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歷史淵源

作(zuo)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)地(di)方(fang)傳統特產(chan)(chan)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)種(zhong)(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)歷(li)史悠久(jiu)，五代梁龍德初（公(gong)元921年），金鐃山報國(guo)寺前已(yi)有白(bai)(bai)(bai)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)池(chi)（為(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)八景之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)）。清代，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)白(bai)(bai)(bai)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)已(yi)名(ming)聞遐邇。尤(you)以產(chan)(chan)于西(xi)(xi)門外池(chi)的(de)(de)“西(xi)(xi)門蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”為(wei)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)品，自古屬朝廷(ting)貢蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。據民國(guo)《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)志》載：“西(xi)(xi)門外池(chi)，一(yi)(yi)百口，種(zhong)(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。池(chi)旁(pang)(pang)(pang)遍植桃李，春夏花(hua)時，游人絡繹(yi)不(bu)絕。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子歲產(chan)(chan)約千斤(jin)，為(wei)吾國(guo)第一(yi)(yi)。”“蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)，花(hua)葉偶(ou)(ou)生(sheng)(sheng)相連曰(yue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。嫩(nen)極(ji)鮮，老則為(wei)干。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子入藥(yao)補脾(pi)。邑種(zhong)(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)多處(chu)，以西(xi)(xi)門為(wei)最上(shang)(shang)品，水南次(ci)之(zhi)，水東又次(ci)之(zhi)。然(ran)較他邑產(chan)(chan)者(zhe)，均有天淵之(zhi)判。”陸(lu)機詩疏云：“其莖為(wei)荷(he)。其花(hua)未發(fa)(fa)為(wei)菡(han)萏，已(yi)發(fa)(fa)為(wei)芙蕖。其實蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)之(zhi)皮青(qing)里白(bai)(bai)(bai)，其子菂(di)，菂(di)之(zhi)殼(ke)青(qing)肉(rou)白(bai)(bai)(bai)，菂(di)內青(qing)心(xin)為(wei)苦薏(yi)。花(hua)葉常偶(ou)(ou)生(sheng)(sheng)，不(bu)偶(ou)(ou)不(bu)生(sheng)(sheng)，故根曰(yue)藕(ou)(ou)(ou)。節生(sheng)(sheng)二莖，一(yi)(yi)為(wei)藕(ou)(ou)(ou)荷(he)，其葉貼(tie)水，其下旁(pang)(pang)(pang)行生(sheng)(sheng)藕(ou)(ou)(ou)也；一(yi)(yi)為(wei)芰荷(he)，其葉出水，其旁(pang)(pang)(pang)莖生(sheng)(sheng)花(hua)也。其葉清明后生(sheng)(sheng)，五六月(yue)開(kai)(kai)花(hua)，花(hua)有紅(hong)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)、粉紅(hong)三(san)色。花(hua)心(xin)有黃須，蕊長寸(cun)余(yu)，須內即(ji)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)也。花(hua)褪蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)房成菂(di)，菂(di)在(zai)房如(ru)蜂在(zai)窠之(zhi)狀。六七月(yue)采嫩(nen)者(zhe)生(sheng)(sheng)食(shi)，脆美(mei)。至秋(qiu)，房枯子黑(hei)，其堅如(ru)石，謂(wei)之(zhi)石蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子。八九月(yue)收之(zhi)，去黑(hei)殼(ke)，謂(wei)之(zhi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)肉(rou)。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盡(jin)，握藕(ou)(ou)(ou)食(shi)之(zhi)，藕(ou)(ou)(ou)白(bai)(bai)(bai)有孔(kong)、有絲，大(da)者(zhe)如(ru)臂。紅(hong)花(hua)者(zhe)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)多藕(ou)(ou)(ou)劣，白(bai)(bai)(bai)花(hua)者(zhe)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)少藕(ou)(ou)(ou)佳(jia)。花(hua)白(bai)(bai)(bai)者(zhe)香(xiang)，紅(hong)者(zhe)艷。千葉者(zhe)不(bu)結子。”在(zai)南鄉(xiang)(xiang)長吉保(bao)有“蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)池(chi)”。志載“池(chi)廣十(shi)余(yu)畝(mu)(mu)，盡(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)荷(he)，花(hua)開(kai)(kai)時紅(hong)英碧葉，水光掩映(ying)，香(xiang)風撲鼻(bi)，最為(wei)勝境。”在(zai)東鄉(xiang)(xiang)（現溪源鄉(xiang)(xiang)）有蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)塘峰的(de)(de)地(di)名(ming)，“峰下有仙舍，相傳僧人早在(zai)“天池(chi)”種(zhong)(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)十(shi)余(yu)畝(mu)(mu)而(er)得名(ming)。”1989年版《辭海》上(shang)(shang)冊1322頁將(jiang)“建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”列為(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)名(ming)貴特產(chan)(chan)。我國(guo)古代名(ming)著(zhu)《紅(hong)樓夢》第10回和第52回關于“建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”亦有記敘。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)自產(chan)(chan)出便為(wei)宮廷(ting)貴人們喜愛(ai)，于是，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)優質(zhi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)也一(yi)(yi)直是貢品之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。“建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”外觀粒大(da)飽(bao)滿，圓(yuan)潤潔白(bai)(bai)(bai)，色如(ru)凝(ning)脂，具有稍燉即(ji)熟，久(jiu)煮不(bu)散(san)，湯汁清甜，香(xiang)醇爽(shuang)口，營養豐富的(de)(de)特點，放入剛沖開(kai)(kai)水的(de)(de)保(bao)溫(wen)瓶(ping)中，半(ban)小(xiao)時就熟。民間一(yi)(yi)向(xiang)把建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)作(zuo)為(wei)名(ming)貴的(de)(de)滋(zi)補品，深受人們珍愛(ai)。

