興寧(ning)花燈(deng)(deng)不是(shi)國家非遺(yi),興寧(ning)花燈(deng)(deng)被列入梅州市第五批市級非物(wu)質文(wen)化遺(yi)產名錄。興寧(ning)花燈(deng)(deng)是(shi)中(zhong)華民(min)間藝術的(de)一朵瑰麗(li)奇葩,與(yu)北京六(liu)格花燈(deng)(deng)(宮燈(deng)(deng))一脈相(xiang)傳(chuan),是(shi)興寧(ning)重要傳(chuan)統民(min)俗賞(shang)燈(deng)(deng)的(de)載體(ti),凡(fan)賞(shang)燈(deng)(deng)必定有花燈(deng)(deng),承載著(zhu)千百年(nian)來濃(nong)厚的(de)客家民(min)俗文(wen)化和中(zhong)華傳(chuan)統花燈(deng)(deng)文(wen)化。
據專家考證(zheng),興(xing)(xing)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)燈(deng)(deng)起(qi)于宋(song)元(yuan)(yuan),盛(sheng)(sheng)于明(ming)(ming)清(qing)。有(you)據考證(zheng)的至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)也已有(you)近600年(nian)歷史(shi)。在興(xing)(xing)寧(ning)(ning)(ning),不(bu)但有(you)很多有(you)關花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)燈(deng)(deng)的傳(chuan)說,而(er)且明(ming)(ming)清(qing)《興(xing)(xing)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)志》多處記(ji)述了興(xing)(xing)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)燈(deng)(deng)、賞燈(deng)(deng)的盛(sheng)(sheng)況。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)明(ming)(ming)嘉(jia)靖三(san)十(shi)一年(nian)(1552年(nian))修《興(xing)(xing)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)志天(tian)文(wen)部節序》中(zhong)(zhong)記(ji)載(zai):上(shang)(shang)元(yuan)(yuan)采松竹結(jie)棚通(tong)衢綴華燈(deng)(deng)徹夜(ye)蕭鼓喧(xuan)鬧......謂之賞燈(deng)(deng)。明(ming)(ming)崇禎《興(xing)(xing)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)志風俗》中(zhong)(zhong)記(ji)載(zai):上(shang)(shang)元(yuan)(yuan)自十(shi)三(san)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)十(shi)八(ba)各寺廟結(jie)彩張(zhang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)燈(deng)(deng)張(zhang)宴設樂放花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)燒(shao)爆自昏達旦。清(qing)咸(xian)豐《興(xing)(xing)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)志風俗》記(ji)載(zai):元(yuan)(yuan)夜(ye)結(jie)彩張(zhang)燈(deng)(deng),有(you)魚龍、走馬、牡丹、蓮花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)諸燈(deng)(deng).......自十(shi)一夜(ye)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)十(shi)七(qi)夜(ye),郭門馳禁。同(tong)時(shi),在興(xing)(xing)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)有(you)因制作花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)燈(deng)(deng)而(er)被命為花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)燈(deng)(deng)張(zhang)和花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)燈(deng)(deng)屋。據調(diao)查,興(xing)(xing)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)仍有(you)興(xing)(xing)田街(jie)道的花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)燈(deng)(deng)張(zhang)、龍田鎮的磐石圍、羅(luo)崗鎮甘村的花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)燈(deng)(deng)屋、刁坊鎮吳屋等(deng)20多個花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)燈(deng)(deng)制作專業(ye)村屋;他們(men)制作花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)燈(deng)(deng)的歷史(shi)都在200年(nian)以(yi)上(shang)(shang),有(you)好些村屋延(yan)續至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)達500余年(nian)。清(qing)康乾時(shi)期(qi),興(xing)(xing)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)燈(deng)(deng)隨著客家人第四(si)、五次大(da)遷徙而(er)流(liu)傳(chuan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本省的惠陽、淡水、河源(yuan)、龍門、連平、翁源(yuan)等(deng)地和廣西、四(si)川(chuan)等(deng)省。聞名全(quan)國(guo)的忠信花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)燈(deng)(deng)就是清(qing)中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)從(cong)興(xing)(xing)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)燈(deng)(deng)流(liu)傳(chuan)過去的。
興(xing)(xing)寧花(hua)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)品種(zhong)多樣,風格各(ge)異,地方特色明顯(xian)。按形態分有龍(long)(long)鳳(feng)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、金柱(zhu)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、百(bai)子(zi)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、圍(wei)龍(long)(long)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、狀元(yuan)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、宮(gong)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、寶蓋燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、伯公燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、觀(guan)音燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、搖錢燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、廊燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、圓燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、蓮花(hua)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)。