蘭州水(shui)(shui)(shui)煙又稱九葉芙(fu)香(xiang)草(cao),屬黃(huang)花煙種(zhong)。三國時(shi)隱士孟節(jie)獻煙草(cao)給諸葛(ge)亮(liang),用以(yi)治療瘴氣患者。后來(lai)諸葛(ge)亮(liang)六出(chu)祁山(shan)(shan)時(shi),煙草(cao)輾(zhan)轉傳(chuan)入(ru)甘肅,并廣(guang)泛(fan)種(zhong)植于蘭州、榆中(zhong)、皋蘭、靖遠(yuan)、永登(deng)、永靖、臨(lin)洮等地(di),而以(yi)蘭州五泉紅泥溝(gou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)灌(guan)溉(gai)種(zhong)植的水(shui)(shui)(shui)煙聲譽(yu)最(zui)高。蘭州地(di)處黃(huang)河(he)沿岸,背(bei)山(shan)(shan)臨(lin)水(shui)(shui)(shui),多淡栗色粉砂質土(tu)壤,肥(fei)土(tu)層深厚,含有(you)豐富的石(shi)灰質和鉀元(yuan)素,十(shi)分(fen)有(you)利于煙草(cao)的生長。所產水(shui)(shui)(shui)煙以(yi)絲(si)、色、味三絕(jue)聞(wen)名(ming)全國,有(you)"蘭州水(shui)(shui)(shui)煙天下無"之譽(yu)。
蘭州水煙(yan)(yan)分青(qing)、黃、綿(mian)3種(zhong)。青(qing)煙(yan)(yan)碧(bi)綠,內顯純白,色亮、味香、葉厚、油分足,品質在(zai)黃、綿(mian)二煙(yan)(yan)之上。中(zhong)國(guo)是(shi)最(zui)早發現和應用(yong)煙(yan)(yan)草(cao)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家,在(zai)東(dong)漢末年(公元(yuan)年左(zuo)右)的(de)(de)(de)《說(shuo)文解字》中(zhong)就有(you)(you):“蔫(nian)、菸。從草(cao)焉(yan)聲(sheng)”。《滇(dian)南聞(wen)(wen)見(jian)錄》有(you)(you):“種(zhong)蔫(nian)之法”的(de)(de)(de)記(ji)載。說(shuo)明當(dang)(dang)時(shi)及之前漢字“蔫(nian)”“菸”同義同聲(sheng),為煙(yan)(yan)草(cao)的(de)(de)(de)專用(yong)名(ming)字?煙(yan)(yan)草(cao)業很多人至今仍寫(xie)作菸?。后因菸主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)來制(zhi)煙(yan)(yan),也就用(yong)煙(yan)(yan)字代指菸。唐朝詩人劉(liu)禹錫在(zai)任郎州司馬時(shi)?公元(yuan)810年左(zuo)右?,寫(xie)了(le)一首頌揚愛情的(de)(de)(de)《竹枝詞》:“馬鞭(bian)(bian)煙(yan)(yan)袋細細通,兩(liang)人相戀莫漏風;燕子銜泥口(kou)要(yao)緊,蠶(can)兒挽絲(si)在(zai)肚中(zhong)。”是(shi)當(dang)(dang)時(shi)湘西民間(jian)煙(yan)(yan)袋隨(sui)身攜帶用(yong)來當(dang)(dang)馬鞭(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)見(jian)聞(wen)(wen)。李京元(yuan)大(da)德七年?公元(yuan)1303年?著《云南志略》記(ji)載傣族(zu)、景(jing)頗族(zu)人有(you)(you)“嚼煙(yan)(yan)草(cao)的(de)(de)(de)習俗嗜好”。明朝時(shi)期(qi)中(zhong)國(guo)航海業發展,與海外交(jiao)流增多,煙(yan)(yan)草(cao)種(zhong)植(zhi)技術提高,成為廣泛種(zhong)植(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)作物,吸煙(yan)(yan)逐步成為各地(di)民間(jian)較(jiao)普遍的(de)(de)(de)習俗。
煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)草(cao)(cao)含有多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)化學(xue)成(cheng)分(fen),主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有碳水(shui)化合物(wu)(wu)、蛋白質、煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)堿(jian)和礦物(wu)(wu)質。煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)堿(jian)的(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氣能(neng)刺激人(ren)的(de)中(zhong)樞神經,使人(ren)興奮(fen)。在(zai)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)學(xue)分(fen)類中(zhong),煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)草(cao)(cao)歸(gui)茄科的(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)屬(shu),大(da)(da)約包含60多個種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),成(cheng)為(wei)栽培作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)的(de)有紅花(hua)(hua)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)草(cao)(cao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和黃(huang)花(hua)(hua)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)草(cao)(cao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。紅花(hua)(hua)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)1910年開始在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)山(shan)(shan)東威(wei)海等地試(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),30年代始在(zai)云南、貴州等地大(da)(da)面積(ji)推廣種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉用(yong)于制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)卷煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)?主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是香煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)?。黃(huang)花(hua)(hua)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)作(zuo)為(wei)曬煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),適宜在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)北(bei)方種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉用(yong)于制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)嚼(jiao)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、鼻煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、旱(han)(han)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)和水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。新(xin)疆伊犁一帶曾(ceng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)黃(huang)花(hua)(hua)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)收獲(huo)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)莖桿加(jia)工莫(mo)合煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan);黑龍江(jiang)克山(shan)(shan)、依安、綏化等縣(xian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)黃(huang)花(hua)(hua)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)蛤蟆(ma)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan);山(shan)(shan)西曲(qu)沃、代縣(xian)部分(fen)地方曾(ceng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)黃(huang)花(hua)(hua)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)以旱(han)(han)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)用(yong)。大(da)(da)都(dou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積(ji)小(xiao)、產(chan)量低,主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)供應當(dang)地市(shi)場。甘肅是中(zhong)國(guo)黃(huang)花(hua)(hua)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)產(chan)區,歷史(shi)上(shang)蘭州、榆中(zhong)、皋蘭、靖遠、臨洮、永登、成(cheng)縣(xian)、徽縣(xian)等川水(shui)地曾(ceng)先后(hou)有過(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)于加(jia)工制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。
蘭州水煙可根據煙葉的品質,采(cai)用不同的配(pei)方,制成綠、黃、麻3種。其(qi)中綠水煙質量最佳(jia)。它的主(zhu)料是青(qing)煙,配(pei)料有胡麻油、碌石末子(zi)、槐花、紫花、白(bai)礬、冰(bing)片(pian)、香(xiang)料、薄荷、當(dang)歸(gui)、川芎、蒼(cang)術、麝香(xiang)等。內(nei)含多種滋(zi)補藥(yao)料,具有消瘴耐寒、提神順氣、預防蟲蛇咬傷等功效,是陰(yin)濕地區和江河海(hai)岸(an)人民生活(huo)中不可缺少的“神藥(yao)”。
