沈(shen)陽(yang)北陵(ling)公(gong)園是沈(shen)陽(yang)市最(zui)大的公(gong)園。1643年(清(qing)崇德八(ba)年)清(qing)太(tai)宗(zong)皇太(tai)極和孝端文(wen)皇后博爾濟吉(ji)特(te)氏的陵(ling)墓(mu)昭(zhao)陵(ling)建成。 1927年,奉(feng)天省(sheng)政府將昭(zhao)陵(ling)辟為(wei)公(gong)園,因位于(yu)市區(qu)北部,故得此名。清(qing)昭(zhao)陵(ling)是清(qing)朝第二代開國君主(zhu)太(tai)宗(zong)皇太(tai)極以及孝端文(wen)皇后博爾濟吉(ji)特(te)氏的陵(ling)墓(mu),占地面積16萬(wan)平方米(mi),是清(qing)初“關(guan)外三陵(ling)”中規模最(zui)大、氣勢最(zui)宏偉的一座。位于(yu)沈(shen)陽(yang)(盛(sheng)京)古城北約十華里,因此也稱(cheng)“北陵(ling)”,是清(qing)代皇家陵(ling)寢和現代園林合一的游覽勝地。
園內古松參天,草木蔥(cong)蘢(long),湖(hu)水(shui)蕩漾(yang),樓(lou)殿威(wei)嚴,金瓦奪(duo)目,充分顯示出皇家陵(ling)園的雄(xiong)偉(wei)、壯麗(li)和現(xian)代園林的清雅、秀美。昭(zhao)陵(ling)除了葬(zang)有(you)帝后(hou)外,還葬(zang)有(you)關睢宮宸妃(fei)(fei)、麟趾宮貴妃(fei)(fei)、洐慶宮淑(shu)妃(fei)(fei)等一(yi)批(pi)后(hou)妃(fei)(fei)佳麗(li),是清初(chu)關外陵(ling)寢中最具代表(biao)性(xing)的一(yi)座帝陵(ling),是我國現(xian)存最完整的古代帝王陵(ling)墓(mu)建筑之一(yi)。
北陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)又稱(cheng)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)昭陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)是(shi)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)朝(chao)第二代(dai)(dai)開國(guo)(guo)君(jun)主太宗(zong)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)太極(ji)以(yi)及孝端文皇(huang)(huang)(huang)后(hou)博(bo)爾濟(ji)吉特氏的(de)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓,占地(di)面積16萬平方米,是(shi)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)初(chu)“關(guan)(guan)(guan)外(wai)(wai)三陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)”中(zhong)規模最(zui)大、氣勢最(zui)宏偉的(de)一(yi)座(zuo)。位于沈(shen)陽古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)北約十華里,因此也稱(cheng)“北陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)”,是(shi)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)代(dai)(dai)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)家陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢和(he)現代(dai)(dai)園(yuan)林(lin)合一(yi)的(de)游覽勝地(di)。園(yuan)內古(gu)(gu)松參天(tian),草木(mu)蔥蘢(long),湖(hu)水蕩(dang)漾,樓殿(dian)威嚴,金(jin)瓦奪(duo)目(mu),充分顯示出皇(huang)(huang)(huang)家陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)的(de)雄偉、壯麗(li)和(he)現代(dai)(dai)園(yuan)林(lin)的(de)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)雅、秀美(mei)。昭陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)除了葬(zang)有(you)帝后(hou)外(wai)(wai),還葬(zang)有(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)睢(sui)宮宸妃(fei)、麟趾宮貴(gui)妃(fei)、洐(xing)慶宮淑妃(fei)等(deng)一(yi)批后(hou)妃(fei)佳(jia)麗(li),是(shi)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)初(chu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)外(wai)(wai)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢中(zhong)最(zui)具代(dai)(dai)表性的(de)一(yi)座(zuo)帝陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),是(shi)我國(guo)(guo)現存最(zui)完整的(de)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)帝王陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓建筑之一(yi)。
