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歷史淵源

作為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)地(di)方傳統(tong)特(te)產(chan)(chan)。建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)種(zhong)(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)歷史悠久，五代梁(liang)龍德初（公(gong)元921年），金(jin)鐃山報國寺前已有(you)(you)白(bai)(bai)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)池(chi)（為(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)八景之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)）。清代，建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)白(bai)(bai)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)已名(ming)(ming)聞遐邇。尤以產(chan)(chan)于西(xi)門外池(chi)的(de)“西(xi)門蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)”為(wei)(wei)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)品(pin)，自古(gu)屬(shu)朝廷(ting)貢蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)。據民國《建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)縣(xian)志(zhi)》載(zai)：“西(xi)門外池(chi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)百口，種(zhong)(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)。池(chi)旁(pang)遍植桃李，春(chun)夏花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時，游(you)人絡繹不(bu)絕。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)歲產(chan)(chan)約千斤，為(wei)(wei)吾國第一(yi)(yi)(yi)。”“蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)葉(xie)(xie)偶生相連(lian)曰(yue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)。嫩極鮮，老則(ze)為(wei)(wei)干。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)入藥補脾。邑種(zhong)(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)多(duo)處，以西(xi)門為(wei)(wei)最上(shang)(shang)品(pin)，水(shui)南(nan)次之(zhi)，水(shui)東(dong)又次之(zhi)。然較他(ta)邑產(chan)(chan)者(zhe)(zhe)，均有(you)(you)天(tian)淵之(zhi)判。”陸(lu)機(ji)詩疏云：“其(qi)(qi)莖(jing)為(wei)(wei)荷。其(qi)(qi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)未(wei)發為(wei)(wei)菡萏，已發為(wei)(wei)芙蕖。其(qi)(qi)實蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)之(zhi)皮青(qing)里白(bai)(bai)，其(qi)(qi)子(zi)菂(di)，菂(di)之(zhi)殼(ke)青(qing)肉(rou)(rou)白(bai)(bai)，菂(di)內青(qing)心(xin)為(wei)(wei)苦薏(yi)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)葉(xie)(xie)常偶生，不(bu)偶不(bu)生，故根曰(yue)藕(ou)。節生二(er)莖(jing)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)藕(ou)荷，其(qi)(qi)葉(xie)(xie)貼水(shui)，其(qi)(qi)下(xia)(xia)旁(pang)行(xing)生藕(ou)也(ye)；一(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)芰(ji)荷，其(qi)(qi)葉(xie)(xie)出水(shui)，其(qi)(qi)旁(pang)莖(jing)生花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)也(ye)。其(qi)(qi)葉(xie)(xie)清明后生，五六(liu)月(yue)(yue)開花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)有(you)(you)紅(hong)(hong)、白(bai)(bai)、粉紅(hong)(hong)三(san)色。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)心(xin)有(you)(you)黃須，蕊長(chang)寸余，須內即蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)也(ye)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)褪蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)房(fang)成(cheng)菂(di)，菂(di)在(zai)(zai)房(fang)如(ru)蜂在(zai)(zai)窠之(zhi)狀(zhuang)。六(liu)七月(yue)(yue)采嫩者(zhe)(zhe)生食，脆美。至秋，房(fang)枯子(zi)黑(hei)，其(qi)(qi)堅(jian)如(ru)石，謂之(zhi)石蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)。八九(jiu)月(yue)(yue)收之(zhi)，去黑(hei)殼(ke)，謂之(zhi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)肉(rou)(rou)。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)盡，握藕(ou)食之(zhi)，藕(ou)白(bai)(bai)有(you)(you)孔、有(you)(you)絲，大者(zhe)(zhe)如(ru)臂。紅(hong)(hong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)者(zhe)(zhe)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)多(duo)藕(ou)劣，白(bai)(bai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)者(zhe)(zhe)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)少藕(ou)佳。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)白(bai)(bai)者(zhe)(zhe)香(xiang)(xiang)，紅(hong)(hong)者(zhe)(zhe)艷。千葉(xie)(xie)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)結子(zi)。”在(zai)(zai)南(nan)鄉長(chang)吉保有(you)(you)“蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)池(chi)”。志(zhi)載(zai)“池(chi)廣十余畝，盡種(zhong)(zhong)荷，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)開時紅(hong)(hong)英碧葉(xie)(xie)，水(shui)光掩(yan)映，香(xiang)(xiang)風撲(pu)鼻，最為(wei)(wei)勝境(jing)。”在(zai)(zai)東(dong)鄉（現溪源鄉）有(you)(you)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)塘(tang)峰(feng)的(de)地(di)名(ming)(ming)，“峰(feng)下(xia)(xia)有(you)(you)仙舍，相傳僧人早(zao)在(zai)(zai)“天(tian)池(chi)”種(zhong)(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)十余畝而得名(ming)(ming)。”1989年版(ban)《辭海》上(shang)(shang)冊1322頁將“建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)”列為(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)名(ming)(ming)貴特(te)產(chan)(chan)。我國古(gu)代名(ming)(ming)著《紅(hong)(hong)樓夢》第10回和第52回關于“建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)”亦有(you)(you)記敘。建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)自產(chan)(chan)出便為(wei)(wei)宮(gong)廷(ting)貴人們喜愛，于是(shi)，建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)優質白(bai)(bai)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)也(ye)一(yi)(yi)(yi)直是(shi)貢品(pin)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。“建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)”外觀粒大飽滿，圓(yuan)潤潔(jie)白(bai)(bai)，色如(ru)凝脂(zhi)，具有(you)(you)稍(shao)燉即熟，久煮不(bu)散，湯汁清甜，香(xiang)(xiang)醇爽口，營(ying)養豐富的(de)特(te)點，放入剛(gang)沖(chong)開水(shui)的(de)保溫瓶中，半小時就熟。民間一(yi)(yi)(yi)向把(ba)建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)作為(wei)(wei)名(ming)(ming)貴的(de)滋補品(pin)，深受人們珍愛。

