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民俗介紹

馬仙信俗是2014年經國務院批準(zhun)列入(ru)第四批非物質(zhi)文(wen)化遺產名錄的一種民俗。

馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)俗(su)是(shi)(shi)(shi)閩(min)(min)(min)浙民(min)眾(zhong)世(shi)代傳承(cheng)、崇信(xin)(xin)(xin)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)傳統民(min)間習俗(su)。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，又稱馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)孝(xiao)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)(deng)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)閩(min)(min)(min)東(dong)(dong)北、浙東(dong)(dong)南地區崇信(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)女(nv)神(shen)。因嫁不久夫亡，數十(shi)年間，婆媳相依為(wei)命，忍辱負重，殷(yin)勤奉(feng)姑至終老。其孝(xiao)感動天，傳為(wei)佳話，歿后(hou)被(bei)(bei)祀(si)為(wei)神(shen)。唐肅(su)宗時(shi)敕封(feng)為(wei)“馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)氏護國夫人(ren)”，與媽祖、陳靖姑并稱為(wei)閩(min)(min)(min)浙三大女(nv)神(shen)。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)孝(xiao)行，也被(bei)(bei)上(shang)層社會(hui)奉(feng)為(wei)孝(xiao)德(de)典(dian)范，歷(li)史人(ren)物(wu)李陽(yang)冰(bing)、劉伯溫、馮夢(meng)龍(long)等(deng)(deng)均撰文(wen)贊(zan)頌之。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)仰(yang)(yang)于(yu)宋(song)元間即傳入(ru)柘(zhe)榮，不僅被(bei)(bei)奉(feng)為(wei)孝(xiao)德(de)楷模，而且也成(cheng)為(wei)民(min)眾(zhong)祛病化厄、禳災御(yu)患的(de)(de)精神(shen)寄托。每年舉行的(de)(de)“迎仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”廟祭儀(yi)式，各家之母親或婆婆則率女(nv)、媳到廟祭祀(si)，講述馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)孝(xiao)道故事，傳遞孝(xiao)德(de)精神(shen)，從(cong)而形(xing)成(cheng)了一套完整的(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)俗(su)。明(ming)(ming)清(qing)時(shi)，馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)俗(su)在(zai)福寧府(fu)（今閩(min)(min)(min)東(dong)(dong)）廣為(wei)流傳，根深蒂(di)固(gu)。柘(zhe)榮是(shi)(shi)(shi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)仰(yang)(yang)中心地帶，柘(zhe)榮馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)俗(su)活動典(dian)型。其影(ying)響波及(ji)閩(min)(min)(min)、浙、贛、粵和臺灣及(ji)東(dong)(dong)南亞等(deng)(deng)地，信(xin)(xin)(xin)眾(zhong)達2000多萬人(ren)。被(bei)(bei)譽為(wei)“仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)山”的(de)(de)柘(zhe)榮東(dong)(dong)獅山是(shi)(shi)(shi)閩(min)(min)(min)浙邊界信(xin)(xin)(xin)眾(zhong)朝拜馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)圣(sheng)山，傳說山上(shang)靈巖(yan)洞(dong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)修煉處(chu)，中心場所在(zai)城關仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)嶼馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)廟。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)俗(su)千年傳承(cheng)留(liu)下了諸多的(de)(de)文(wen)物(wu)名勝，有(you)始于(yu)宋(song)代的(de)(de)靈巖(yan)洞(dong)、始建于(yu)元代的(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)廟、明(ming)(ming)代東(dong)(dong)獅山摩崖(ya)石刻等(deng)(deng)縣級文(wen)保單位，還有(you)明(ming)(ming)、清(qing)時(shi)期牌匾等(deng)(deng)，有(you)百丈(zhang)巖(yan)、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)足跡(ji)、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)溪、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)掌泉、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)嶼等(deng)(deng)名勝。

表現形式

馬仙(xian)(xian)信俗的主要表現形(xing)式是每(mei)年(nian)農歷七月初七起(qi)舉(ju)行(xing)游(you)盛會(hui)。其活動由(you)以下(xia)幾個環節構(gou)成：接仙(xian)(xian)，從靈巖(yan)洞起(qi)始；獻祭(ji)、醮儀，中心(xin)場所在城關仙(xian)(xian)嶼(yu)馬仙(xian)(xian)廟；游(you)境(jing)，在十三(san)境(jing)依序巡游(you)；送(song)仙(xian)(xian)，將馬仙(xian)(xian)神輿(yu)隆重地送(song)回(hui)靈巖(yan)洞。同時(shi)，舉(ju)行(xing)民(min)間藝術展演活動，主要有：臺閣、戲曲、木偶、燈藝、雜技、舞蹈、燈謎等。接仙(xian)(xian)期間，母親帶兒女、婆婆帶媳婦祭(ji)拜馬仙(xian)(xian)。馬仙(xian)(xian)以孝德楷模受頂禮膜拜，逐漸演變(bian)成為民(min)眾祛(qu)病化厄、禳災御(yu)患、保佑平安的地方保護神。

馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)信(xin)俗(su)活(huo)動(dong)是祈求(qiu)國泰民安(an)(an)、人壽年豐的(de)(de)(de)愿景，十三(san)境社(she)境和(he)(he)諧的(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)誼(yi)、傳(chuan)統(tong)道(dao)孝(xiao)德(de)(de)與現(xian)代(dai)(dai)文(wen)(wen)明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)融合，以及民間傳(chuan)統(tong)藝術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)展演。馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)信(xin)俗(su)中(zhong)(zhong)提倡侍母孝(xiao)姑(gu)、和(he)(he)睦鄰里(li)、行善濟世，具有(you)(you)道(dao)德(de)(de)教(jiao)育價(jia)值；其通(tong)過十三(san)境聯(lian)(lian)誼(yi)、對建構和(he)(he)諧社(she)會(hui)(hui)，具有(you)(you)重(zhong)要(yao)現(xian)實(shi)啟(qi)示價(jia)值。馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)廟祭期間，各(ge)家(jia)(jia)庭母親帶兒女(nv)、婆(po)婆(po)帶媳婦(fu)祭拜(bai)馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian),傳(chuan)揚馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)孝(xiao)順公婆(po)的(de)(de)(de)美(mei)徳，使(shi)傳(chuan)統(tong)孝(xiao)德(de)(de)教(jiao)化(hua)代(dai)(dai)代(dai)(dai)相傳(chuan),促(cu)進家(jia)(jia)庭和(he)(he)諧，有(you)(you)利(li)于幸福家(jia)(jia)庭和(he)(he)文(wen)(wen)明(ming)社(she)會(hui)(hui)建設(she)。“迎仙(xian)”儀式中(zhong)(zhong)，信(xin)眾以孝(xiao)德(de)(de)、和(he)(he)諧、健康(kang)、平(ping)安(an)(an)理(li)念貫穿活(huo)動(dong)全程，特別是倡導和(he)(he)傳(chuan)播婆(po)媳和(he)(he)諧、鄰里(li)和(he)(he)睦、勤(qin)儉(jian)持(chi)家(jia)(jia)等(deng)孝(xiao)德(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)，具有(you)(you)社(she)會(hui)(hui)道(dao)德(de)(de)深層教(jiao)化(hua)特征，值得(de)在(zai)當代(dai)(dai)效(xiao)仿(fang)和(he)(he)推行。在(zai)當代(dai)(dai)對傳(chuan)統(tong)孝(xiao)德(de)(de)教(jiao)育缺失之影響下，馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)信(xin)俗(su)所倡導的(de)(de)(de)孝(xiao)德(de)(de)、和(he)(he)諧、健康(kang)、平(ping)安(an)(an)等(deng)理(li)念，不僅符合中(zhong)(zhong)華民族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統(tong)美(mei)德(de)(de)，也契合當今(jin)社(she)會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)(de)教(jiao)育，對弘揚傳(chuan)統(tong)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)，建構和(he)(he)諧社(she)會(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)重(zhong)要(yao)現(xian)實(shi)意義和(he)(he)主(zhu)流價(jia)值。馬(ma)(ma)俗(su)信(xin)仰(yang)活(huo)動(dong)為柘(zhe)榮民間文(wen)(wen)化(hua)藝術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)承提供了一個載體的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用，許多(duo)民間藝術(shu)(shu)如提線(xian)木偶戲、布袋戲、地坪戲、抬閣裝(zhuang)飾、燈飾剪紙等(deng)技藝，在(zai)儀式活(huo)動(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)得(de)以傳(chuan)承和(he)(he)鞏固，并(bing)為為藝人的(de)(de)(de)技藝創作(zuo)及發展創造機會(hui)(hui)；馬(ma)(ma)俗(su)信(xin)仰(yang)活(huo)動(dong)，為政府了解和(he)(he)保護非(fei)物(wu)質遺產的(de)(de)(de)保護提供了完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)資料，為當代(dai)(dai)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)建設(she)仍(reng)具有(you)(you)重(zhong)要(yao)啟(qi)示意義及參考價(jia)值。