蘭州(zhou)生產水(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)盛于明清、民國,至今已有(you)300余年的(de)歷(li)史。其制作過程是:把寬大肥(fei)厚的(de)翠綠煙(yan)(yan)葉,去掉莖根陰干,加入槐花、紫花、堿、白礬、石膏等混合(he)蒸(zheng)煮;并(bing)搓以(yi)清油、食鹽、姜黃;加入當歸、香草、薄(bo)荷(he)、川芍、蒼術、冰片、跨香等香料,攪拌均勻,壓(ya)制成一公尺見方的(de)煙(yan)(yan)墩;再(zai)人(ren)工(gong)推成細絲,刨絲后在模具內壓(ya)成小方塊,即可(ke)包裝出售。根據制作工(gong)藝的(de)繁簡(jian)不同,蘭州(zhou)水(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)又可(ke)分為青、黃、綿煙(yan)(yan)三種(zhong)類型。過去蘭州(zhou)水(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)依其質(zhi)量(liang)差別可(ke)分為"甘"、"肅"、"合(he)"、"作"四(si)個等級;而新創的(de)"蘭"字(zi)牌水(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)以(yi)色香味形俱佳而邁(mai)軼前代,被譽為煙(yan)(yan)中"王牌"。
蘭州(zhou)水(shui)煙(yan)做工精細,色(se)澤(ze)清(qing)亮,絲細條顯,氣(qi)味(wei)芬芳,為煙(yan)中佳(jia)品。吸用蘭州(zhou)水(shui)煙(yan),有(you)耐寒、提(ti)神(shen)、順氣(qi)、防蚊(wen)等功效。蘭州(zhou)水(shui)煙(yan)東出撞(zhuang)關后,由于空(kong)氣(qi)變(bian)濕,綠色(se)變(bian)白(bai)(bai),又稱“銀絲”或“白(bai)(bai)條”。這時煙(yan)味(wei)也變(bian)得更加醇(chun)厚芳香(xiang),成為地(di)氣(qi)潮濕、瘴(zhang)氣(qi)彌漫(man)的(de)陰濕山區(qu)和低洼(wa)濕地(di)的(de)消(xiao)瘴(zhang)"神(shen)藥"。
其一,得天(tian)獨厚的自然條件,造就(jiu)了上乘(cheng)的煙葉品質(zhi)。在煙草生(sheng)產中,由(you)于土壤、氣候等原因,形成了一些著名的優質(zhi)產地。
其二(er),絕無(wu)僅有的(de)配(pei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)及工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝,形(xing)成(cheng)了獨特的(de)功能。蘭(lan)州水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)因煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉收獲方(fang)(fang)(fang)式不同形(xing)成(cheng)綠(lv)黃(huang)兩種顏色(se),又分別加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制成(cheng)青煙(yan)(yan)(yan)和黃(huang)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)。青煙(yan)(yan)(yan)輔(fu)料為(wei)(wei)綠(lv)沫子和胡麻油,黃(huang)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)輔(fu)料為(wei)(wei)白(bai)鹽(yan)、姜黃(huang)、冰堿(jian)、香料和胡麻油。蘭(lan)州水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)自(zi)古是作坊式手工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生產,至(zhi)今一(yi)直保持著傳(chuan)統的(de)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制作方(fang)(fang)(fang)式。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝流(liu)程(cheng)為(wei)(wei):撕筋(jin)→晾曬(shai)→配(pei)料→燜煙(yan)(yan)(yan)→壓把(ba)→推絲→壓方(fang)(fang)(fang)→出風→包裝→外(wai)運銷售。每一(yi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序又分若(ruo)干(gan)小(xiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序,并有嚴格的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝標(biao)準(zhun)。完成(cheng)全部工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序黃(huang)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)約需一(yi)個(ge)月,青煙(yan)(yan)(yan)約需三個(ge)月。蘭(lan)州水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)配(pei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)之獨特,加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之精細,煙(yan)(yan)(yan)中惟此一(yi)品(pin)。
其三,科學的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)食方法及(ji)用(yong)具,有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)去除了(le)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)利面。民間(jian)有(you)詩云:“黃銅船兒彎(wan)管桿(gan),水(shui)藏肚(du)里鍋(guo)有(you)眼;點火一吸(xi)(xi)(xi)咕嚕響,韭葉蕓香孔(kong)明傳。”形象生(sheng)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)描寫了(le)蘭州水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)食過程和用(yong)具。水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)袋民間(jian)也稱水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)瓶(ping)(ping)。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi),瓶(ping)(ping)裝多半(ban)水(shui),邊點火邊吸(xi)(xi)(xi),瓶(ping)(ping)中上部空間(jian)形成負壓,致使煙(yan)(yan)(yan)絲燃燒時(shi)(shi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)氣從煙(yan)(yan)(yan)鍋(guo)細(xi)孔(kong)下行,穿水(shui)而過,經煙(yan)(yan)(yan)咀桿(gan)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)入口中的(de)(de)(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)氣得到水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)充分過濾凈化,防止了(le)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)對人身體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)損害。
三者有機的結合(he)在一(yi)起,打(da)造了蘭(lan)州水煙(yan)的珍(zhen)品(pin)形象,同時(shi)還創造了三個(ge)甘肅(su)第一(yi)、兩個(ge)中國第一(yi)、一(yi)個(ge)世界第一(yi)。
長期以(yi)來,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)能夠得到人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)喜愛(ai),一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)由于生產水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)煙(yan)(yan)葉色美(mei)味香,葉厚油(you)分足,其制成品青如(ru)碧綠,棉(mian)如(ru)金黃,既條顯色亮(liang),又(you)絲細(xi)而(er)綿,獲得色、香、味三絕的(de)(de)(de)美(mei)譽(yu)。另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian),也與(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)有著奇(qi)獨的(de)(de)(de)功效密不(bu)可(ke)分。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)具有消瘴耐(nai)寒,防(fang)蟲(chong)蚊傷(shang)(shang)害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。特別是江(jiang)南地區,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)田縱橫,地氣潮濕,農民常下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)耕作(zuo),極(ji)容易受潮染病(bing),吸食水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)除(chu)了可(ke)以(yi)消濕防(fang)毒(du)之外,還可(ke)預防(fang)蟲(chong)蚊傷(shang)(shang)害(hai)。夏季有毒(du)的(de)(de)(de)動物如(ru)蛇(she)、蝎等,對(dui)人(ren)類危害(hai)極(ji)大,這些(xie)毒(du)蟲(chong)分泌的(de)(de)(de)毒(du)液多含(han)酸性,人(ren)若一(yi)旦(dan)被毒(du)蟲(chong)傷(shang)(shang)害(hai),用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)鹽(yan)基性物如(ru)尼(ni)古丁、阿摩尼(ni)亞以(yi)解化之,普通用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)袋中的(de)(de)(de)菸水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)涂抹,可(ke)以(yi)立即見效。吸食者體會,“凡(fan)生在崇山峻嶺、煙(yan)(yan)瘴濕地,幾(ji)有非吸煙(yan)(yan)草即喪(sang)生的(de)(de)(de)情勢”