生產情況

新中(zhong)國(guo)成(cheng)立以(yi)前(qian)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧的(de)(de)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)種(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)很小，產(chan)量也(ye)很低，到(dao)(dao)解放(fang)(fang)前(qian)夕，已瀕于絕種(zhong)狀態。解放(fang)(fang)后，黨和(he)政府(fu)對建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)生產(chan)極為重(zhong)視，建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)生產(chan)得(de)到(dao)(dao)迅速恢復。但在十年(nian)(nian)浩劫的(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)大(da)革命(ming)時期，蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)花仙(xian)子(zi)也(ye)難逃厄運，被摧殘得(de)奄(yan)奄(yan)一(yi)息(xi)，1972年(nian)(nian)全縣(xian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)產(chan)量只有22擔(dan)，不到(dao)(dao)1950年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)三(san)(san)分之一(yi)。黨的(de)(de)十一(yi)屆三(san)(san)中(zhong)全會如春風化(hua)(hua)雨(yu)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)生機(ji)勃發，1980年(nian)(nian)全縣(xian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)面(mian)積(ji)由民國(guo)33年(nian)(nian)（1944）的(de)(de)285畝(mu)增至2311畝(mu)，1985年(nian)(nian)擴(kuo)大(da)到(dao)(dao)53077畝(mu)，總產(chan)196.28萬公(gong)斤，創歷史(shi)最(zui)高(gao)紀錄，面(mian)積(ji)分別為1950年(nian)(nian)、1978年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)226.38倍和(he)102.55倍。1994年(nian)(nian)以(yi)來，建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧縣(xian)委、縣(xian)政府(fu)堅持以(yi)市(shi)場為導向，因地制宜地調(diao)整農作物布局，實行稻蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)輪作套作，開展科(ke)技興蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)，致力于建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)提(ti)純復壯和(he)優化(hua)(hua)栽培(pei)、配方(fang)施肥，并采(cai)取“多種(zhong)穩糧促蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”的(de)(de)扶(fu)持措施,妥善解決糧蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)爭地的(de)(de)矛盾，不斷(duan)調(diao)整農業(ye)產(chan)業(ye)結構，使得(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)這一(yi)傳統名貴特產(chan)得(de)以(yi)展延蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)鄉方(fang)圓百里，種(zhong)植(zhi)區域從(cong)解放(fang)(fang)初(chu)期的(de)(de)十幾個(ge)村(cun)發展到(dao)(dao)鄉鄉、村(cun)村(cun)、戶(hu)戶(hu)大(da)面(mian)積(ji)種(zhong)植(zhi)，現年(nian)(nian)種(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)穩定在5萬畝(mu)左右，年(nian)(nian)產(chan)量均在2300噸以(yi)上，成(cheng)為福建(jian)(jian)(jian)省最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)生產(chan)出口(kou)創匯(hui)基地、建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧特色(se)農業(ye)的(de)(de)“金牌(pai)”和(he)農民致富的(de)(de)支柱產(chan)業(ye)。

