錢王,姓錢名鏐,臨安人氏。少年(nian)時為(wei)(wei)鄉里無賴,以販私(si)鹽為(wei)(wei)業。唐末,追隨唐將董(dong)昌,任都(dou)指(zhi)揮(hui)使,參(can)與鎮壓黃(huang)巢(chao)起義軍。公元893年(nian)任鎮海軍節(jie)度使。公元896年(nian)擊(ji)敗董(dong)昌,占(zhan)據蘇南和(he)兩浙(浙東(dong)、浙西)一帶,形(xing)成割據勢(shi)力。公元907年(nian)5月(yue),受后梁封為(wei)(wei)吳越王,立國,定都(dou)錢塘,用(yong)唐哀帝年(nian)號(hao)為(wei)(wei)“天佑”,第二年(nian)建年(nian)號(hao)為(wei)(wei)“天寶”。
錢(qian)(qian)王傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo),是以吳錢(qian)(qian)王傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo),是以吳越國(guo)王錢(qian)(qian)镠生(sheng)平(ping)事(shi)(shi)跡衍(yan)化而成(cheng)的民間(jian)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)。臨安(an)是錢(qian)(qian)王故里(li),錢(qian)(qian)王去世后,其傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)故事(shi)(shi)千百年來在(zai)臨安(an)坊間(jian)廣(guang)為(wei)流傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)、家(jia)喻戶曉越國(guo)王錢(qian)(qian)镠生(sheng)平(ping)事(shi)(shi)跡衍(yan)化而成(cheng)的民間(jian)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)。臨安(an)是錢(qian)(qian)王故里(li),錢(qian)(qian)王去世后,其傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)故事(shi)(shi)千百年來在(zai)臨安(an)坊間(jian)廣(guang)為(wei)流傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)、家(jia)喻戶曉,宋元筆記中,宋文瑩(ying)《湘(xiang)山(shan)野錄(lu)》、潛(qian)說(shuo)友《咸淳臨安(an)志》、劉一清(qing)《錢(qian)(qian)塘(tang)遺(yi)事(shi)(shi)》等地(di)方志中均有(you)(you)記載,并擴展到美(mei)國(guo)、日本、韓國(guo)、新(xin)加坡等國(guo)。 錢(qian)(qian)王傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)源(yuan)遠流長、內(nei)容豐富,既有(you)(you)錢(qian)(qian)王生(sheng)平(ping)、家(jia)世傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo),也有(you)(you)艱苦(ku)創(chuang)業(ye)、建(jian)功立業(ye)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo),更有(you)(you)除(chu)暴安(an)良、關心(xin)百姓疾苦(ku)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)。近幾年來,錢(qian)(qian)王傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)大(da)量被創(chuang)作(zuo)成(cheng)戲劇、電影(ying)、電視劇等,這(zhe)些文學藝術在(zai)民眾(zhong)中產生(sheng)了很大(da)影(ying)響,又在(zai)一定程度上推動了口頭故事(shi)(shi)的傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播。
錢塘(tang)江(jiang)的(de)潮水從來就是很大(da)的(de),潮頭既高,潮水沖擊的(de)力量(liang)又(you)猛,因此錢塘(tang)江(jiang)兩岸的(de)堤(di)壩,總是這邊才修(xiu)好,那(nei)邊又(you)被沖坍了。“黃河(he)日修(xiu)一斗金(jin),錢江(jiang)日修(xiu)一斗銀。”那(nei)時(shi)候,潮水給(gei)人民帶來的(de)災害,從這句話(hua)里就可以想見了。
到唐朝末年(nian),有(you)個吳越王(wang)叫做(zuo)錢鎦(liu)的,勇(yong)猛(meng)無比,當時一般人都稱他為“錢王(wang)”。
錢(qian)(qian)王(wang)治(zhi)理杭州的時候,各種事情都(dou)感到(dao)還(huan)容易辦(ban),就(jiu)是(shi)這(zhe)道錢(qian)(qian)塘江的海堤(di)修(xiu)(xiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)。因(yin)為(wei)剛剛要修(xiu)(xiu)好(hao),潮(chao)(chao)水一(yi)(yi)天一(yi)(yi)夜要來兩次,簡直叫(jiao)人(ren)沒有法子能(neng)把海堤(di)修(xiu)(xiu)筑起來。因(yin)此(ci),錢(qian)(qian)王(wang)手下(xia)的人(ren)很著急,都(dou)怕錢(qian)(qian)王(wang)發脾氣,只(zhi)(zhi)好(hao)報告(gao)錢(qian)(qian)王(wang)道:“大王(wang),這(zhe)海堤(di)還(huan)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)修(xiu)(xiu)吧,總不(bu)(bu)(bu)會修(xiu)(xiu)好(hao)的。因(yin)為(wei)錢(qian)(qian)塘江里面有個潮(chao)(chao)神在跟我(wo)們作(zuo)對,只(zhi)(zhi)等到(dao)我(wo)們把海堤(di)修(xiu)(xiu)得(de)差不(bu)(bu)(bu)多(duo)的時候,他(ta)就(jiu)興風作(zuo)浪(lang),鼓(gu)起潮(chao)(chao)頭(tou),把我(wo)們的海堤(di)給(gei)沖坍了。”
錢王聽了滿肚火,氣得(de)胡子一(yi)根根都直豎(shu)起來,眼(yan)睛瞪得(de)象銅鈐,厲聲喝道(dao):“吠(fei)!你們(men)這批沒用場的家伙!為什么不把那(nei)個潮神拖上來給宰(zai)了?”