①。吸(xi)食(shi)(shi)水煙(yan)還有(you)(you)消(xiao)食(shi)(shi)之作(zuo)用,水煙(yan)中含有(you)(you)酸類,在醫(yi)藥上(shang)(shang)是一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)輕性(xing)消(xiao)化(hua)劑,人若吃(chi)飯過飽,吸(xi)煙(yan)即(ji)能幫助消(xiao)化(hua)。北方各地(di),農(nong)民(min)終日勞作(zuo),疲憊不(bu)(bu)堪,吸(xi)食(shi)(shi)水煙(yan)可以消(xiao)乏解悶(men),舒暢心情,所以尤其(qi)農(nong)民(min)世代(dai)相襲吸(xi)食(shi)(shi)水煙(yan)。至于達官貴人,則將其(qi)用來消(xiao)遣提神,振奮精神。在《蘭州瑣(suo)記(ji)》一(yi)(yi)文中,劍(jian)雄曾稱(cheng):“土人無論男女,皆(jie)嗜水煙(yan),每入人家或飲(yin)食(shi)(shi)肆中,煙(yan)氣(qi)四布,如在霧(wu)中。校(xiao)中諸(zhu)生,亦各有(you)(you)煙(yan)袋,置諸(zhu)案上(shang)(shang),一(yi)(yi)至清晨,洗滌之聲,千百并作(zuo),禁之不(bu)(bu)能革。”
②據書生(sheng)言,吸煙(yan)在人(ren)與會爭辯之(zhi)(zhi)際,答難(nan)解疑之(zhi)(zhi)間,作文抒見之(zhi)(zhi)時,每借煙(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)功(gong),香(xiang)味及(ji)香(xiang)煙(yan)繚繞于空間和時間中,往往會使人(ren)心平(ping)氣和,緩和論(lun)戰之(zhi)(zhi)情勢,其功(gong)用妙在不解之(zhi)(zhi)中。諸上水煙(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)種種奇特功(gong)效,自然使蘭州水煙(yan)美名四溢(yi),吸者云集(ji)也就不足為奇了,并(bing)且日(ri)益成為人(ren)們(men)日(ri)常生(sheng)活中喜愛的佳品。
蘭(lan)州(zhou)種(zhong)植(zhi)煙(yan)(yan)草歷史悠久。早(zao)在明(ming)(ming)朝萬歷公元(yuan)1573年(nian)年(nian)間,蘭(lan)州(zhou)以本地種(zhong)植(zhi)的(de)(de)黃花煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)為原料,開始加工水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)。1644年(nian)滿人(ren)入關,大清取代(dai)明(ming)(ming)朝,以滿清貴族為主(zhu)的(de)(de)上流社會人(ren)士嗜好水(shui)煙(yan)(yan),并漸(jian)成時(shi)尚。絲條整齊、色(se)澤鮮亮、氣味芳(fang)香,被稱為“絲、色(se)、味”三絕的(de)(de)蘭(lan)州(zhou)水(shui)煙(yan)(yan),聲名鵲起,需求日增。清人(ren)黃釣(diao)宰(zai)著《金壺(hu)七墨》中記:“乾(qian)隆中,蘭(lan)州(zhou)特產煙(yan)(yan)絲,鋁銅(tong)為管,貯水(shui)而吸(xi)”,說明(ming)(ming)蘭(lan)州(zhou)水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)到乾(qian)隆時(shi)期,已享(xiang)譽海(hai)內(nei),在全(quan)國樹起獨一無二的(de)(de)特產地位。
清康(kang)雍乾時期,社(she)(she)會(hui)逐步安(an)定,人民安(an)居樂(le)業,經濟得到發展,進入(ru)中國歷史上(shang)少有的盛(sheng)世。蘭州(zhou)水(shui)煙乘時而起(qi),走向興盛(sheng),把民間(jian)習俗提升為上(shang)流社(she)(she)會(hui)的風尚,光緒至民國初(chu)期達到極(ji)盛(sheng),使煙酒茶齊(qi)名,成(cheng)為中國民俗文(wen)化的重要(yao)組成(cheng)部分(fen)。
1.煙葉種植。黃(huang)(huang)花(hua)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)當地(di)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)農(nong)俗稱綠煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),其生長發育(yu)及產量(liang)質量(liang),與自(zi)然環境有(you)著(zhu)密切關(guan)系。種(zhong)植(zhi)高(gao)產優質煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉,不但需日照時(shi)間長,氣候土壤(rang)適(shi)宜(yi),還需充足的(de)灌溉水(shui)(shui)源。蘭(lan)州(zhou)郊區和榆中(zhong)(zhong)川(chuan)水(shui)(shui)地(di)區,自(zi)古(gu)就是(shi)甘肅黃(huang)(huang)花(hua)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)主(zhu)產區,也是(shi)蘭(lan)州(zhou)水(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)最主(zhu)要的(de)優質原料(liao)種(zhong)植(zhi)基地(di)。蘭(lan)州(zhou)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)田(tian)除(chu)五泉(quan)引(yin)(yin)山泉(quan)水(shui)(shui)澆(jiao)(jiao)灌外(wai),雁灘、寧臥莊、鄭(zheng)家臺、土門墩(dun)均(jun)以水(shui)(shui)車提(ti)引(yin)(yin)黃(huang)(huang)河水(shui)(shui)澆(jiao)(jiao)灌。榆中(zhong)(zhong)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)田(tian)除(chu)青城用(yong)水(shui)(shui)車提(ti)引(yin)(yin)黃(huang)(huang)河水(shui)(shui)澆(jiao)(jiao)灌外(wai),宛川(chuan)河流域的(de)金崖、來紫堡、夏(xia)官營等鄉村(cun)均(jun)以泉(quan)水(shui)(shui)或(huo)井(jing)水(shui)(shui)澆(jiao)(jiao)灌。據民國時(shi)期的(de)《甘肅農(nong)業地(di)理》記載:全省(sheng)種(zhong)植(zhi)黃(huang)(huang)花(hua)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)農(nong)田(tian)面積一般在(zai)4萬(wan)(wan)畝左右,正常年景煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉產量(liang)1000萬(wan)(wan)斤上下(xia)。而(er)榆中(zhong)(zhong)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)田(tian)面積約(yue)占全省(sheng)總面積的(de)43%,煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉產量(liang)達全省(sheng)總產量(liang)的(de)67%。
2.蘭州水煙加工。加工水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)絲(si)(si)先用杠桿將煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)壓捆,再用推刨推出(chu)(chu)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)絲(si)(si),這種(zhong)手工作坊(fang),19世紀(ji)初數量增至140多(duo)(duo)家(jia)(jia),投資經(jing)營(ying)(ying)者多(duo)(duo)為(wei)(wei)蘭州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、榆中(zhong)、皋蘭人。由(you)于利潤豐厚,一(yi)(yi)些陜(shan)商(shang)(shang)也(ye)來(lai)蘭投資經(jing)營(ying)(ying)水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)絲(si)(si),如(ru)一(yi)(yi)林豐、協后成(cheng)聯號(hao),資金達100多(duo)(duo)萬(wan)兩白銀(yin)。榆中(zhong)不(bu)但是(shi)最(zui)主要的(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)種(zhong)植(zhi)基(ji)地(di),也(ye)是(shi)主要的(de)加工生(sheng)產基(ji)地(di)。青(qing)城(cheng)盛產煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie),且因黃河水(shui)運的(de)優勢,清乾隆嘉慶時期,水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)生(sheng)產就進入鼎盛期。大小煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)坊(fang)達百(bai)家(jia)(jia)以上,名氣較大的(de)有永(yong)豐成(cheng)、玉順(shun)和、福豐泰等(deng)(deng)10多(duo)(duo)家(jia)(jia)。煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)種(zhong)植(zhi)和水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)加工經(jing)營(ying)(ying),使青(qing)城(cheng)興盛200多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian),青(qing)磚綠瓦、雕梁畫(hua)壁的(de)高堂(tang)華舍(she)比比皆是(shi),求學(xue)出(chu)(chu)仕(shi)、舞文(wen)弄墨的(de)社會名流(liu)層出(chu)(chu)不(bu)窮(qiong),成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)名噪隴中(zhong)的(de)富饒繁華之(zhi)地(di)。宛川河地(di)區主要是(shi)種(zhong)植(zhi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie),向(xiang)蘭州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)坊(fang)提(ti)供原(yuan)料,加工煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)絲(si)(si)起步稍晚。19世紀(ji)20年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai),為(wei)(wei)了降低(di)成(cheng)本,蘭州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)坊(fang)向(xiang)榆中(zhong)轉(zhuan)移(yi),榆中(zhong)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)新的(de)加工中(zhong)心,40年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)作坊(fang)發展到(dao)60多(duo)(duo)家(jia)(jia)。