種植品種

中國荷花(hua)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)有三大類(lei)，即藕用(yong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、子(zi)用(yong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)和觀賞(shang)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)，其中以(yi)生產蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)為主的稱(cheng)子(zi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。子(zi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)類(lei)中，著名的有建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、湘蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、湖蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、贛蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)等。建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)所種(zhong)的蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)為子(zi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)，出產的蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)為建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)（建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)通心白蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)）（以(yi)下(xia)簡稱(cheng)建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)）。建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)屬睡蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)科多(duo)年生水生草本植(zhi)物，系金鐃山紅花(hua)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)與白花(hua)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的天然雜交種(zhong)，經建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)世(shi)代(dai)(dai)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)農人工栽培、精心選育保存下(xia)來的優(you)良品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)，歷史(shi)上建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)被(bei)譽為“蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)中極(ji)品(pin)(pin)(pin)”，歷代(dai)(dai)被(bei)列入進貢珍品(pin)(pin)(pin)，古稱(cheng)“貢蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”。

品質特征

建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)鮮果(guo)(guo)百(bai)粒重370-—380g，通(tong)心白蓮(lian)百(bai)粒重125g左(zuo)右，百(bai)粒芽胚重4g。根據分析，一百(bai)克蓮(lian)子(zi)(zi)肉，含(han)(han)蛋(dan)白質(zhi)17g，維生素(su)(su)b1、b2、c共18.4g，胡蘿卜素(su)(su)17.8g，棉子(zi)(zi)糖(tang)、黃心樹寧(ning)堿和碳水(shui)化合(he)物(wu)40多g，還含(han)(han)有比較豐富的鈣、磷、鐵等(deng)人體必需的元素(su)(su)。福建(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)農業(ye)科學(xue)院中(zhong)心實驗(yan)室檢測(ce)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)富含(han)(han)17種氨(an)(an)基酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)，達16.4%，其微量(liang)(liang)元素(su)(su)比一般蓮(lian)子(zi)(zi)高出2-3倍(bei)。1987年科學(xue)出版社(she)出版，中(zhong)國科學(xue)院武漢植(zhi)物(wu)的國內(nei)第(di)一部《中(zhong)國蓮(lian)》專著中(zhong)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)紅花建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)為優質(zhi)子(zi)(zi)蓮(lian)，營(ying)養成份分析儀測(ce)定結果(guo)(guo)：淀粉含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)42.8%,總(zong)糖(tang)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)17%，還原糖(tang)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)1.2%，蛋(dan)白質(zhi)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)19.56%,含(han)(han)油量(liang)(liang)2%；含(han)(han)天(tian)冬氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)、蘇(su)氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)、絲氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)、谷氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)、甘(gan)氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)、丙氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)、酪(lao)氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)、苯丙氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)、賴(lai)氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)、組氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)、精(jing)氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)、脯氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)等(deng)15種總(zong)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)15.79%。

藥用功效

建(jian)蓮(lian)用途廣泛，渾身是寶，具有補脾、養心益(yi)腎、壯陽、固精等攻效，主治脾虛泄瀉、多夢遺(yi)精，崩帶漏下等癥，是極好的(de)(de)養心安(an)神高(gao)級滋補品，一(yi)向馳名中(zhong)外，為歷屆廣交(jiao)會熱(re)(re)門貨，此外，蓮(lian)葉、蓮(lian)梗也是清暑解熱(re)(re)的(de)(de)常用中(zhong)藥(yao)，蓮(lian)花(hua)、蓮(lian)房、蓮(lian)芯(xin)、蓮(lian)須均可入藥(yao)。明代李(li)時珍(zhen)在《本(ben)草綱(gang)目》中(zhong)對(dui)蓮(lian)的(de)(de)通(tong)身藥(yao)用價(jia)值有很(hen)高(gao)的(de)(de)評價(jia)。

