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民俗介紹

馬仙信(xin)俗是2014年經國務(wu)院批準列入(ru)第四批非(fei)物質文化遺(yi)產名錄的(de)一種民俗。

馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)俗(su)(su)是(shi)(shi)閩浙(zhe)(zhe)民眾(zhong)(zhong)世代(dai)傳(chuan)承、崇(chong)信(xin)(xin)馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)傳(chuan)統民間(jian)習俗(su)(su)。馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)，又稱馬(ma)孝(xiao)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)，是(shi)(shi)閩東(dong)北、浙(zhe)(zhe)東(dong)南地區崇(chong)信(xin)(xin)的(de)女(nv)神(shen)。因嫁不(bu)久(jiu)夫亡(wang)，數十年(nian)間(jian)，婆(po)媳相(xiang)依為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)命，忍辱負(fu)重，殷(yin)勤(qin)奉(feng)姑(gu)(gu)至(zhi)終老。其孝(xiao)感動(dong)天，傳(chuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)佳話，歿后被(bei)祀(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)神(shen)。唐(tang)肅(su)宗時(shi)敕封為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“馬(ma)氏護國夫人(ren)”，與媽祖、陳靖(jing)姑(gu)(gu)并稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)閩浙(zhe)(zhe)三大女(nv)神(shen)。馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)孝(xiao)行，也被(bei)上層社會奉(feng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孝(xiao)德(de)典(dian)范，歷史人(ren)物李陽(yang)冰、劉伯(bo)溫、馮夢龍(long)等(deng)均撰(zhuan)文贊頌(song)之。馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)仰于宋元間(jian)即(ji)傳(chuan)入柘(zhe)(zhe)榮，不(bu)僅被(bei)奉(feng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孝(xiao)德(de)楷模，而且也成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)民眾(zhong)(zhong)祛病(bing)化厄、禳災御患的(de)精(jing)神(shen)寄托。每年(nian)舉(ju)行的(de)“迎(ying)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)”廟(miao)祭(ji)儀式，各家(jia)之母親或婆(po)婆(po)則率女(nv)、媳到廟(miao)祭(ji)祀(si)，講述馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)孝(xiao)道故事(shi)，傳(chuan)遞孝(xiao)德(de)精(jing)神(shen)，從而形成了一(yi)套完整的(de)馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)俗(su)(su)。明清時(shi)，馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)俗(su)(su)在福寧府(fu)（今閩東(dong)）廣為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)流傳(chuan)，根深蒂固。柘(zhe)(zhe)榮是(shi)(shi)馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)仰中心(xin)(xin)地帶(dai)，柘(zhe)(zhe)榮馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)俗(su)(su)活動(dong)典(dian)型(xing)。其影(ying)響波及閩、浙(zhe)(zhe)、贛(gan)、粵和(he)臺灣及東(dong)南亞等(deng)地，信(xin)(xin)眾(zhong)(zhong)達2000多萬人(ren)。被(bei)譽為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“仙(xian)(xian)(xian)山(shan)(shan)”的(de)柘(zhe)(zhe)榮東(dong)獅山(shan)(shan)是(shi)(shi)閩浙(zhe)(zhe)邊(bian)界信(xin)(xin)眾(zhong)(zhong)朝拜馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)圣山(shan)(shan)，傳(chuan)說山(shan)(shan)上靈(ling)巖洞(dong)是(shi)(shi)馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)修(xiu)煉處，中心(xin)(xin)場所在城關仙(xian)(xian)(xian)嶼馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)廟(miao)。馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)俗(su)(su)千年(nian)傳(chuan)承留下了諸(zhu)多的(de)文物名勝(sheng)，有(you)始于宋代(dai)的(de)靈(ling)巖洞(dong)、始建于元代(dai)的(de)馬(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)廟(miao)、明代(dai)東(dong)獅山(shan)(shan)摩崖(ya)石刻等(deng)縣(xian)級(ji)文保單(dan)位，還有(you)明、清時(shi)期牌匾(bian)等(deng)，有(you)百(bai)丈巖、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)足(zu)跡、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)溪、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)掌(zhang)泉、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)嶼等(deng)名勝(sheng)。