實力(li)雄厚的(de)大作坊(fang)有祖(zu)德泰、忠興成(cheng)、長(chang)盛榮等(deng)(deng)26家(jia)(jia),資本約400多(duo)(duo)萬(wan)銀(yin)元(yuan)。1956年(nian)(nian)蘭州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)22家(jia)(jia)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)坊(fang)公私合(he)營(ying)(ying)組成(cheng)蘭州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)廠,榆中(zhong)的(de)24家(jia)(jia)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)坊(fang)公私合(he)營(ying)(ying)組成(cheng)國營(ying)(ying)榆中(zhong)縣水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)廠。省有關部門統一(yi)(yi)管理,共用“甘(gan)、肅、合(he)、作”商(shang)(shang)標。后來(lai)蘭州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)不(bu)再種(zhong)植(zhi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie),蘭州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)廠也(ye)停產轉(zhuan)行。榆中(zhong)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)蘭州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)惟一(yi)(yi)的(de)種(zhong)植(zhi)生(sheng)產地(di)。
3.水煙市場及運銷。蘭州水煙興(xing)盛時市場東(dong)到魯蘇滬(hu)及東(dong)北各(ge)省;西達新疆、西藏;南至(zhi)閩(min)浙(zhe)、兩廣、云(yun)貴川(chuan);北及寧夏、山西、蒙古大(da)草原。基(ji)本覆蓋全國,幾乎各(ge)省都(dou)有市場。實力雄厚的大(da)煙行在(zai)西安、上(shang)海、南通、蘇州等要地設有分號。中等以上(shang)煙行都(dou)派經(jing)銷人員(yuan)在(zai)漢(han)口、天津、包頭、洛陽、太原、成(cheng)都(dou)、重慶、北京(jing)等大(da)城市駐莊批銷。各(ge)地代理商不計其數,日(ri)雜店多有經(jing)銷。
清(qing)朝時期交通(tong)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸還十分落后。南(nan)(nan)方河(he)湖縱橫,稍(shao)有(you)木(mu)船(chuan)(chuan)水運(yun)(yun)(yun)便(bian)利。北(bei)方陸(lu)路運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸主要靠馬(ma)拉(la)騾馱(tuo),運(yun)(yun)(yun)銷線路主要有(you)五條:一是(shi)(shi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)出平涼經(jing)(jing)(jing)西(xi)安達(da)漢(han)口(kou)(kou),裝(zhuang)船(chuan)(chuan)沿長江順(shun)流而(er)下(xia),經(jing)(jing)(jing)南(nan)(nan)京、鎮江到南(nan)(nan)通(tong)、上海(hai)(hai),或從(cong)(cong)鎮江走(zou)運(yun)(yun)(yun)河(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)蘇州(zhou)到杭州(zhou);二是(shi)(shi)南(nan)(nan)出天水經(jing)(jing)(jing)廣元抵成都,或從(cong)(cong)寶(bao)雞南(nan)(nan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)漢(han)中(zhong),越(yue)巴(ba)山(shan)(shan)抵成都、重慶,再轉(zhuan)(zhuan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)云(yun)南(nan)(nan)、貴州(zhou);三(san)是(shi)(shi)用駱駝馱(tuo)運(yun)(yun)(yun)沿河(he)西(xi)走(zou)廊,經(jing)(jing)(jing)武威、張(zhang)掖(ye)、酒泉、哈密(mi)直達(da)烏魯(lu)木(mu)齊(qi);四是(shi)(shi)用皮筏子(zi)從(cong)(cong)青城裝(zhuang)貨,順(shun)黃河(he)漂銀(yin)川到包頭,再用駱駝運(yun)(yun)(yun)進(jin)張(zhang)家口(kou)(kou)而(er)達(da)北(bei)京、天津;五是(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)西(xi)安運(yun)(yun)(yun)至洛陽(yang),再分別北(bei)運(yun)(yun)(yun)山(shan)(shan)西(xi),東(dong)(dong)(dong)運(yun)(yun)(yun)山(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)、蘇北(bei)。當時東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)銷量(liang)很(hen)大,陸(lu)路經(jing)(jing)(jing)山(shan)(shan)海(hai)(hai)關(guan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)到沈陽(yang),水路從(cong)(cong)上海(hai)(hai)、煙(yan)臺、天津等港(gang)口(kou)(kou)裝(zhuang)船(chuan)(chuan),渡海(hai)(hai)運(yun)(yun)(yun)到營口(kou)(kou)卸貨,再轉(zhuan)(zhuan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)各地。
4.消費群體。黃花煙(yan)種植(zhi)需(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)肥多,用工(gong)多。煙(yan)絲加工(gong)完全依賴于手(shou)工(gong),效率低(di),勞(lao)動強度大(da)。同(tong)時,路途(tu)之艱,運輸成(cheng)本(ben)之高(gao),可(ke)想而知。到消費(fei)者(zhe)手(shou)中的(de)價格,自然奇貴無(wu)比。因此(ci),起初(chu)的(de)消費(fei)群體主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)社(she)會上(shang)層(ceng)人(ren)士。達官顯(xian)貴、商家(jia)富豪才(cai)能享用蘭州水(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)。清末的(de)慈禧太后、民國初(chu)的(de)曹錕總統就是(shi)(shi)那個時期水(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)嗜好者(zhe)的(de)代(dai)表人(ren)物(wu)。后鄉(xiang)紳地主(zhu)、殷實商販也加入消費(fei)主(zhu)流(liu)(liu)。隨著交通條件的(de)改善,運輸成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)下降(jiang),市(shi)民百姓也逐(zhu)步成(cheng)為蘭州水(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)的(de)消費(fei)對象(xiang)。茶館酒肆、書場(chang)戲園中手(shou)捧水(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)袋者(zhe)定是(shi)(shi)休閑貴客;登門(men)探親,入宅訪友(you)時若奉(feng)上(shang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)袋,必(bi)是(shi)(shi)敬上(shang)賓之禮。市(shi)場(chang)銷售(shou)量最高(gao)時年銷售(shou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)絲達1200萬斤(jin)以上(shang)。30年代(dai),城市(shi)中卷煙(yan)、香煙(yan)逐(zhu)漸(jian)流(liu)(liu)行起來,水(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)的(de)市(shi)場(chang)重心轉向鄉(xiang)間,漁民、牧民、農民成(cheng)為主(zhu)要(yao)消費(fei)群體。
20世(shi)紀(ji)30年代后(hou),蘭州(zhou)水煙(yan)開始逐步走向(xiang)下坡路,解放后(hou)尚對榆(yu)中縣財政支(zhi)撐了四十(shi)年。銷量和價格降(jiang)到了最低點。衰落的原因主要有如下幾個方面:
煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉的(de)(de)豐(feng)欠與氣候(hou)關系(xi)密切。大西北自然災害(hai)多(duo)(duo)。大旱之年(nian),山泉枯竭,用(yong)(yong)泉水澆(jiao)灌(guan)的(de)(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)田就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)(hui)大幅減少(shao)。夏(xia)季暴雨(yu)冰雹頻繁,常(chang)會(hui)(hui)給生長期的(de)(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)田造成(cheng)毀滅(mie)性(xing)襲(xi)擊(ji);秋季如遇(yu)連綿陰雨(yu),對煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉生產造成(cheng)不(bu)利,尤其(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)成(cheng)熟期雨(yu)多(duo)(duo),煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉的(de)(de)干物質(zhi)就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)(hui)流失,影響產量(liang)(liang)和質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。尤其(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)收獲前如遇(yu)降霜,嚴重(zhong)時(shi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)(hui)變黑流水不(bu)能(neng)用(yong)(yong)。另外,還因(yin)收購(gou)價等因(yin)素影響,種煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)面積時(shi)多(duo)(duo)時(shi)少(shao)。煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉產量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)不(bu)穩定(ding),使(shi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)絲生產和供應(ying)也不(bu)穩定(ding)。興盛期,雖市場一直供不(bu)應(ying)求(qiu),但斷貨時(shi)間過長,消費者就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)(hui)因(yin)吸用(yong)(yong)其(qi)(qi)他產品形成(cheng)新(xin)的(de)(de)習慣。