手下人慌忙說(shuo)道:“這不能夠(gou),這不能夠(gou),他是個潮神,在(zai)海水里(li)面(mian)(mian),跟海龍王住在(zai)一起的哩!我(wo)們沒(mei)法去找他。何(he)況他來的時候,是隨著(zhu)(zhu)潮水翻(fan)滾,都(dou)在(zai)潮頭的海水里(li)面(mian)(mian);我(wo)們凡人,既看不到,更沒(mei)法子捉拿他。人們就是趁著(zhu)(zhu)鐵打(da)的船去尋(xun)找,只要一碰到潮頭,也會(hui)給(gei)吞沒(mei)了的。”
錢王聽了,兩眼火(huo)星(xing)直(zhi)冒(mao),大吼道:“呸!難道就讓這個(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)小(xiao)(xiao)的潮神(shen)來胡作非為嗎?不(bu)行!”
錢(qian)王想了一(yi)(yi)想,說道:“好,讓我(wo)自己去降伏他。到(dao)八(ba)月十八(ba)這一(yi)(yi)天,給(gei)我(wo)聚集上一(yi)(yi)萬名(ming)弓箭手到(dao)江邊(bian),我(wo)倒要去見見這個潮神!”
你(ni)道錢王為什么(me)一(yi)定選(xuan)八(ba)月十(shi)八(ba)這一(yi)天(tian)(tian)呢?原來(lai)八(ba)月十(shi)八(ba)是(shi)潮(chao)神生(sheng)日,這一(yi)天(tian)(tian)潮(chao)頭最高(gao),水勢更是(shi)排山倒海兇猛無比;而且潮(chao)神會在這一(yi)天(tian)(tian),騎著白馬跑(pao)在潮(chao)頭上(shang)面的。
八(ba)月十八(ba)日到(dao)(dao)了,錢塘(tang)江(jiang)(jiang)邊搭起了一(yi)座大王臺,錢王一(yi)早就到(dao)(dao)臺上觀看動靜,等待潮神到(dao)(dao)來。可是從當地挑選出來的(de)一(yi)萬名精銳的(de)弓箭手,卻(que)陸陸續續地一(yi)下到(dao)(dao)不齊,錢王見(jian)了嫌慢,就喝令他們必須立(li)即聚齊到(dao)(dao)江(jiang)(jiang)邊,排列好陣勢。
這時有個(ge)將官,上前(qian)跪下(xia)稟道:“大王!弓(gong)箭(jian)手跑(pao)向(xiang)江邊來時,要經過(guo)一(yi)座(zuo)寶石(shi)山(shan),這個(ge)地(di)方山(shan)路(lu)狹窄(zhai),只能容一(yi)人走過(guo),何況過(guo)山(shan)又得爬上爬下(xia)的(de),因此(ci)來得慢了(le)。”
錢王(wang)聽了(le)(le),喝(he)道:“呀呸,這樣豈不要耽誤了(le)(le)消滅潮神(shen)的大事!”他立刻跳上(shang)千(qian)里駒,飛也似地(di)來到了(le)(le)寶石山前,一看,果然如(ru)此(ci)。他連(lian)忙(mang)跑到山巔上(shang)面向四下(xia)了(le)(le)望,只見(jian)這山的南半(ban)邊(bian)(bian)有條(tiao)裂(lie)縫。于是他坐了(le)(le)下(xia)來,把(ba)兩只腳(jiao)踩在山的裂(lie)縫處(chu),用(yong)力一蹬,哈(ha)!這山竟然給他一下(xia)蹬了(le)(le)開來,中間出現(xian)了(le)(le)一條(tiao)寬寬的道路(lu)。那些將士見(jian)了(le)(le),人人喝(he)彩(cai),個個歡(huan)呼!沒多久,全部(bu)弓箭手就通過這條(tiao)大路(lu),到江邊(bian)(bian)聚齊了(le)(le)。——從此(ci),這里就叫(jiao)作(zuo)“蹬開嶺”,那錢王(wang)的一雙其大無比的大腳(jiao)印子,直到如(ru)今,還深深地(di)陷(xian)在石墻(qiang)上(shang)面哩。
錢(qian)王(wang)(wang)又(you)飛快(kuai)地(di)騎(qi)著馬到(dao)處巡視了(le)一(yi)番,等他再到(dao)江邊大王(wang)(wang)臺上的(de)時候,一(yi)萬名精兵早就排好陣勢,個個雄赳(jiu)赳(jiu)、氣(qi)昂昂地(di)拿著弓箭,望著江水。錢(qian)江沿(yan)岸(an)的(de)百姓,受盡(jin)(jin)了(le)潮(chao)(chao)水災害,修堤治水,哪個不歡(huan)喜,誰人不盡(jin)(jin)力!如今聽說錢(qian)王(wang)(wang)射潮(chao)(chao)神,都爭著觀戰助(zhu)威,真是家家閉戶,人人出(chu)動,幾(ji)十里路(lu)長(chang)的(de)江岸(an),黑(hei)壓壓地(di)擠滿了(le)人。錢(qian)王(wang)(wang)見(jian)了(le)這(zhe)般聲(sheng)勢,更(geng)加膽(dan)壯起來(lai),忙(mang)叫人拿來(lai)了(le)筆墨,寫了(le)兩(liang)句詩道:
