形態特征
白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)果(guo)(guo)為銀杏(xing)科植物銀杏(xing)Ginkgo biloba L.除去肉(rou)質(zhi)外(wai)種(zhong)皮(pi)的種(zhong)子。銀杏(xing):落葉(xie)(xie)喬(qiao)木,高可達40米。樹(shu)干直立,樹(shu)皮(pi)灰色(se)。枝有長(chang)短(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)兩(liang)種(zhong),葉(xie)(xie)在短(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)枝上(shang)簇生(sheng),在長(chang)枝上(shang)互生(sheng)或螺旋狀(zhuang)(zhuang)散(san)生(sheng)于(yu)長(chang)枝,扇形,長(chang)4~8厘(li)米,寬5~10厘(li)米,上(shang)緣淺波狀(zhuang)(zhuang),先端(duan)中(zhong)間2淺裂或深裂,基部楔(xie)形,葉(xie)(xie)脈(mo)平行,脈(mo)叉(cha)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)分歧(qi);葉(xie)(xie)柄(bing)(bing)長(chang)2.5~7厘(li)米。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)單性,雌雄異株,與葉(xie)(xie)同時開放;雄花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)呈下(xia)垂(chui)的短(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)柔荑花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序,4~6個(ge)生(sheng)于(yu)短(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)枝上(shang)的葉(xie)(xie)腋內或苞(bao)腋,有多數雄蕊,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)藥(yao)(yao)2室,生(sheng)于(yu)短(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)柄(bing)(bing)的頂端(duan);雌花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)每2~3個(ge)聚生(sheng)于(yu)短(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)枝上(shang),每花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)有一長(chang)柄(bing)(bing),柄(bing)(bing)端(duan)兩(liang)叉(cha),各生(sheng)1心皮(pi),胚珠(zhu)附生(sheng)于(yu)上(shang),通常(chang)僅(jin)1個(ge)胚珠(zhu)發育成熟。種(zhong)子核果(guo)(guo)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),倒卵(luan)形或橢圓形,長(chang)2.5~3厘(li)米,淡黃色(se),被白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)粉(fen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)蠟質(zhi);外(wai)種(zhong)皮(pi)肉(rou)質(zhi),有白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)粉(fen),有臭(chou)氣,熟時橙(cheng)黃色(se);內種(zhong)皮(pi)灰白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se),骨(gu)質(zhi),兩(liang)側有棱邊;胚乳豐富,子葉(xie)(xie)2。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)4~5月(yue)。果(guo)(guo)期(qi)7~10月(yue)。其根(gen)或根(gen)皮(pi)(白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)果(guo)(guo)根(gen))、樹(shu)皮(pi)(白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)果(guo)(guo)樹(shu)皮(pi))、葉(xie)(xie)(白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)果(guo)(guo)葉(xie)(xie))亦供藥(yao)(yao)用。
果大(粒重(zhong)2.1-3.13克),殼(ke)(ke)薄(殼(ke)(ke)厚0.30-0.47mm),出(chu)核率高(平(ping)均26%以上),出(chu)仁率高(出(chu)仁率78.4-85.1%),仁飽滿(采(cai)收后(hou)殼(ke)(ke)仁無空隙),漿(jiang)水(shui)足,種(zhong)殼(ke)(ke)結構細密(最大孔(kong)隙徑:1.0μm~3.5μm;平(ping)均單位(wei)面積(ji)孔(kong)隙數:5-9個20μm×20μm;孔(kong)隙占總面積(ji)5.0%~8.0%),糯性強(qiang),貯(zhu)藏(zang)期長(常規可貯(zhu)5個月),其品質(zhi)為中國之冠(guan)。
生長環境
據《中國銀(yin)(yin)杏》記(ji)載(zai),銀(yin)(yin)杏的(de)(de)水平(ping)分布大體是(shi)在北緯22-42度,東經(jing)97-124度之(zhi)間,年平(ping)均氣(qi)溫14-18℃,絕對最(zui)低氣(qi)溫不(bu)低于(yu)負20℃的(de)(de)氣(qi)候區范圍內,生長良好。泰(tai)(tai)興(xing)位于(yu)東經(jing)119°54′05″~120°21′56″,北緯31°58′12″~32°23′05″,年平(ping)均氣(qi)溫15.9℃,與(yu)日本銀(yin)(yin)杏主產區九州處(chu)于(yu)同一(yi)緯度,為銀(yin)(yin)杏生產的(de)(de)最(zui)佳地帶。特殊的(de)(de)生態(tai)環境,加之(zhi)幾百年的(de)(de)栽培(pei)歷(li)史(shi),積(ji)累了豐富的(de)(de)栽培(pei)經(jing)驗,培(pei)育了優良品質的(de)(de)泰(tai)(tai)興(xing)白果(guo)。到2009年,該市銀(yin)(yin)杏品種(zhong)有(you)大佛指、七(qi)星果(guo)、扁佛指、龍眼(yan)等4種(zhong),其中大佛指(即泰(tai)(tai)興(xing)白果(guo))占99%以上,是(shi)公(gong)認的(de)(de)果(guo)用優良品種(zhong)。
分布范圍