按使用(yong)(yong)范圍(wei)分有賞燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)專用(yong)(yong)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、敬神(shen)祭(ji)祀燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、演(yan)戲專用(yong)(yong)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、裝飾燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、照明燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、堂號燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)。在眾多品種(zhong)中,供賞燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)民俗使用(yong)(yong)的(de)十(shi)二門(men)龍(long)(long)鳳(feng)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、六門(men)金柱(zhu)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、十(shi)二門(men)百(bai)子(zi)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、十(shi)二門(men)圍(wei)龍(long)(long)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、八門(men)狀元(yuan)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)和走馬燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)是(shi)(shi)興(xing)(xing)寧傳統花(hua)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)主要產品,它集各(ge)種(zhong)花(hua)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)藝術(shu)文(wen)化于一體,是(shi)(shi)興(xing)(xing)寧花(hua)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)代表。
花(hua)(hua)(hua)燈(deng)分(fen)為(wei)上、中、下(xia)(xia)三層(ceng),中層(ceng)又分(fen)為(wei)上下(xia)(xia)兩層(ceng),各有六(liu)(liu)(liu)扇大門(men)、六(liu)(liu)(liu)扇小門(men)構(gou)成,并有老(lao)式(shi)(shi)和(he)新(xin)式(shi)(shi)之分(fen)。老(lao)式(shi)(shi)的(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)燈(deng)中上層(ceng)六(liu)(liu)(liu)扇大門(men)比較(jiao)講究,分(fen)別(bie)是手工一筆一畫描繪(hui)《恭賀新(xin)禧》、《狀元及弟》、《狀元騎白馬》、《弦簫鼓樂》、《全家祿滿朝貴》、《百(bai)歲老(lao)人抱(bao)子孫》等(deng)太平盛世(shi)的(de)祈福圖(tu)案(an)。中下(xia)(xia)大門(men)為(wei)文官(guan)、武官(guan)各三組,小門(men)為(wei)龍(long)角。花(hua)(hua)(hua)燈(deng)內一竹碗(wan)盞油燈(deng)。外面(mian)掛六(liu)(liu)(liu)條花(hua)(hua)(hua)帶或(huo)貼有紅花(hua)(hua)(hua)、白花(hua)(hua)(hua)等(deng)。新(xin)式(shi)(shi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)燈(deng)的(de)六(liu)(liu)(liu)個扇面(mian)則(ze)是金(jin)童玉女、接財(cai)接丁等(deng)印刷圖(tu)案(an)。
制作(zuo)一(yi)盞花燈看似簡單,但費時較長,每年中秋后即選砍竹子(zi)、裁料、火(huo)熏,秋收后開(kai)始(shi)扎架、糊紙、貼(tie)畫,正月初開(kai)始(shi)掛彩花。預定的(de)花燈須在正月初七全部制作(zuo)完(wan)成,初八(ba)起就會有賞燈的(de)預定戶敲鑼(luo)打鼓、鳴放鞭炮,有的(de)甚(shen)至舞動(dong)醒獅前來迎接花燈。
1、選(xuan)竹:要選(xuan)成熟、少節(jie)、垂直竹子。
2、裁(cai)竹:根(gen)據花燈規(gui)格大小進行裁(cai)竹。曬干后可(ke)進行裁(cai)竹。
3、削蔑,砍蔑,火(huo)熏或高溫(wen)消(xiao)毒。
4、扎架(jia):12條主柱(zhu)(zhu)、5條內(nei)圍(wei)(wei)、5條外(wai)圍(wei)(wei),十字內(nei)橫柱(zhu)(zhu)(米字柱(zhu)(zhu))上(shang)下(xia)(xia)各三(san)條。6條內(nei)統柱(zhu)(zhu)、12條上(shang)曲(qu)七、12條下(xia)(xia)曲(qu)七組成(cheng)。用(yong)繩子(zi)將柱(zhu)(zhu)外(wai)
5、裁紙(zhi)(zhi):根(gen)據燈架大(da)小裁紙(zhi)(zhi)。圍(wei)(wei)、內圍(wei)(wei)扎結(jie)實(shi)。外圍(wei)(wei)為12角、內圍(wei)(wei)為8角。
6、糊紙(zhi)(zhi):在花燈架周圍貼(tie)上(shang)墻紙(zhi)(zhi)、色紙(zhi)(zhi)。
7、畫(hua)人物(wu)畫(hua):根據花燈扇面大(da)小(xiao)畫(hua)上固定的(de)人物(wu)畫(hua)。
8、貼人物(wu)畫:按扇面(mian)貼上畫好人物(wu)畫。
1、紅(hong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)、白(bai)(bai)花(hua)(hua)(hua):紅(hong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)代(dai)表(biao)女孩(hai)(hai),養女兒叫(jiao)添紅(hong)花(hua)(hua)(hua);白(bai)(bai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)代(dai)表(biao)男孩(hai)(hai),養男孩(hai)(hai)又叫(jiao)添白(bai)(bai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)。一(yi)般花(hua)(hua)(hua)燈裝飾白(bai)(bai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)多過紅(hong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)。
2、恭賀新(xin)禧:表(biao)示親戚朋友前來祝賀。
3、狀元騎白馬(ma):表示(shi)子女有出息,做(zuo)官,增加喜(xi)氣,祝吉之意。
4、仙居送子:表示祝愿(yuan)主(zhu)家多養(yang)男(nan)孩,添丁,出人才之(zhi)意(yi)。
5、龍角:表示要(yao)有龍氣,要(yao)有好的屋場風水。
6、全家祿滿朝貴:表示主家又(you)富又(you)貴,有(you)屋場風水(shui),表示大家有(you)福氣。希(xi)望子孫做官、發財,有(you)出(chu)息之意。
7、弦簫鼓樂:表示節日喜慶場(chang)景(jing),鶯(ying)歌(ge)燕舞(wu),吃(chi)喝玩(wan)樂。也有在外做(zuo)官回家感謝親朋對自(zi)己家庭、父母關心之意。
8、文官(guan)、武官(guan):可以認為此屋有做文官(guan),有做武官(guan)的,也有祝愿子孫文武雙全(quan)之意。
9、狀(zhuang)元及(ji)弟:是中國傳統吉祥圖(tu)之一(yi),長輩希望孩子(zi)長大后有出息(xi),科舉成功(gong),高中狀(zhuang)元;騎龍,如同鯉魚跳龍門而成龍一(yi)般,出人頭地也。狀(zhuang)元及(ji)第象征功(gong)名和高官(guan)厚祿。
好些圖案表(biao)示(shi)良(liang)好祝愿意思,祝愿家(jia)族繁榮(rong)昌盛、財源廣(guang)進(jin)、升官(guan)發財、無災(zai)無難之美好意愿。