因(yin)運(yun)(yun)輸方(fang)式落后,運(yun)(yun)輸路(lu)線長,途中(zhong)遭(zao)受雨(yu)淋水沖霉變(bian),賊偷盜劫(jie)受損(sun)(sun),是常有(you)之事(shi)。戰(zhan)(zhan)火(huo)更嚴重影響(xiang)運(yun)(yun)輸。清時(shi)西線多次發生戰(zhan)(zhan)亂,進入民國(guo)后東南線戰(zhan)(zhan)火(huo)頻繁,運(yun)(yun)輸常受影響(xiang)。1931年(nian)“九·一八”事(shi)變(bian),日本(ben)人(ren)占領(ling)東北,出關運(yun)(yun)路(lu)中(zhong)斷,東北市(shi)場丟失。1937年(nian)“七·七”事(shi)變(bian),日本(ben)大舉侵略中(zhong)國(guo),東南運(yun)(yun)輸路(lu)線時(shi)遭(zao)阻斷。地上常有(you)戰(zhan)(zhan)火(huo)阻隔(ge),天上時(shi)有(you)飛機轟(hong)炸。因(yin)遭(zao)受巨大損(sun)(sun)失,煙(yan)坊紛紛倒(dao)閉。僅(jin)榆中(zhong)煙(yan)商(shang)在運(yun)(yun)輸途中(zhong)遭(zao)飛機轟(hong)炸等意外損(sun)(sun)失煙(yan)絲168萬斤(jin),金額達100多萬銀元(yuan)(yuan)。十多年(nian)的(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)火(huo),使蘭州水煙(yan)元(yuan)(yuan)氣大傷。更重要的(de)是供(gong)貨中(zhong)斷,消(xiao)費者(zhe)習慣(guan)改變(bian),也就失去了(le)市(shi)場。
19世紀初外(wai)國卷煙?主要是香煙?銷入中(zhong)國,此(ci)后(hou)在東南城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市建(jian)(jian)起(qi)了卷煙廠。山東試種(zhong)烤煙成功,繼而擴展(zhan)到河南、安(an)徽、遼寧、吉林,30年代(dai)(dai)在貴州(zhou)、云南、四川大(da)面積推廣種(zhong)植,各地(di)卷煙廠越(yue)建(jian)(jian)越(yue)多,香煙廣為流行。香煙攜帶(dai)吸用(yong)方(fang)便,隨(sui)(sui)時隨(sui)(sui)地(di)都可(ke)吸用(yong),產品有高、中(zhong)、低檔次,適應(ying)不同層次的(de)人群,成為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市居民的(de)消(xiao)費(fei)首選(xuan)。80年代(dai)(dai)以后(hou),人們的(de)消(xiao)費(fei)觀念更加時尚化。農(nong)村(cun)青壯年大(da)批涌入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市打工,吸煙者也逐(zhu)步轉向香煙。因(yin)此(ci),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市中(zhong)吸用(yong)蘭州(zhou)水(shui)煙的(de)人基本絕跡(ji),農(nong)村(cun)中(zhong)也逐(zhu)漸減少。
水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)是一個傳統產品,吸(xi)(xi)食方法繁瑣,需專用器(qi)具,攜帶不便,不利于勞動工(gong)作(zuo)間隙隨(sui)時隨(sui)地吸(xi)(xi)用。人們的(de)消費追(zhui)求趨(qu)于時尚化,而水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)仍停(ting)留在傳統上。加工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)落(luo)后,效率低(di),產品更(geng)新換代遲緩,難免落(luo)伍于時代前進的(de)步伐。
香煙(yan)消(xiao)費(fei)群體主要在城市(shi),是(shi)中高收入(ru)人群,起(qi)碼(ma)是(shi)有穩定(ding)收入(ru)者。而(er)水(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)現時(shi)的消(xiao)費(fei)群體主要在農村,是(shi)收入(ru)較(jiao)低的漁(yu)民(min)(min)、農民(min)(min)、牧民(min)(min)。特定(ding)的消(xiao)費(fei)對象經濟狀況差異(yi)很(hen)大。香煙(yan)價格高,而(er)水(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)價格難以提升。但各(ge)種稅收都(dou)一(yi)樣,稅賦(fu)不(bu)合理(li)是(shi)顯而(er)易見(jian)的。2000年榆中縣黃花(hua)煙(yan)列入(ru)《名晾(liang)曬(shai)煙(yan)名錄》,進入(ru)《煙(yan)草法》管理(li)范疇。省定(ding)點企業(ye)榆中縣水(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)廠取(qu)得了《煙(yan)草專賣生(sheng)產(chan)企業(ye)許可證(zheng)》。但有關部門又無(wu)視水(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)市(shi)場在全(quan)國10多個省區(qu),重點銷區(qu)在江(jiang)蘇、浙(zhe)江(jiang)、福建,60%以上產(chan)品是(shi)供(gong)給(gei)沿海一(yi)帶的漁(yu)民(min)(min)這一(yi)事實,限定(ding)在本地生(sheng)產(chan)銷售(shou)。煙(yan)絲生(sheng)產(chan)盲目發(fa)展,市(shi)場銷售(shou)無(wu)序競爭(zheng)。無(wu)證(zheng)加工、無(wu)人根(gen)治;假冒商(shang)標,時(shi)有發(fa)生(sheng)。蘭(lan)州(zhou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)的生(sheng)存環(huan)境(jing)的確不(bu)容樂(le)觀。
蘭(lan)州水(shui)煙是這一(yi)方水(shui)土(tu)培育出的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)朵奇葩之花,在(zai)歷(li)史上興盛(sheng)三百多年,把(ba)蘭(lan)州的(de)(de)(de)名字傳(chuan)遍白水(shui)黑水(shui),天涯海角。是蘭(lan)州歷(li)史最長(chang)、知名度(du)最高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)特產。在(zai)全國(guo)各(ge)地(di)(di)處(chu)心積慮挖掘地(di)(di)方特色(se)經濟的(de)(de)(de)今天,眼(yan)看著讓其衰落,實為可惜。
世間(jian)事物,衰而(er)復興,枯而(er)復榮的(de)極多,就看(kan)是否(fou)具有生命力。蘭州水煙有三大獨一無二的(de)特性不容忽視。
黃花煙(yan)(yan)(yan)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉含糖量較(jiao)低,蛋白質和煙(yan)(yan)(yan)堿(jian)含量較(jiao)高,煙(yan)(yan)(yan)味(wei)濃,勁頭大。北方(fang)農(nong)民用(yong)黃花煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉作(zuo)旱煙(yan)(yan)(yan)吸用(yong)的(de)體會(hui)是:與香煙(yan)(yan)(yan)比(bi)有(you)嘴(zui)唇(chun)不(bu)發燒、痰少的(de)優點。蘭州水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)加入了中藥輔料,使煙(yan)(yan)(yan)草重(zhong)陽(yang)之性(xing)得以溫和,并且增(zeng)加了對人身體有(you)益的(de)功能(neng)。
青(qing)煙輔(fu)料石膏:藥(yao)性大寒(han)(han),清熱(re)(re)(re)力佳(jia),善清氣(qi)分(fen)實熱(re)(re)(re)。功能(neng)清熱(re)(re)(re)瀉(xie)火(huo),能(neng)入肺胃(wei)(wei)二(er)經(jing),有清泄(xie)(xie)肺胃(wei)(wei)邪(xie)熱(re)(re)(re)之(zhi)功。中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)用(yong)(yong)于肺熱(re)(re)(re)咳嗽、氣(qi)喘(chuan)、胃(wei)(wei)火(huo)牙痛。煅(duan)后(hou)用(yong)(yong)于口(kou)舌生瘡(chuang)、咽喉腫痛、濕(shi)疹等癥。白(bai)礬:性寒(han)(han)、澀(se)。寒(han)(han)以(yi)泄(xie)(xie)熱(re)(re)(re)去(qu)毒,澀(se)能(neng)收斂濕(shi)氣(qi),泄(xie)(xie)熱(re)(re)(re)濕(shi)而化(hua)瘀(yu)濁,中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)治(zhi)膽結石多用(yong)(yong)白(bai)礬。槐籽:性涼(liang),常(chang)用(yong)(yong)于清除濕(shi)熱(re)(re)(re),可治(zhi)腸風便血,痔瘡(chuang)等。紫(zi)花(hua)即紫(zi)葳之(zhi)花(hua),中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)稱(cheng)凌霄花(hua),性寒(han)(han)能(neng)除熱(re)(re)(re)毒,功能(neng)涼(liang)血祛(qu)瘀(yu),瀉(xie)肝抑陽,尤長于治(zhi)療疔毒惡瘡(chuang)。這些中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的寒(han)(han)涼(liang)之(zhi)品加入后(hou),吸用(yong)(yong)水煙就涼(liang)爽不燥,除熱(re)(re)(re)化(hua)痰,具有防治(zhi)邪(xie)熱(re)(re)(re)瘡(chuang)毒,蛇蟲咬傷等功效。