方城(cheng)正(zheng)門稱為隆(long)(long)(long)恩(en)門,上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)門樓。方城(cheng)四角有(you)(you)(you)角樓。方城(cheng)內有(you)(you)(you)隆(long)(long)(long)恩(en)殿、東西(xi)配(pei)殿、東西(xi)晾果房和焚帛亭。隆(long)(long)(long)恩(en)殿后(hou)面(mian)有(you)(you)(you)二柱(zhu)門、石五供和券(quan)洞門,券(quan)洞頂端是(shi)大明樓。方城(cheng)之后(hou)是(shi)月牙城(cheng)和寶(bao)城(cheng),在寶(bao)城(cheng)中心,上(shang)為寶(bao)頂,下(xia)為地宮。寶(bao)城(cheng)后(hou)面(mian)是(shi)隆(long)(long)(long)業山,登山俯視,陵園風光可盡收眼(yan)底。
昭陵前(qian)部(bu)在繚(liao)墻(qiang)(qiang)外,參道兩(liang)(liang)側有華表(biao)、石(shi)(shi)獅、更衣亭等(deng),而(er)正(zheng)(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)牌樓(lou)。牌樓(lou)是(shi)前(qian)部(bu)主體(ti)建(jian)筑,系青(qing)石(shi)(shi)建(jian)成(cheng),四柱(zhu)三層,雕刻(ke)得玲(ling)瓏剔(ti)透,精美無雙,為(wei)罕見(jian)的(de)藝(yi)術(shu)珍品。游罷(ba)牌樓(lou),即可至正(zheng)(zheng)紅(hong)門,這(zhe)是(shi)游中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)的(de)開始(shi)。正(zheng)(zheng)紅(hong)門為(wei)繚(liao)墻(qiang)(qiang)的(de)正(zheng)(zheng)南門,層樓(lou)高聳(song),十分(fen)莊(zhuang)嚴,而(er)其(qi)兩(liang)(liang)翼所裝飾的(de)五(wu)色琉璃蟠(pan)龍壁,因造形生動,更引人(ren)注目。正(zheng)(zheng)紅(hong)門內的(de)參道兩(liang)(liang)旁(pang),有華表(biao)、石(shi)(shi)獸(shou)和(he)(he)大望(wang)柱(zhu),它們兩(liang)(liang)兩(liang)(liang)相對(dui)。既整飭又肅(su)穆。石(shi)(shi)獸(shou)中(zhong)(zhong)最值(zhi)得欣賞的(de)是(shi)"大白"和(he)(he)"小(xiao)白"。這(zhe)兩(liang)(liang)匹(pi)石(shi)(shi)馬(ma)形象逼真,栩栩若生,據說是(shi)以墓(mu)主生前(qian)最愛騎(qi)的(de)兩(liang)(liang)匹(pi)駿馬(ma)為(wei)原型雕琢而(er)成(cheng)。欣賞罷(ba)石(shi)(shi)馬(ma),即可至碑(bei)亭。碑(bei)亭與正(zheng)(zheng)紅(hong)門相對(dui),為(wei)頌揚墓(mu)主而(er)建(jian),里(li)面所豎碑(bei)稱"昭陵神(shen)功圣(sheng)德(de)碑(bei)"。出碑(bei)亭即至隆恩(en)門。隆恩(en)門是(shi)方(fang)城的(de)正(zheng)(zheng)南門,與碑(bei)亭相對(dui)。方(fang)城為(wei)后(hou)部(bu)它建(jian)造得如同(tong)城池一(yi)般(ban),位于繚(liao)墻(qiang)(qiang),仿佛(fo)是(shi)城中(zhong)(zhong)之城。
游方(fang)城(cheng)先要游隆(long)恩(en)殿(dian)。隆(long)恩(en)殿(dian)居于(yu)方(fang)城(cheng)中心,前(qian)有(you)(you)隆(long)恩(en)門,后(hou)有(you)(you)明樓(lou),左右(you)有(you)(you)配殿(dian),四(si)隅(yu)有(you)(you)角樓(lou),猶如(ru)眾星(xing)拱月一般,故(gu)顯得(de)異常(chang)(chang)雄偉。隆(long)恩(en)殿(dian)以(yi)雕刻精美的(de)花崗(gang)巖臺階為(wei)底座,以(yi)金(jin)光閃閃的(de)黃琉(liu)璃瓦為(wei)屋頂(ding),再加(jia)上畫棟雕梁(liang)、金(jin)匾紅墻,故(gu)又(you)顯得(de)異常(chang)(chang)華麗。隆(long)恩(en)殿(dian)后(hou)經過明樓(lou),即(ji)可至寶(bao)城(cheng)。寶(bao)城(cheng)在方(fang)城(cheng)北端(duan),為(wei)月牙形。寶(bao)城(cheng)又(you)稱寶(bao)頂(ding),其下即(ji)地宮,安置著(zhu)墓主夫婦的(de)棺(guan)槨和陪葬品。登上寶(bao)頂(ding),向四(si)下一望,綠樹環合,景色(se)清幽,宛若(ruo)置身(shen)于(yu)城(cheng)市山林(lin)中,一種(zhong)恬適之感油然而生。
民國(guo)十(shi)六年五(wu)月(1927年),以(yi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢為中(zhong)心辟為“北(bei)(bei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,如今占地面積332萬平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米。其總體規劃是以(yi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢為中(zhong)心,分陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢、陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)前和陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)后三部(bu)分。