對帶(dai)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)提出寬(kuan)度(du)規定(ding)，但在(zai)帶(dai)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)的(de)最(zui)窄處必(bi)須滿足游人通行、綠化種植(zhi)帶(dai)的(de)延續以及布(bu)置小型休息(xi)設(she)(she)施的(de)要求。
（4）街頭綠(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)散布(bu)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)市中，雖(sui)然面積較小，但具備游(you)憩和美化(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)功能，是城(cheng)(cheng)市中量(liang)大面廣(guang)的(de)一種公共綠(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)類(lei)型(xing)。“街頭綠(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)”與“道(dao)(dao)路綠(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)”在(zai)形態和功能上并沒(mei)有本(ben)質(zhi)的(de)區別，劃分兩者的(de)界限主(zhu)要依據綠(lv)(lv)帶的(de)寬度(du)。當沿道(dao)(dao)路布(bu)置的(de)路側(ce)綠(lv)(lv)帶寬度(du)超過8米(mi)時(shi)，根據規劃可以(yi)劃為“街頭綠(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)”，算作(zuo)公共綠(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)；當路側(ce)綠(lv)(lv)帶寬度(du)不超過8米(mi)（含8米(mi)）且位于(yu)道(dao)(dao)路紅線范圍(wei)內時(shi)，應計(ji)入(ru)道(dao)(dao)路廣(guang)場用地(di)(di)內。
城市廣場：
城市廣場應采用無障礙設計。城市廣場的設計應與廣場功能及周邊環境結合，滿足人的活動和空間景觀氛圍的要求；廣場內應設置電話亭、飲水機、標志牌、垃圾箱、座椅（凳）和(he)燈光(guang)照明等(deng)設施；規模較(jiao)大的(de)廣場應設置公廁。以(yi)休憩功能為主的(de)城市廣場綠(lv)化覆蓋率不應小于45%，綠(lv)化宜種植高大喬(qiao)木(mu)。
城市水體：
應保護岸線的(de)自然形(xing)態和(he)生態特點，岸線設(she)計應充分(fen)考(kao)慮水體的(de)警(jing)戒水位(wei)、潮差和(he)綠化。應保持水體沿岸用(yong)地的(de)開放性、公共性和(he)可達性，嚴格控制(zhi)沿岸用(yong)地的(de)開發強(qiang)度(du)和(he)機(ji)動車道路的(de)建設(she)，保持水體和(he)陸(lu)地間良好的(de)景(jing)觀通(tong)透性。
建設用地范圍內的公共開放空間：
建設用地(di)(di)(di)范(fan)圍內開辟的場地(di)(di)(di)公共開放空間，與(yu)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)高差應(ying)(ying)(ying)控制(zhi)在±6.0米(mi)(mi)(mi)以(yi)內（含±6.0米(mi)(mi)(mi)），并(bing)應(ying)(ying)(ying)有(you)(you)寬度不小于1.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)的開放性(xing)樓(lou)梯或(huo)坡道(dao)(dao)連接(jie)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)或(huo)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)。建筑物地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)首(shou)層架空作(zuo)公共開放空間時，凈高不應(ying)(ying)(ying)小于5.4米(mi)(mi)(mi)，進深(shen)不應(ying)(ying)(ying)小于8.0 米(mi)(mi)(mi)。建筑物沿街地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)首(shou)層開辟騎樓(lou)時，騎樓(lou)凈高不應(ying)(ying)(ying)小于 3.6米(mi)(mi)(mi)，步行通(tong)道(dao)(dao)最窄處凈寬不應(ying)(ying)(ying)小于3.0米(mi)(mi)(mi)，騎樓(lou)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)與(yu)人行道(dao)(dao)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)相平；無人行道(dao)(dao)時應(ying)(ying)(ying)高出道(dao)(dao)路(lu)邊界處10～20厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)，并(bing)應(ying)(ying)(ying)有(you)(you)防(fang)撞和安全(quan)措施。
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