黃煙輔(fu)料姜(jiang)黃:性(xing)辛(xin)(xin)散溫(wen)通,中(zhong)醫常用于風(feng)濕痹痛(tong)(tong),又可(ke)用于癰瘍瘡(chuang)疔。現代藥(yao)理研究得(de)出:姜(jiang)黃能降(jiang)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)脂,可(ke)增加(jia)心肌營養(yang)性(xing)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)流量,能抑制血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)小板聚集和(he)(he)增強纖(xian)溶酶(mei)活性(xing),從而(er)有利(li)于防治(zhi)動脈粥樣(yang)硬化、心絞(jiao)痛(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)心肌梗(geng)死(si)。姜(jiang)黃還(huan)能增加(jia)膽汁生產和(he)(he)分(fen)泌,并能增強膽囊(nang)收(shou)縮,從而(er)起到利(li)膽作(zuo)用。此(ci)外,還(huan)有降(jiang)壓、抗菌消炎的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。黃煙香(xiang)(xiang)料是由幾(ji)十(shi)味中(zhong)藥(yao)組成(cheng)。其中(zhong)細辛(xin)(xin)辛(xin)(xin)溫(wen)宣通,散寒(han)止(zhi)(zhi)痛(tong)(tong);薄荷疏散風(feng)熱(re)(re)、清利(li)頭(tou)目、透(tou)疹利(li)咽(yan)、理氣解(jie)郁(yu);當歸補血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)和(he)(he)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、調經(jing)止(zhi)(zhi)痛(tong)(tong)、潤(run)燥滑腸,且(qie)止(zhi)(zhi)咳逆上氣:白芷辛(xin)(xin)香(xiang)(xiang),祛風(feng)止(zhi)(zhi)痛(tong)(tong);陳(chen)皮味辛(xin)(xin)氣溫(wen),上化痰養(yang)肺,肺得(de)所養(yang)而(er)津液貫(guan)輸,下疏肝(gan)去郁(yu),肝(gan)疏泄則(ze)暢水(shui)道;大(da)(da)黃性(xing)寒(han),瀉(xie)(xie)下導滯、破瘀(yu)行積、瀉(xie)(xie)火涼(liang)血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、清熱(re)(re)解(jie)毒,中(zhong)醫常用來治(zhi)六腑實熱(re)(re)積滯、血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)分(fen)實熱(re)(re)、濕熱(re)(re)下痢、黃疸瘕(jia)積、癰瘡(chuang)腫毒、血(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)瘀(yu)經(jing)閉,跌打損(sun)傷等,并通大(da)(da)便、利(li)小便。由中(zhong)藥(yao)材組成(cheng)的(de)(de)香(xiang)(xiang)料制成(cheng)細沫后,在(zai)切(qie)絲前加(jia)入拌勻,在(zai)水(shui)煙儲運過程中(zhong)藥(yao)性(xing)釋放(fang),溫(wen)和(he)(he)煙草的(de)(de)重陽之(zhi)性(xing)。在(zai)吸食燃(ran)燒時有效成(cheng)分(fen)進入煙氣,增加(jia)了(le)防治(zhi)疾病(bing)的(de)(de)功能。
這些輔料(liao)不但沒(mei)有副作(zuo)用,且大多起(qi)著(zhu)一石三(san)鳥的(de)有益作(zuo)用:一是在工藝和(he)外觀(guan)上(shang)或(huo)粘結(jie)或(huo)增(zeng)(zeng)色或(huo)增(zeng)(zeng)亮(liang)度(du);二是改(gai)(gai)進口味,增(zeng)(zeng)加香味,不使濃烈嗆人;三(san)是改(gai)(gai)善(shan)煙(yan)草性(xing)能,提(ti)升(sheng)了(le)(le)煙(yan)草善(shan)壯胃氣、祛陰濁(zhuo)寒滯、消肚(du)脹(zhang)宿食、除積聚(ju)諸蟲,解郁(yu)結(jie)、止疼痛(tong),行(xing)氣散瘀、通達三(san)焦的(de)作(zuo)用。增(zeng)(zeng)加了(le)(le)防治多種(zhong)疾病(bing)、保健護(hu)體(ti)的(de)功(gong)能。
長(chang)期(qi)過(guo)量吸(xi)(xi)(xi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)香煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),會使煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)草中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)有(you)害(hai)物(wu)質(zhi)積累危害(hai)人(ren)(ren)體。尤(you)其是(shi)焦(jiao)油(you),是(shi)致(zhi)病(bing)的(de)(de)主要因素(su),還含(han)(han)有(you)致(zhi)癌物(wu)質(zhi)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)方(fang)法(fa)去除(chu)有(you)害(hai)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)機理(li)十分科(ke)學。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有(you)很(hen)(hen)好的(de)(de)溶(rong)解(jie)性,對微小固相物(wu)有(you)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)時在(zai)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)瓶(ping)上(shang)部空間(jian)形成負壓(ya),使煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氣穿水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)而過(guo),與(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)充(chong)分接(jie)觸,煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氣中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)一氧(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)含(han)(han)量較少(shao),被水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溶(rong)解(jie)。焦(jiao)油(you)是(shi)有(you)機混合(he)物(wu),在(zai)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氣中(zhong)(zhong)呈分散的(de)(de)原子團或(huo)微粒存(cun)在(zai),被水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分子吸(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)留(liu)在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)。煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)堿經過(guo)濾(lv)也(ye)大(da)幅(fu)度降低(di)。中(zhong)(zhong)國藥物(wu)學會科(ke)普(pu)委員朱鑒明曾宣布:“經研究證明,煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)霧經水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)過(guo)濾(lv),焦(jiao)油(you)、尼古丁?煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)堿?、一氧(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)可減少(shao)三(san)分之二以上(shang)”。蘭(lan)(lan)州(zhou)大(da)學生物(wu)專(zhuan)家于1980年對水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)與(yu)(yu)卷煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),進(jin)行(xing)了(le)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氣對比化(hua)驗,經水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)瓶(ping)過(guo)濾(lv)后的(de)(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氣,有(you)害(hai)物(wu)較其它(ta)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)草產(chan)品較低(di),并得(de)出明確結論(lun):“水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)絲(si)燃燒產(chan)生的(de)(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)霧經水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)過(guo)濾(lv)后,不含(han)(han)有(you)自(zi)由基指標的(de)(de)致(zhi)癌物(wu)”。幾百年來吸(xi)(xi)(xi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者中(zhong)(zhong)老年人(ren)(ren)居(ju)多,從未發現(xian)因吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)而生病(bing)或(huo)身(shen)體不適的(de)(de)情況。很(hen)(hen)多老年人(ren)(ren)長(chang)期(qi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)蘭(lan)(lan)州(zhou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),卻(que)鶴發童顏,長(chang)壽(shou)健(jian)康(kang)。
蘭州水(shui)煙的吸用方(fang)法看似簡單,其(qi)實依據(ju)的是(shi)真(zhen)空負壓(ya)原理(li),應用的是(shi)流體力學(xue)技(ji)術,使煙氣在(zai)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)經過(guo)化學(xue)物(wu)理(li)作用,最有效的過(guo)濾了煙氣中(zhong)(zhong)的有害物(wu)質。其(qi)科(ke)學(xue)性至今(jin)世(shi)界(jie)領(ling)先,無(wu)與倫(lun)比。