產地環境

建寧(ning)位于閩(min)西(xi)北(bei)、武夷山(shan)脈中段，地處(chu)東(dong)經116°30′18″-117°03′49″，北(bei)緯(wei)26°32′23″—27°06′19″，面積(ji)1718平(ping)方(fang)公里(li)。縣境(jing)東(dong)接泰寧(ning)，南(nan)鄰明(ming)溪、寧(ning)化，西(xi)北(bei)與江西(xi)的廣(guang)昌、南(nan)豐、黎(li)川三縣毗(pi)鄰，是由閩(min)入贛的主要門戶之一，是福建母親河閩(min)江的正源(yuan)頭。

建蓮(lian)品(pin)質(zhi)卓異，源(yuan)以(yi)得天(tian)(tian)獨厚(hou)的(de)(de)自然環境、傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)技術和精細(xi)的(de)(de)加工(gong)技藝。建寧縣志云：建寧秀山麗水(shui)(shui)，玉潤流馨(xin)，季泉道道，十(shi)里蒸菖，極為旖(yi)旎(ni)。尤(you)以(yi)西(xi)門(men)蓮(lian)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)土條件為優(you)(you)越。建寧地處(chu)武(wu)夷山脈中段，全(quan)境西(xi)北低、東南高，形(xing)成向西(xi)北傾斜的(de)(de)高海(hai)拔“鍋底”，日(ri)夜溫(wen)差大(da)(da)，利(li)(li)于蓮(lian)子(zi)(zi)結(jie)實；縣境內(nei)地質(zhi)礦(kuang)帶多(duo)含稀土元素、鉀長石(shi)等，利(li)(li)于蓮(lian)子(zi)(zi)光合作用(yong)，積累養(yang)分；且森林茂密，地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)位(wei)高，泉水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)清(qing)潔，故建蓮(lian)品(pin)質(zhi)優(you)(you)良(liang)。精心栽(zai)(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)、適時(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)取，精細(xi)加工(gong)，也是建蓮(lian)質(zhi)地優(you)(you)良(liang)的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)因素。建蓮(lian)絕大(da)(da)多(duo)數(shu)在水(shui)(shui)田栽(zai)(zai)(zai)培(pei)(pei)，也有(you)利(li)(li)用(yong)池塘(tang)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)種，均以(yi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收蓮(lian)子(zi)(zi)為主要(yao)(yao)目的(de)(de)。每年(nian)春分后栽(zai)(zai)(zai)種藕苗(miao)，七(qi)月下(xia)旬蓮(lian)子(zi)(zi)成熟，七(qi)至(zhi)九月分批采(cai)(cai)(cai)收加工(gong)，到(dao)秋分采(cai)(cai)(cai)收結(jie)束，共可(ke)采(cai)(cai)(cai)17道。采(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)蓮(lian)子(zi)(zi)要(yao)(yao)在晴天(tian)(tian)清(qing)晨(chen)太陽(yang)未照射之(zhi)(zhi)前，采(cai)(cai)(cai)收的(de)(de)蓮(lian)子(zi)(zi)要(yao)(yao)當天(tian)(tian)加工(gong)，先去(qu)掉(diao)蓮(lian)蓬，破開(kai)蓮(lian)殼，剝(bo)去(qu)蓮(lian)膜，用(yong)竹(zhu)簽捅去(qu)蓮(lian)心，接著用(yong)專用(yong)的(de)(de)烤(kao)籠加炭(tan)火焙烤(kao)，這幾道工(gong)序，要(yao)(yao)在幾十(shi)秒內(nei)完(wan)成。蓮(lian)農(nong)說：“做蓮(lian)子(zi)(zi)如繡花，手上功夫(fu)大(da)(da)”。稍有(you)疏(shu)忽就會減損色(se)澤的(de)(de)潔白，加工(gong)好的(de)(de)蓮(lian)子(zi)(zi)則(ze)用(yong)有(you)內(nei)套的(de)(de)紡織或鐵皮箱盛(sheng)好，不與異味(wei)的(de)(de)食品(pin)并貯(zhu)，以(yi)保(bao)持其(qi)味(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)清(qing)香(xiang)。