泥哇嗚是(shi)流(liu)傳于寧夏民間(jian)的一種(zhong)(zhong)自娛自樂型樂器,泥哇嗚是(shi)塤的一種(zhong)(zhong),2006年被(bei)列入國家級非物質文化遺產保護(hu)名錄項目。
通體(ti)用黃膠泥(ni)(ni)捏制(zhi)而成,其(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)、大小、音(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)數(shu)量和位置各不(bu)相同。大者與鵝卵近似,小者有如核桃。外形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式樣有橢(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、棗形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、魚形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、桃形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、娃(wa)娃(wa)頭(tou)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、牛頭(tou)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、牛角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、蝶形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和扁方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等等,不(bu)勝枚舉。一般(ban)在(zai)上(shang)(shang)端正中開吹(chui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong),在(zai)前(qian)、后(hou)開若干(gan)音(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)。如核桃形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)哇嗚(wu)(wu)(wu),在(zai)前(qian)面開有一個(ge)(ge)音(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong);橢(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)哇嗚(wu)(wu)(wu),開五(wu)個(ge)(ge)音(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(前(qian)四后(hou)一);魚形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)哇嗚(wu)(wu)(wu)前(qian)開五(wu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong),牛頭(tou)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)哇嗚(wu)(wu)(wu)上(shang)(shang)寬下尖(jian),吹(chui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)在(zai)上(shang)(shang)方(fang)中間(jian),音(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)多為(wei)(wei)四孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(前(qian)三(san)后(hou)一)或六孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(前(qian)四后(hou)二(er))。牛角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)哇嗚(wu)(wu)(wu),音(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)多為(wei)(wei)三(san)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(前(qian)二(er)后(hou)一)或六孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(前(qian)五(wu)后(hou)一)。蝶形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)哇嗚(wu)(wu)(wu),音(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)多為(wei)(wei)四孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(前(qian)三(san)后(hou)一)。還有一種用皮革或綿紙做(zuo)的泥(ni)(ni)哇嗚(wu)(wu)(wu),呈扁方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),多為(wei)(wei)三(san)個(ge)(ge)音(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)。泥(ni)(ni)哇嗚(wu)(wu)(wu)雖形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)、音(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)有別(bie),但都(dou)在(zai)兩(liang)側或底部設有小孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong),拴(shuan)系(xi)不(bu)同顏色(se)的絲穗(sui)或彩珠(zhu)作為(wei)(wei)裝飾。
吹(chui)奏(zou)時(shi),雙手(shou)托捧泥哇(wa)(wa)嗚(wu),拇指(zhi)、中(zhong)指(zhi)夾持,口對(dui)吹(chui)孔(kong)送氣發音(yin),指(zhi)法各有(you)(you)(you)不同(tong),音(yin)域多為d1—a1或d1—c2。小(xiao)者音(yin)色清脆、悠(you)揚,大者音(yin)色渾厚、深沉。蝶(die)形(xing)泥哇(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)兩端和(he)牛(niu)角形(xing)泥哇(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)有(you)(you)(you)些相似,外表美觀、別致,是婦女(nv)喜愛吹(chui)奏(zou)的(de)(de)泥哇(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)品種。牛(niu)頭形(xing)泥哇(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)在山區(qu)(qu)或農、牧(mu)(mu)區(qu)(qu)普遍(bian)使用,它既是牧(mu)(mu)民(min)和(he)牧(mu)(mu)童喜愛的(de)(de)自娛(yu)性樂器,又是輔助牧(mu)(mu)業生產的(de)(de)工具。常用于獨(du)奏(zou)。牧(mu)(mu)民(min)多用以吹(chui)奏(zou)民(min)歌小(xiao)調,常常是見(jian)景生情,自編自奏(zou)。傳統(tong)樂曲《蘇武牧(mu)(mu)羊》、《放(fang)牧(mu)(mu)小(xiao)調》、《即興曲》等。當(dang)然,隨著泥哇(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)這件民(min)間樂器的(de)(de)不斷改良(liang),現(xian)已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)不少創作樂曲,如《阿(a)哥的(de)(de)泥哇(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)》、《原州小(xiao)曲》和(he)《我愛我的(de)(de)臺灣島(dao)》等。
經過改(gai)良的泥(ni)哇(wa)嗚(wu),呈牛(niu)頭形,兩角(jiao)橫于頂部,中(zhong)(zhong)空。有(you)大、中(zhong)(zhong)、小三種,分別發出(chu)高音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)、中(zhong)(zhong)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)和低音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin),總音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)域f-f2,包括其中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)有(you)半音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)色古樸而明亮。其中(zhong)(zhong)可供獨奏的中(zhong)(zhong)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)牛(niu)頭泥(ni)哇(wa)嗚(wu),橫寬15厘米、豎長12厘米,上端正中(zhong)(zhong)開吹孔(kong),開有(you)七個音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(前六左側一)。吹奏時,雙手虎口(kou)夾(jia)持,右手指(zhi)按(an)右側三音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)孔(kong),左手指(zhi)按(an)左側四音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)孔(kong)。常演(yan)奏F、bB或C調五聲音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)階樂(le)曲。整套牛(niu)頭形泥(ni)哇(wa)嗚(wu),已用于音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)樂(le)舞臺演(yan)出(chu)。