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泥哇嗚屬于非物質文化遺產嘛

泥哇(wa)嗚是(shi)流傳(chuan)于寧夏民(min)間的一(yi)(yi)種自(zi)(zi)娛自(zi)(zi)樂型樂器，泥哇(wa)嗚是(shi)塤的一(yi)(yi)種，2006年被列入國家級非(fei)物質(zhi)文化(hua)遺產保(bao)護名錄項目(mu)。

泥哇嗚形制介紹

通體用黃膠泥(ni)(ni)(ni)捏制而(er)成(cheng)，其形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀、大小(xiao)、音(yin)(yin)孔數量(liang)和位置各(ge)不相同(tong)。大者與鵝卵近似，小(xiao)者有(you)如核桃(tao)(tao)。外形(xing)(xing)(xing)式樣有(you)橢(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)、棗形(xing)(xing)(xing)、魚形(xing)(xing)(xing)、桃(tao)(tao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、娃娃頭(tou)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、牛(niu)頭(tou)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、牛(niu)角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、蝶形(xing)(xing)(xing)和扁方形(xing)(xing)(xing)等等，不勝枚舉。一(yi)(yi)般在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)端正(zheng)中(zhong)開(kai)吹孔，在(zai)(zai)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)、后(hou)(hou)開(kai)若(ruo)干音(yin)(yin)孔。如核桃(tao)(tao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)哇(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)，在(zai)(zai)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)面開(kai)有(you)一(yi)(yi)個音(yin)(yin)孔；橢(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)哇(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)，開(kai)五(wu)個音(yin)(yin)孔(前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)四后(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi))；魚形(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)哇(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)開(kai)五(wu)孔，牛(niu)頭(tou)形(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)哇(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)上(shang)(shang)寬下尖，吹孔在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)方中(zhong)間，音(yin)(yin)孔多(duo)(duo)為(wei)四孔(前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)三后(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi))或(huo)六孔(前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)四后(hou)(hou)二(er))。牛(niu)角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)哇(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)，音(yin)(yin)孔多(duo)(duo)為(wei)三孔(前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)二(er)后(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi))或(huo)六孔(前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)五(wu)后(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi))。蝶形(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)哇(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)，音(yin)(yin)孔多(duo)(duo)為(wei)四孔(前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)三后(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi))。還有(you)一(yi)(yi)種用皮革或(huo)綿紙做的泥(ni)(ni)(ni)哇(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)，呈扁方形(xing)(xing)(xing)，多(duo)(duo)為(wei)三個音(yin)(yin)孔。泥(ni)(ni)(ni)哇(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)雖形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀、音(yin)(yin)孔有(you)別，但都在(zai)(zai)兩(liang)側(ce)或(huo)底部設有(you)小(xiao)孔，拴系不同(tong)顏色的絲穗或(huo)彩珠作為(wei)裝(zhuang)飾。

泥哇嗚吹奏方法

吹(chui)奏時(shi)，雙手托捧泥(ni)哇(wa)嗚(wu)，拇(mu)指、中(zhong)指夾持，口(kou)對吹(chui)孔送(song)氣發音(yin)，指法各有不同，音(yin)域多為(wei)d1—a1或d1—c2。小者音(yin)色清脆、悠(you)揚，大(da)者音(yin)色渾厚、深(shen)沉(chen)。蝶形(xing)(xing)泥(ni)哇(wa)嗚(wu)兩端和牛角形(xing)(xing)泥(ni)哇(wa)嗚(wu)有些相似，外表美觀、別致，是(shi)婦女(nv)喜(xi)愛(ai)吹(chui)奏的(de)泥(ni)哇(wa)嗚(wu)品種。牛頭形(xing)(xing)泥(ni)哇(wa)嗚(wu)在山區或農、牧(mu)(mu)(mu)區普遍(bian)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)，它既是(shi)牧(mu)(mu)(mu)民和牧(mu)(mu)(mu)童喜(xi)愛(ai)的(de)自(zi)娛性樂(le)(le)器(qi)，又是(shi)輔助牧(mu)(mu)(mu)業生產的(de)工具。常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于獨奏。牧(mu)(mu)(mu)民多用(yong)(yong)(yong)以吹(chui)奏民歌小調(diao)，常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)是(shi)見景生情，自(zi)編自(zi)奏。傳統(tong)樂(le)(le)曲(qu)《蘇武(wu)牧(mu)(mu)(mu)羊》、《放牧(mu)(mu)(mu)小調(diao)》、《即興曲(qu)》等。當然，隨著(zhu)泥(ni)哇(wa)嗚(wu)這件民間樂(le)(le)器(qi)的(de)不斷改(gai)良(liang)，現已有不少創作樂(le)(le)曲(qu)，如《阿哥的(de)泥(ni)哇(wa)嗚(wu)》、《原州小曲(qu)》和《我(wo)愛(ai)我(wo)的(de)臺灣島》等。

改良后的泥哇嗚

經過改良(liang)的(de)泥哇(wa)嗚，呈牛頭(tou)(tou)形(xing)(xing)，兩(liang)角橫于(yu)頂部，中(zhong)空(kong)。有大、中(zhong)、小三(san)(san)種，分(fen)別發出高音(yin)、中(zhong)音(yin)和低音(yin)，總音(yin)域f-f2，包括(kuo)其(qi)中(zhong)所(suo)有半音(yin)。音(yin)色古樸而明亮。其(qi)中(zhong)可(ke)供獨奏的(de)中(zhong)音(yin)牛頭(tou)(tou)泥哇(wa)嗚，橫寬15厘米(mi)、豎長12厘米(mi)，上端正中(zhong)開(kai)吹(chui)孔(kong)，開(kai)有七個音(yin)孔(kong)(前六左側一)。吹(chui)奏時，雙手虎口夾持(chi)，右手指按右側三(san)(san)音(yin)孔(kong)，左手指按左側四音(yin)孔(kong)。常演奏F、bB或C調五聲音(yin)階樂曲(qu)。整套牛頭(tou)(tou)形(xing)(xing)泥哇(wa)嗚，已用于(yu)音(yin)樂舞臺演出。