“為報潮神(shen)并(bing)水府,錢塘且(qie)借(jie)與錢城。”
馬上把(ba)詩(shi)丟進江水(shui)里去,大聲叱道:“喂,潮(chao)神聽了!如果你(ni)答(da)應了,就不許把(ba)潮(chao)水(shui)涌(yong)來(lai)!假如你(ni)潮(chao)水(shui)仍然要(yao)來(lai),那就不要(yao)怪我手(shou)下無情了!”
岸(an)上(shang)的(de)百姓以及弓箭(jian)手(shou)聽到(dao),都歡呼起來(lai),那聲音(yin)就(jiu)象雷(lei)吼一(yi)(yi)樣。大家神(shen)色緊張地(di)(di)對著江水,觀看動靜。可是潮神(shen)并沒有理睬錢王的(de)告誡,一(yi)(yi)會(hui)兒,但見(jian)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)一(yi)(yi)條白線,飛(fei)疾滾來(lai),愈(yu)來(lai)愈(yu)快(kuai),愈(yu)來(lai)愈(yu)猛,等(deng)到(dao)近(jin)時,就(jiu)象爆炸了(le)的(de)冰(bing)山(shan),傾覆了(le)的(de)雪(xue)堆似地(di)(di)奔騰翻卷(juan),直(zhi)向大王臺沖來(lai)。錢王見(jian)了(le),大吼一(yi)(yi)聲,喝令:“放箭(jian)!”話音(yin)一(yi)(yi)落,他搶先就(jiu)“叟(sou)”的(de)一(yi)(yi)箭(jian)射了(le)出去。
這(zhe)時(shi)(shi),只(zhi)見(jian)萬名精兵,萬箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)齊發,直(zhi)射潮(chao)(chao)頭(tou)(tou)。百(bai)姓(xing)們都(dou)跺腳拍(pai)掌,大(da)聲吶喊助威(wei)。一(yi)(yi)萬支(zhi)(zhi)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)射了,又是(shi)一(yi)(yi)萬支(zhi)(zhi)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian);一(yi)(yi)萬支(zhi)(zhi)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)射了,又是(shi)一(yi)(yi)萬支(zhi)(zhi)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian);“叟叟叟”,霎時(shi)(shi)射出了三萬支(zhi)(zhi)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),竟逼得(de)那(nei)潮(chao)(chao)頭(tou)(tou)不敢向岸邊(bian)沖擊過(guo)來。錢王又下令(ling):“追射!”那(nei)潮(chao)(chao)頭(tou)(tou)只(zhi)好(hao)彎彎曲(qu)曲(qu)地(di)向西南逸去(qu),最后(hou)消(xiao)失得(de)無(wu)影無(wu)蹤了。因(yin)此(ci),直(zhi)到今(jin)天,潮(chao)(chao)水一(yi)(yi)到六和(he)塔邊(bian)就快(kuai)沒有了;而在六和(he)塔前面,江水彎彎曲(qu)曲(qu)地(di)向前流去(qu),象個(ge)“之”字,因(yin)此(ci)人家又叫這(zhe)個(ge)地(di)方為“之江”。
從這(zhe)個(ge)時候(hou)起,海堤才得造(zao)成。百姓們(men)為了紀念錢王(wang)這(zhe)次射潮的功績,就把江邊的海堤,叫做“錢塘”。
錢王傳(chuan)說(shuo)是(shi)龐大的(de)(de)“傳(chuan)說(shuo)群”,是(shi)千(qian)百(bai)年(nian)流傳(chuan)下來的(de)(de)集體(ti)創作(zuo)結(jie)晶,具廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)群眾性和民間(jian)傳(chuan)承性,有重要的(de)(de)歷史、文化(hua)、研究價(jia)值。
錢(qian)镠(liu)(liu),是五代(dai)吳越國的創(chuang)建者(zhe),吳越文化的主要開創(chuang)者(zhe),中國經濟(ji)文化中心(xin)從北方(fang)轉(zhuan)移(yi)到南方(fang)的開拓者(zhe),蘇杭“人間天堂”的奠基者(zhe),今臨安(an)市錦城鎮錢(qian)塢壟人。當地群(qun)眾稱(cheng)錢(qian)镠(liu)(liu)為“錢(qian)王”,流傳著(zhu)許(xu)多(duo)稱(cheng)頌他的傳說(shuo)故事。
錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)王傳(chuan)說是在中國(guo)吳越地(di)區流傳(chuan)廣(guang)泛、影響巨大的(de)民間(jian)傳(chuan)說。錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)氏家族的(de)家教甚為嚴(yan)明(ming),錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)氏子孫(sun)多有(you)輝煌業績。錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)其琛、錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)正英、錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)學(xue)森、錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)偉(wei)長、錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)三強、錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)鐘書、錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)復、錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)穆……包括(kuo)2008年諾貝爾化學(xue)獎(jiang)得主華裔科學(xue)家錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)永(yong)健(jian),都是錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)王后裔。據不完(wan)全統(tong)計,當(dang)代國(guo)內外(wai)僅(jin)科學(xue)院院士以上的(de)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)氏名人就有(you)100多位,分布(bu)于世界(jie)50多個國(guo)家。
錢(qian)(qian)王(wang)(wang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)是以吳越國王(wang)(wang)錢(qian)(qian)王(wang)(wang)生平事(shi)(shi)跡衍(yan)化而(er)成的(de)(de)民間傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),在(zai)臨安家喻(yu)戶曉,婦孺皆知,凡是錢(qian)(qian)王(wang)(wang)活動過的(de)(de)地方,幾乎都(dou)有(you)他(ta)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)故(gu)事(shi)(shi)。錢(qian)(qian)王(wang)(wang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)內容豐富,有(you)錢(qian)(qian)王(wang)(wang)生平、家世(shi)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),也(ye)有(you)錢(qian)(qian)王(wang)(wang)見義(yi)勇為、建(jian)功立業的(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),以及地名(ming)、風俗傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)。錢(qian)(qian)王(wang)(wang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)凝(ning)聚了千百年(nian)來,廣大群眾對他(ta)的(de)(de)理解(jie)、看法和(he)感情(qing),反映(ying)了民眾樸(pu)素而(er)又鮮明的(de)(de)歷史觀和(he)審美(mei)觀。在(zai)當(dang)前,錢(qian)(qian)王(wang)(wang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)在(zai)增進海(hai)峽兩岸交往和(he)海(hai)外華人文化認同方面有(you)著特殊的(de)(de)意義(yi)。