歷史上水(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)瓶多由蘇(su)杭(hang)、湖廣和上海等(deng)地(di)(di)手(shou)藝(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)制(zhi)造。黃(huang)銅鑄(zhu)成(cheng),打磨光(guang)亮,刻制(zhi)山(shan)水(shui)(shui)花草(cao)圖(tu)或名詩佳(jia)句(ju)于(yu)上。精品(pin)(pin)用(yong)景泰(tai)藍工藝(yi)鑲嵌(qian)了彩色(se)花卉(hui)、山(shan)水(shui)(shui)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu)等(deng)圖(tu)案。既是生活常用(yong)器具,又是文雅的(de)工藝(yi)品(pin)(pin),擺設(she)于(yu)案頭(tou)幾(ji)桌(zhuo),隨時(shi)使用(yong)把玩。水(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)袋(dai)、夜(ye)光(guang)杯、紫砂壺共同成(cheng)為煙(yan)(yan)酒(jiu)茶文化的(de)載體(ti),受到(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們的(de)喜愛(ai)。廬山(shan)、張家(jia)界、峨眉山(shan)等(deng)著名旅游勝地(di)(di),文物(wu)古董店里(li)均能看(kan)到(dao)古色(se)古香的(de)水(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)袋(dai)。現代傳媒播放的(de)歷史影視劇中(zhong),也常出現手(shou)托水(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)袋(dai)的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu)劇情。宋詩人(ren)(ren)(ren)黃(huang)庭(ting)堅有(you)一聯(lian)語(yu)為:“風浪井、博浪風,風自(zi)浪興。”長時(shi)無佳(jia)對,后人(ren)(ren)(ren)從吸(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)中(zhong)得到(dao)啟發(fa),對曰:“煙(yan)(yan)水(shui)(shui)亭、吸(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan),煙(yan)(yan)從水(shui)(shui)起。”還有(you)一副(fu)寫食品(pin)(pin)的(de)聯(lian)語(yu)為:咸月(yue)、甜(tian)月(yue)、五仁月(yue)、豆沙冰月(yue),鵝油酥(su)月(yue);嚼煙(yan)(yan)、鼻煙(yan)(yan)、老旱(han)煙(yan)(yan)、蘭(lan)州水(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)、云南卷煙(yan)(yan)。兩副(fu)對聯(lian)均巧妙地(di)(di)把水(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)融入文學(xue)作品(pin)(pin)。
綜上所述,蘭州(zhou)水煙配方(fang)的(de)科學(xue)性(xing)、吸用方(fang)法的(de)先進性(xing)、吸用器具(ju)的(de)文化(hua)性(xing),在中國煙草乃至世界煙草史上是空前(qian)的(de)。這三大特性(xing)既是它興盛300多(duo)年的(de)秘密(mi),也是它旺(wang)盛的(de)生命力之所在。可以斷(duan)言: 蘭州(zhou)水煙被人們重新認(ren)識之日,就是它復興之時。
據(ju)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)調查(cha)預測(ce),蘭州(zhou)水(shui)煙尚有100萬人以上(shang)的(de)(de)消(xiao)費群體(ti),分(fen)布在10多(duo)個省區的(de)(de)農(nong)漁牧林(lin)區,消(xiao)費對象(xiang)主要為中(zhong)老年(nian)(nian)人,年(nian)(nian)消(xiao)費量約200萬斤至300萬斤。如果(guo)推(tui)動技術進步,改善(shan)吸用(yong)不便(bian)的(de)(de)缺點,使消(xiao)費者便(bian)于攜(xie)帶(dai)吸用(yong);加大宣傳,讓世人知曉(xiao)它防(fang)病保(bao)健的(de)(de)功能;開拓(tuo)各地(di)市(shi)(shi)場(chang),尤其是(shi)休(xiu)閑旅游市(shi)(shi)場(chang),蘭州(zhou)水(shui)煙的(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)潛力(li)是(shi)十(shi)分(fen)巨大的(de)(de)。恢復到年(nian)(nian)產銷(xiao)1000萬斤以上(shang),年(nian)(nian)實(shi)現銷(xiao)售收(shou)入3000萬元(yuan)以上(shang),稅收(shou)1000萬元(yuan)以上(shang)是(shi)極可(ke)能的(de)(de)。為此,政府、企業和各有關方面應共同努力(li),從(cong)以下幾個方面去(qu)做:
首先,應針對生(sheng)產銷售的(de)混亂(luan)狀態,從種植收購、生(sheng)產加工、市(shi)場(chang)銷售進(jin)行(xing)全(quan)面(mian)整治(zhi)。黃花(hua)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)列入《名晾曬煙(yan)(yan)(yan)目(mu)錄(lu)》,已納入了(le)《煙(yan)(yan)(yan)草法》管理(li)的(de)范(fan)疇(chou)。省上確定的(de)定點(dian)企業(ye)取得(de)《煙(yan)(yan)(yan)草專賣生(sheng)產企業(ye)許可證》,意(yi)味(wei)著具有(you)惟一的(de)合法性。政(zheng)(zheng)府及有(you)關(guan)部(bu)門(men)(men)應履行(xing)執(zhi)法職能,取締各(ge)地其它無(wu)證生(sheng)產銷售活動(dong),蘭州水煙(yan)(yan)(yan)幾百(bai)年來市(shi)場(chang)在(zai)全(quan)國各(ge)地,而蘇浙閩是(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)市(shi)場(chang),沿海(hai)漁(yu)(yu)民(min)是(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)消費(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),也是(shi)深受漁(yu)(yu)民(min)喜愛的(de)每日(ri)生(sheng)活必(bi)需(xu)品。有(you)關(guan)部(bu)門(men)(men)把(ba)蘭州水煙(yan)(yan)(yan)限定在(zai)本(ben)地銷售,是(shi)無(wu)視(shi)消費(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)正(zheng)當需(xu)求,損害消費(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)合法權益(yi)的(de)不當行(xing)為。人大代表、政(zheng)(zheng)協委員應反(fan)映社(she)情民(min)意(yi),通過議案(an)提案(an)向國家有(you)關(guan)部(bu)門(men)(men)建議糾正(zheng),準予(yu)運往消費(fei)區(qu)合法銷售。
其次(ci),蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)州(zhou)水煙(yan)(yan)與蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)州(zhou)牛肉面、蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)州(zhou)百合共為蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)州(zhou)三大(da)特(te)產(chan),聞名(ming)全國(guo)。讓這樣一(yi)張名(ming)片失(shi)去光(guang)彩(cai),何嘗不是(shi)蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)州(zhou)的(de)一(yi)大(da)損(sun)失(shi)。定點企業(ye)(ye)榆中(zhong)縣水煙(yan)(yan)廠,是(shi)1956年老(lao)字號(hao)煙(yan)(yan)坊公私(si)合營組成(cheng)的(de)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye),已(yi)累計上繳稅(shui)利1億多(duo),曾(ceng)是(shi)縣財(cai)政(zheng)的(de)主要稅(shui)源、縣域(yu)經濟的(de)支柱產(chan)業(ye)(ye)和帶動農業(ye)(ye)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)的(de)龍頭企業(ye)(ye)。但因(yin)機制不活、歷史包袱沉重(zhong)、基礎設施陳(chen)舊,亟須脫胎換骨,煥(huan)發(fa)新(xin)的(de)青春活力。應盡(jin)快按市上國(guo)企改革(ge)攻堅計劃改制,組建蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)州(zhou)水煙(yan)(yan)有(you)(you)(you)限責任公司,運用現代企業(ye)(ye)經營機制,加快技(ji)術創新(xin)步伐、開拓新(xin)的(de)市場,做大(da)做強。徐守盛(sheng)副省(sheng)(sheng)長曾(ceng)在有(you)(you)(you)關蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)州(zhou)水煙(yan)(yan)的(de)一(yi)份報告批示中(zhong)寫到:“我作(zuo)為江蘇沿海的(de)一(yi)位漁(yu)民子弟,可以證明(ming),蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)州(zhou)水煙(yan)(yan)在江蘇沿海一(yi)帶有(you)(you)(you)相當的(de)消費群(qun)體。”體現出省(sheng)(sheng)政(zheng)府對(dui)發(fa)展地方特(te)色產(chan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)重(zhong)視(shi)和支持(chi)(chi)。復興蘭(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)州(zhou)水煙(yan)(yan)既有(you)(you)(you)光(guang)明(ming)的(de)前景,也(ye)非易事,還需各級政(zheng)府給予必要的(de)輸血扶持(chi)(chi)。如稅(shui)收返還,列入扶優扶強項目進行資金支持(chi)(chi)等。