表現形式

馬仙(xian)信俗的主(zhu)(zhu)要表現形式是(shi)每年農歷(li)七月初七起(qi)舉(ju)行(xing)游盛會。其活(huo)動(dong)由以下幾個環節構(gou)成：接(jie)仙(xian)，從(cong)靈巖洞起(qi)始(shi)；獻祭、醮儀，中心場所在城(cheng)關仙(xian)嶼(yu)馬仙(xian)廟(miao)；游境(jing)，在十三境(jing)依序(xu)巡游；送仙(xian)，將馬仙(xian)神(shen)輿隆重地送回靈巖洞。同(tong)時(shi)，舉(ju)行(xing)民間藝(yi)術展演活(huo)動(dong)，主(zhu)(zhu)要有：臺閣、戲曲、木(mu)偶、燈藝(yi)、雜技、舞蹈、燈謎等。接(jie)仙(xian)期間，母親帶兒女(nv)、婆婆帶媳婦祭拜馬仙(xian)。馬仙(xian)以孝德(de)楷模受頂禮膜拜，逐漸(jian)演變(bian)成為民眾祛(qu)病化厄、禳災御患(huan)、保佑平安的地方保護神(shen)。

馬仙(xian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)俗(su)(su)活(huo)動(dong)是祈求國泰民(min)(min)安(an)、人壽(shou)年豐的(de)(de)愿景，十三境社(she)境和(he)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)聯誼、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)道(dao)孝(xiao)(xiao)德(de)(de)(de)與現代(dai)(dai)(dai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明的(de)(de)融合，以及民(min)(min)間傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)展演(yan)。馬仙(xian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)俗(su)(su)中提倡(chang)侍母孝(xiao)(xiao)姑、和(he)睦鄰里、行(xing)善濟(ji)世，具有(you)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)教育價值(zhi)；其通過十三境聯誼、對建(jian)構(gou)和(he)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)社(she)會(hui)，具有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)現實啟(qi)示(shi)價值(zhi)。馬仙(xian)廟祭(ji)期(qi)間，各(ge)家(jia)庭母親帶兒女、婆(po)婆(po)帶媳婦(fu)祭(ji)拜馬仙(xian),傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)揚馬仙(xian)孝(xiao)(xiao)順(shun)公婆(po)的(de)(de)美徳，使傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)孝(xiao)(xiao)德(de)(de)(de)教化(hua)代(dai)(dai)(dai)代(dai)(dai)(dai)相傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),促進(jin)家(jia)庭和(he)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)，有(you)利(li)于幸福家(jia)庭和(he)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明社(she)會(hui)建(jian)設(she)。“迎仙(xian)”儀式中，信(xin)(xin)(xin)眾(zhong)以孝(xiao)(xiao)德(de)(de)(de)、和(he)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)、健康(kang)(kang)、平安(an)理(li)念貫穿活(huo)動(dong)全(quan)程(cheng)，特別是倡(chang)導(dao)和(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播婆(po)媳和(he)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)、鄰里和(he)睦、勤儉(jian)持家(jia)等(deng)孝(xiao)(xiao)德(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)，具有(you)社(she)會(hui)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)深層教化(hua)特征，值(zhi)得在(zai)當代(dai)(dai)(dai)效仿和(he)推(tui)行(xing)。在(zai)當代(dai)(dai)(dai)對傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)孝(xiao)(xiao)德(de)(de)(de)教育缺失之影響下，馬仙(xian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)俗(su)(su)所(suo)倡(chang)導(dao)的(de)(de)孝(xiao)(xiao)德(de)(de)(de)、和(he)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)、健康(kang)(kang)、平安(an)等(deng)理(li)念，不(bu)僅(jin)符合中華民(min)(min)族的(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)美德(de)(de)(de)，也(ye)契合當今社(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)教育，對弘(hong)揚傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)，建(jian)構(gou)和(he)諧(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)社(she)會(hui)有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)現實意義和(he)主流(liu)價值(zhi)。馬俗(su)(su)信(xin)(xin)(xin)仰(yang)活(huo)動(dong)為(wei)(wei)柘(zhe)榮民(min)(min)間文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)提供了(le)一個載體的(de)(de)作用，許多民(min)(min)間藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)如提線(xian)木偶戲(xi)、布(bu)袋戲(xi)、地(di)坪戲(xi)、抬(tai)閣(ge)裝飾、燈飾剪紙等(deng)技藝(yi)(yi)，在(zai)儀式活(huo)動(dong)中得以傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)和(he)鞏固，并為(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)藝(yi)(yi)人的(de)(de)技藝(yi)(yi)創(chuang)(chuang)作及發(fa)展創(chuang)(chuang)造機(ji)會(hui)；馬俗(su)(su)信(xin)(xin)(xin)仰(yang)活(huo)動(dong)，為(wei)(wei)政府了(le)解和(he)保(bao)護非物質遺(yi)產(chan)的(de)(de)保(bao)護提供了(le)完整的(de)(de)資料，為(wei)(wei)當代(dai)(dai)(dai)現代(dai)(dai)(dai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)建(jian)設(she)仍具有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)啟(qi)示(shi)意義及參考價值(zhi)。