中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)大部分地(di)區有栽培,為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特有樹種。浙(zhe)江(jiang)(jiang)天目山有野(ye)生,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)各地(di)廣(guang)為(wei)(wei)栽培。主產(chan)區江(jiang)(jiang)蘇、廣(guang)西(xi)、四(si)川、河南(nan)、山東、湖(hu)北、遼寧(ning)等。以江(jiang)(jiang)蘇泰興大佛指產(chan)品為(wei)(wei)最佳,銷往(wang)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)各地(di),并出(chu)口。
主要價值
白(bai)果(guo)已被國家衛(wei)生(sheng)部列(lie)為(wei)藥食(shi)(shi)兼用(yong)食(shi)(shi)品。泰興白(bai)果(guo)營養豐富,藥食(shi)(shi)俱佳。白(bai)果(guo)種(zhong)仁中含(han)有(you)(you)豐富的淀粉、蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)、脂(zhi)肪、黃酮、萜內酯,據初(chu)步研究,白(bai)果(guo)種(zhong)仁中還含(han)有(you)(you)16種(zhong)氨基(ji)酸、26種(zhong)礦物質(zhi)及22種(zhong)微量元素,是上等(deng)食(shi)(shi)療(liao)干果(guo)。經(jing)常食(shi)(shi)用(yong),可防治老(lao)年癡呆、哮喘痰咳、遺精、帶下(xia)、尿頻等(deng)多(duo)種(zhong)疾(ji)病(bing),特(te)別是對心腦血管疾(ji)病(bing)有(you)(you)特(te)殊療(liao)效,還具有(you)(you)強壯身(shen)體,健腦提神(shen),嫩膚抗(kang)皺等(deng)功(gong)效,是滋補(bu)身(shen)體的首選佳品。
藥用價值
銀杏種仁的內含(han)物的成分主要有:蛋白質含(han)量11.27%,淀粉73.24%,脂肪3.93%,總糖3.17%。每100克(ke)中含(han)維生(sheng)素A0.245毫克(ke),維生(sheng)素C21.65毫克(ke),維生(sheng)素E2.33毫克(ke)。
特別(bie)是銀(yin)杏(xing)(xing)種(zhong)(zhong)仁中均(jun)含有(you)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)需(xu)要的(de)(de)各種(zhong)(zhong)氨(an)(an)(an)基酸(suan)(suan),其中包括9種(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)不(bu)(bu)能合成或不(bu)(bu)能完全合成的(de)(de)亮(liang)(liang)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、異亮(liang)(liang)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、賴氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、蛋(dan)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、苯丙(bing)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、色(se)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、纈氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、精(jing)(jing)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)及(ji)嬰(ying)兒(er)必須(xu)的(de)(de)組氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)。亮(liang)(liang)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)含量(liang)0.64%,異亮(liang)(liang)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)0.42%,賴氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)0.51%,蛋(dan)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)0.23%,苯丙(bing)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)0.44%,色(se)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)0.23%,纈氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)0.68%,組氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)0.09%,精(jing)(jing)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)0.80%.還有(you)其他7種(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)缺少的(de)(de)氨(an)(an)(an)基酸(suan)(suan):蘇氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)0.51%,絲氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)0.55%,谷氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)2.18%,甘氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)0.66%,丙(bing)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)0.69%,絡氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)0.26%,天冬氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)1.13%。古今(jin)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)界認定銀(yin)杏(xing)(xing)種(zhong)(zhong)仁的(de)(de)性(xing)味為甘苦澀平(ping),有(you)毒,并歸經(jing)于肺、胃經(jing),其功(gong)能是:斂肺氣(qi)、定喘(chuan)(chuan)嗽(sou)、止(zhi)帶(dai)濁(zhuo)(zhuo)、縮(suo)小(xiao)(xiao)便(bian)(bian)(bian),主(zhu)治(zhi)哮(xiao)喘(chuan)(chuan)、痰(tan)(tan)嗽(sou)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)帶(dai)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)濁(zhuo)(zhuo)、遺精(jing)(jing)、小(xiao)(xiao)便(bian)(bian)(bian)頻數(shu)。