生產情況

新中國(guo)成(cheng)立以前，建寧的(de)(de)(de)蓮(lian)(lian)子種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植面(mian)積很小，產量也很低，到(dao)解(jie)放前夕(xi)，已瀕于絕種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)狀態。解(jie)放后，黨和政府對建蓮(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產極為(wei)重視，建蓮(lian)(lian)生(sheng)產得(de)(de)到(dao)迅(xun)速恢復(fu)(fu)。但在(zai)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)浩劫的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)(hua)大革(ge)命時期(qi)，蓮(lian)(lian)花仙子也難逃厄運，被摧殘(can)得(de)(de)奄奄一息，1972年(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)縣蓮(lian)(lian)子產量只有22擔，不(bu)到(dao)1950年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)三分之一。黨的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)一屆三中全(quan)會如春風化(hua)(hua)雨，建蓮(lian)(lian)生(sheng)機(ji)勃(bo)發(fa)，1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)縣蓮(lian)(lian)子面(mian)積由民國(guo)33年(nian)(nian)(nian)（1944）的(de)(de)(de)285畝(mu)增至2311畝(mu)，1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)擴大到(dao)53077畝(mu)，總產196.28萬(wan)公斤，創歷史最高紀錄，面(mian)積分別為(wei)1950年(nian)(nian)(nian)、1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)226.38倍和102.55倍。1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)以來，建寧縣委、縣政府堅持(chi)以市場為(wei)導(dao)向(xiang)，因地(di)制宜地(di)調整農作物布局，實(shi)行稻蓮(lian)(lian)輪作套(tao)作，開展科技興蓮(lian)(lian)，致(zhi)力于建蓮(lian)(lian)提純(chun)復(fu)(fu)壯和優(you)化(hua)(hua)栽培、配方(fang)施肥，并采取“多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)穩糧(liang)(liang)促蓮(lian)(lian)”的(de)(de)(de)扶(fu)持(chi)措(cuo)施,妥善解(jie)決糧(liang)(liang)蓮(lian)(lian)爭地(di)的(de)(de)(de)矛(mao)盾，不(bu)斷調整農業產業結構(gou)，使得(de)(de)建蓮(lian)(lian)這一傳(chuan)統名貴特產得(de)(de)以展延蓮(lian)(lian)鄉(xiang)方(fang)圓(yuan)百里(li)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植區(qu)域從解(jie)放初期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)幾個村發(fa)展到(dao)鄉(xiang)鄉(xiang)、村村、戶(hu)戶(hu)大面(mian)積種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植，現(xian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植面(mian)積穩定在(zai)5萬(wan)畝(mu)左右，年(nian)(nian)(nian)產量均在(zai)2300噸以上，成(cheng)為(wei)福(fu)建省最大的(de)(de)(de)建蓮(lian)(lian)生(sheng)產出口創匯基(ji)地(di)、建寧特色農業的(de)(de)(de)“金(jin)牌”和農民致(zhi)富的(de)(de)(de)支柱產業。