第(di)三,利(li)用電(dian)(dian)影、電(dian)(dian)視(shi)劇、新聞報(bao)道、電(dian)(dian)腦網絡以及書刊雜(za)志等各種可(ke)用的(de)方式,大(da)力宣傳蘭州水(shui)煙的(de)優(you)越性。進行(xing)原產地、水(shui)煙之鄉、老字(zi)號、名(ming)優(you)產品申報(bao),取(qu)得國家(jia)有關部(bu)門(men)的(de)認定。委托國家(jia)權威檢測機構進一步作煙氣化驗分析報(bao)告。深(shen)入調查長期吸用蘭州水(shui)煙高(gao)壽老人的(de)反映,取(qu)得醫療機構檢查身體(ti)的(de)情況,提高(gao)宣傳工作的(de)含金量(liang)。
第四,蘭(lan)州水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)興盛時期之(zhi)長,覆蓋地(di)域之(zhi)廣,形成了一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)民(min)俗(su)(su)風情,休(xiu)閑文(wen)(wen)化。作為(wei)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)工(gong)業(ye)產(chan)(chan)品,世(shi)為(wei)罕見,值得研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)。一(yi)(yi)是文(wen)(wen)化層面(mian)的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu),主(zhu)要是從文(wen)(wen)化內涵上去發(fa)掘,為(wei)宣傳擴大影(ying)響作后盾。可(ke)邀(yao)請(qing)政府官員(yuan)(yuan)、文(wen)(wen)史民(min)俗(su)(su)、文(wen)(wen)物(wu)考古、作家(jia)記者(zhe)中對(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)有(you)興趣的(de)(de)各(ge)界(jie)知(zhi)名人士參加,定(ding)期交(jiao)流信息,提出建議。二(er)是技術(shu)層面(mian)的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)開發(fa),推進技術(shu)創新(xin),加快產(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)更新(xin)換(huan)代(dai)。可(ke)成立(li)蘭(lan)州水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)所(suo),掛靠(kao)有(you)關(guan)部門(men)或定(ding)點企業(ye),以有(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)技術(shu)人員(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)骨干(gan),與大專院校及科研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)單位合作,每年完成若干(gan)個(ge)課題。技術(shu)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)發(fa)要在三個(ge)主(zhu)攻(gong)方(fang)向(xiang)上展開:首先,要針對(dui)吸用(yong)繁瑣(suo)不便(bian)的(de)(de)問(wen)題,研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)制(zhi)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)裝煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)就能(neng)(neng)過(guo)癮的(de)(de)新(xin)產(chan)(chan)品,如小煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)卷,進而研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)制(zhi)不同(tong)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)新(xin)產(chan)(chan)品,以滿足不同(tong)的(de)(de)需求(qiu)。其次(ci),要針對(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)袋(dai)體大沉重,攜帶(dai)不便(bian)的(de)(de)問(wen)題,研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)制(zhi)便(bian)于攜帶(dai)外(wai)出使用(yong)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)袋(dai)。還可(ke)開發(fa)各(ge)種(zhong)造型(xing)?如動植物(wu)、歷史人物(wu)等?、各(ge)種(zhong)材質?如陶瓷(ci)、玻璃等?的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)瓶(ping),逐步(bu)建立(li)長久(jiu)的(de)(de)加工(gong)基地(di)。試想:一(yi)(yi)個(ge)憨態可(ke)掬的(de)(de)陶瓷(ci)熊貓水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)袋(dai),既實用(yong),又(you)是工(gong)藝品,可(ke)擺可(ke)藏;一(yi)(yi)個(ge)透明的(de)(de)玻璃水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)袋(dai),可(ke)直觀的(de)(de)看見煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氣穿水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)過(guo)濾的(de)(de)情景及焦油(you)使水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)變(bian)色的(de)(de)情況。會(hui)是什(shen)么樣(yang)的(de)(de)市場效果(guo)﹖另外(wai),還要對(dui)種(zhong)子(zi)及煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉栽培技術(shu)進行研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu),指(zhi)導煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)農(nong)種(zhong)好(hao)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),多(duo)受益。
第五,蘇浙閩沿海(hai)地(di)區(qu)漁(yu)民,常在(zai)(zai)海(hai)上(shang)作業(ye),吸(xi)水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)以除(chu)(chu)濕(shi)熱;內(nei)蒙古、新疆、青海(hai)、西藏、寧(ning)夏氣候較(jiao)冷,農牧(mu)民肉食(shi)較(jiao)多,吸(xi)水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)以消(xiao)除(chu)(chu)滯(zhi)脹;川陜甘晉山區(qu)農民吸(xi)水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)以防陰(yin)濕(shi)造(zao)成的(de)身(shen)體不適。這些傳統的(de)市場(chang)已(yi)延續幾百年,要鞏固(gu)擴大(da)。東(dong)北是最早的(de)重要市場(chang),滿(man)族人(ren)喜好水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan),入關主政把蘭州水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)推上(shang)了(le)頂峰,雖然中(zhong)斷了(le)60多年,影響(xiang)應(ying)該(gai)還有(you),應(ying)該(gai)努力恢復(fu)。兩廣、海(hai)南(nan)及(ji)云貴山區(qu)農民至今多保(bao)持著吸(xi)竹筒水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)習(xi)慣,但用的(de)是自產烤(kao)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)絲,應(ying)讓他們嘗試一下祖先吸(xi)的(de)蘭州水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)。湛江市把竹筒水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)作為民俗風情,擺放在(zai)(zai)茶館(guan)酒吧、飯(fan)鋪商店顯眼位置,以引(yin)旅游賓客,是值得借(jie)鑒的(de)。山東(dong)河北沿海(hai)地(di)區(qu)也應(ying)是潛在(zai)(zai)市場(chang)。歷(li)史上(shang)港(gang)澳臺也有(you)銷售,東(dong)南(nan)亞,甚(shen)至歐(ou)美華人(ren)也有(you)消(xiao)費。當今世界(jie)流行回歸于自然,發揚傳統的(de)風氣。蘭州水(shui)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)所獨(du)有(you)的(de)無害(hai)防病的(de)品質,出口前(qian)景(jing)也是存在(zai)(zai)的(de)。
第六(liu),蘭(lan)州水煙(yan)在興盛時,全國不少(shao)客(ke)商(shang)(shang)參與經(jing)營(ying),特別是陜商(shang)(shang)投(tou)入巨資(zi)直接從(cong)事生(sheng)產經(jing)營(ying),為發展蘭(lan)州水煙(yan)作出了(le)重要貢獻。要恢(hui)復昔(xi)日的(de)(de)輝煌,應吸(xi)引(yin)蘇(su)浙閩甚(shen)至港澳臺尋找投(tou)資(zi)機(ji)會(hui)的(de)(de)客(ke)商(shang)(shang)前來(lai)投(tou)資(zi)合作,借助他們(men)雄厚(hou)的(de)(de)財力(li)和靈活的(de)(de)經(jing)營(ying)頭腦來(lai)發展我們(men)的(de)(de)特產。以其幾百年錘(chui)煉的(de)(de)品質內(nei)涵,廣闊的(de)(de)市場潛力(li),做成有深(shen)度的(de)(de)項(xiang)目,招商(shang)(shang)引(yin)資(zi)應有吸(xi)引(yin)力(li)。
蘭(lan)州水煙既是一個馳名全(quan)國的(de)甘肅特產,又屬于煙草行業,要(yao)得到復興,就要(yao)做好“保(bao)護、扶持、創(chuang)新、宣傳、開發”諸方面(mian)的(de)工作(zuo)。
蘭州水煙是一個(ge)歷史悠(you)久的(de)地方特產(chan),也是一個(ge)享譽全國的(de)名牌產(chan)品。它先進(jin)吸用(yong)方法和科(ke)學配方形成的(de)無害性、保健(jian)(jian)性功能,迎合現代(dai)人們追求健(jian)(jian)康的(de)潮(chao)流;它吸用(yong)器具的(de)文化藝(yi)術內(nei)涵,正遇當(dang)今人們喜歡在(zai)旅游休閑中(zhong)欣(xin)賞民俗風情的(de)時尚,具有旺(wang)盛的(de)生命力。