《本(ben)草綱目》對白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)果的(de)(de)藥(yao)物功(gong)能論述(shu)為:“入肺經(jing),益脾氣(qi),定喘(chuan)(chuan)咳,縮(suo)小(xiao)(xiao)便(bian)(bian)(bian),止(zhi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)濁(zhuo)(zhuo);生(sheng)食(shi)降(jiang)痰(tan)(tan),消毒殺蟲。嚼漿涂鼻(bi)而手足(zu)(zu),去渣瘡及(ji)疥(jie)癬陰虱。”清代(dai)(dai)張璐璐的(de)(de)《本(ben)經(jing)適源》中記(ji)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)果具有(you)降(jiang)痰(tan)(tan)、消毒、殺蟲之功(gong)級,可(ke)(ke)(ke)治(zhi)療“瘡疥(jie)疽瘤、乳疽潰爛、牙齒(chi)蟲齪、小(xiao)(xiao)兒(er)腹瀉、赤白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)帶(dai)下(xia)、慢性(xing)淋(lin)濁(zhuo)(zhuo)、遺精(jing)(jing)遺尿(niao)等(deng)癥”。傳說清代(dai)(dai)舉子進京趕考,多(duo)自(zi)帶(dai)烤熟(shu)之銀(yin)杏(xing)(xing),應(ying)試期間,間隔取食(shi),可(ke)(ke)(ke)減少小(xiao)(xiao)便(bian)(bian)(bian)頻數(shu),利(li)于集中精(jing)(jing)力答卷。現(xian)代(dai)(dai)醫(yi)(yi)學研究證明,白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)果對多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型之葡(pu)萄球菌(jun)、鏈球菌(jun)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)喉桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)、炭疽桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)、枯草桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)、大(da)腸(chang)桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)、傷(shang)寒桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)、結核(he)桿(gan)(gan)菌(jun)等(deng)有(you)不(bu)(bu)同程序的(de)(de)抑制作用(yong)(yong)。新鮮白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)果提取的(de)(de)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)果酚(fen)甲(jia),對實驗家兔有(you)短暫的(de)(de)降(jiang)壓作用(yong)(yong),并能增加血(xue)管滲透性(xing)。白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)果是補虛扶衰(shuai)的(de)(de)上品(pin),臨床廣泛用(yong)(yong)于氣(qi)血(xue)虧損、心(xin)脾不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu),腎虧、腦衰(shuai)及(ji)肺癆(lao)、瘰疬等(deng)癥。民間有(you)大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)銀(yin)杏(xing)(xing)治(zhi)療疾病的(de)(de)土方、驗方,如(ru):老(lao)年(nian)人(ren)(ren)氣(qi)喘(chuan)(chuan)咳嗽(sou)、贏弱無力,取種(zhong)(zhong)仁煎(jian)炒,和之蜜糖,服之立效;幼兒(er)遺尿(niao)溺炕,取銀(yin)杏(xing)(xing)燒食(shi),每日7枚,連服數(shu)日可(ke)(ke)(ke)止(zhi)。很多(duo)醫(yi)(yi)院用(yong)(yong)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)果作中藥(yao),用(yong)(yong)于止(zhi)咳平(ping)喘(chuan)(chuan)、補虛扶衰(shuai)、澀精(jing)(jing)固(gu)元、嫩膚(fu)抗皺(zhou)、除皴消疾等(deng)。作為化妝品(pin)原(yuan)料,在(zai)市場銷售的(de)(de)產品(pin)有(you):銀(yin)杏(xing)(xing)A、B浴霜、銀(yin)杏(xing)(xing)香水霜、銀(yin)杏(xing)(xing)護(hu)發素、銀(yin)杏(xing)(xing)洗發香波(bo)、黃瓜素銀(yin)杏(xing)(xing)香波(bo)等(deng)十余(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)。另(ling)外(wai),白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)果還可(ke)(ke)(ke)治(zhi)愈牲畜的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)少疾病,如(ru)牛、馬(ma)肺虛咳嗽(sou)、結膜炎(yan)等(deng)。
食用方法
白(bai)(bai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)是上等干果(guo)(guo)(guo),采用炒、蒸、煨、燉、燒、炸等多種(zhong)(zhong)烹(peng)飪方法(fa)可制成白(bai)(bai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)燒雞、白(bai)(bai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)雞丁、白(bai)(bai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)蒸鴨、白(bai)(bai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)燉雞、白(bai)(bai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)銀耳(er)、蜜制白(bai)(bai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)番茄、糖醋白(bai)(bai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)、白(bai)(bai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)八寶飯、白(bai)(bai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)臘八粥、椒鹽(yan)白(bai)(bai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)等數十(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)美味佳肴,既(ji)飽口福,又能(neng)延年益壽。