園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內的(de)自(zi)(zi)然景(jing)觀(guan)千(qian)姿百態,五(wu)彩繽紛,其中(zhong)芳秀園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是北(bei)(bei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),總面積4萬平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米,種(zhong)(zhong)植了近200種(zhong)(zhong)植物,呈,各具特色。初春櫻(ying)花(hua)盛(sheng)開,滿(man)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)飄(piao)香;盛(sheng)夏(xia)荷花(hua)競放,柳(liu)浪聞鶯;深秋(qiu)滿(man)山紅(hong)葉,層(ceng)林(lin)盡(jin)染;寒冬銀(yin)裝素裹,蒼(cang)松挺拔。縱(zong)觀(guan)整個園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin),春有花(hua),夏(xia)有陰,秋(qiu)有果,冬有青,奇花(hua)異石(shi),小橋流(liu)水,頗有江南(nan)之秀。園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)與景(jing)觀(guan)巧(qiao)妙(miao)結合,用(yong)中(zhong)國(guo)傳統園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)藝術將自(zi)(zi)然美(mei)和人工美(mei)合為一體,構成了一幅天然畫卷,吸引大量的(de)中(zhong)外游(you)客來此參(can)觀(guan)。北(bei)(bei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)擁有30萬平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米的(de)人工湖水面,夏(xia)天碧(bi)波蕩(dang)漾,柳(liu)岸成蔭,乘坐腳踏船、快艇(ting)觀(guan)光游(you)玩(wan),泛舟湖上,別有一番情趣(qu)。現在北(bei)(bei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)已是聞名中(zhong)外的(de)旅游(you)景(jing)區。現為國(guo)家重點文物保護(hu)單位(wei)。
昭(zhao)陵(ling)的(de)(de)另一(yi)(yi)特色(se)是(shi)漫漫數里的(de)(de)古(gu)松群。現存(cun)古(gu)松二(er)千余棵,松齡達三百多年,搖曳挺拔,參天敝日。這些蒼翠的(de)(de)陵(ling)松在金(jin)瓦紅墻(qiang)中構成昭(zhao)陵(ling)又一(yi)(yi)壯麗景觀(guan),其中的(de)(de)“神樹(shu)”、“鳳凰樹(shu)”、“夫妻樹(shu)”、“姐妹樹(shu)”、“龜樹(shu)”等更是(shi)別具(ju)特色(se)。
北(bei)陵(ling)公(gong)(gong)園門(men)票(piao)6元。昭陵(ling)門(men)票(piao)旺季(ji)(4月1日(ri)-10月31日(ri))50元,學(xue)生票(piao)30元;淡季(ji)(11月1日(ri)-次(ci)年3月31日(ri))30元,學(xue)生票(piao)20元;60-70周(zhou)歲(sui)老人10元;身高1.3米以下兒童及70周(zhou)歲(sui)以上老人免(mian)票(piao)。昭陵(ling)在北(bei)陵(ling)公(gong)(gong)園內,如果在公(gong)(gong)園門(men)口處買昭陵(ling)門(men)票(piao)則(ze)可免(mian)公(gong)(gong)園門(men)票(piao)。
地鐵
市(shi)內可乘坐(zuo)地(di)鐵(tie)2號(hao)線至(zhi)“北陵公(gong)園(yuan)”站(zhan)下,沿泰(tai)山路(lu)往東(dong)走三百米即到公(gong)園(yuan)大門。
公交車
乘坐公交136、205、210、213、217、220、227、231、393、398、800、旅游觀光一線等(deng)至“北陵公園”站(zhan)下即是。
昭陵(ling)(ling)始(shi)建于清崇德八(ba)年(nian)至(zhi)順(shun)治八(ba)年(nian)基本建成(cheng),后(hou)歷經多次改(gai)建和增修而呈現現在的規模。陵(ling)(ling)寢(qin)建筑(zhu)的平(ping)面(mian)布(bu)局(ju)遵(zun)循“前(qian)(qian)朝(chao)后(hou)寢(qin)”的陵(ling)(ling)寢(qin)原則自南向北由(you)前(qian)(qian)、中(zhong)(zhong)、后(hou)三個部(bu)分(fen)組成(cheng),其主體建筑(zhu)都建在中(zhong)(zhong)軸線(xian)上,兩側(ce)對(dui)稱排(pai)列(lie),系仿自明(ming)朝(chao)皇陵(ling)(ling)而又具有滿族陵(ling)(ling)寢(qin)的特(te)點。昭陵(ling)(ling)全陵(ling)(ling)占地(di)18萬平(ping)方米,共分(fen)三大部(bu)分(fen)。由(you)南至(zhi)北依(yi)次為:前(qian)(qian)部(bu),從下馬碑到正紅(hong)門(men),包括華(hua)表、石獅、石牌(pai)坊、更衣廳、宰牲(sheng)廳;中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu),從正紅(hong)門(men)到方城,包括華(hua)表、石象生、碑樓和祭(ji)祀(si)用(yong)房;后(hou)部(bu),是方城、月(yue)牙城和寶城,這是陵(ling)(ling)寢(qin)的主體。