種植品種

中(zhong)國荷花(hua)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種有三大類，即藕用蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、子(zi)用蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)和(he)觀賞蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)，其中(zhong)以生產蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)為主(zhu)的(de)稱子(zi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。子(zi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)類中(zhong)，著名的(de)有建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、湘蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、湖蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、贛蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)等。建寧所種的(de)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)為子(zi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)，出產的(de)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)為建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)（建寧通心(xin)白蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)）（以下簡稱建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)）。建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)屬(shu)睡(shui)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)科(ke)多年生水生草本植物，系金(jin)鐃(nao)山紅花(hua)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)與(yu)白花(hua)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)天然雜交(jiao)種，經(jing)建寧世代(dai)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)農人工栽(zai)培、精心(xin)選育保存下來(lai)的(de)優良品(pin)(pin)(pin)種，歷史上(shang)建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)被譽為“蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)中(zhong)極品(pin)(pin)(pin)”，歷代(dai)被列(lie)入進貢珍品(pin)(pin)(pin)，古稱“貢蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”。

品質特征

建蓮(lian)(lian)鮮果百(bai)粒(li)重370-—380g，通(tong)心白(bai)蓮(lian)(lian)百(bai)粒(li)重125g左(zuo)右(you)，百(bai)粒(li)芽胚重4g。根據分析(xi)，一百(bai)克蓮(lian)(lian)子肉，含(han)(han)蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)17g，維生素b1、b2、c共18.4g，胡蘿卜素17.8g，棉子糖(tang)、黃心樹(shu)寧堿和碳(tan)水化(hua)合(he)物40多g，還(huan)含(han)(han)有比(bi)較豐富的鈣、磷、鐵(tie)等人體必需的元素。福(fu)建省農業科學院中(zhong)心實(shi)驗(yan)室檢測(ce)，建蓮(lian)(lian)富含(han)(han)17種氨(an)(an)(an)基酸(suan)(suan)，達16.4%，其(qi)微量元素比(bi)一般蓮(lian)(lian)子高出(chu)2-3倍。1987年科學出(chu)版(ban)社出(chu)版(ban)，中(zhong)國科學院武漢(han)植(zhi)物的國內第一部(bu)《中(zhong)國蓮(lian)(lian)》專(zhuan)著中(zhong)，建寧紅花建蓮(lian)(lian)為優(you)質(zhi)子蓮(lian)(lian)，營養成份分析(xi)儀(yi)測(ce)定結果：淀粉(fen)含(han)(han)量42.8%,總(zong)糖(tang)含(han)(han)量17%，還(huan)原糖(tang)含(han)(han)量1.2%，蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)含(han)(han)量19.56%,含(han)(han)油(you)量2%；含(han)(han)天冬(dong)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、蘇氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、絲(si)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、谷氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、甘氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、丙氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、酪氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、苯丙氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、賴氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、組氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、精氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、脯(fu)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)等15種總(zong)含(han)(han)量15.79%。

藥用功效

建(jian)蓮(lian)用(yong)途廣泛(fan)，渾身(shen)是(shi)寶，具有補脾、養心益腎、壯(zhuang)陽、固精(jing)等(deng)攻(gong)效(xiao)，主治脾虛泄瀉、多夢遺精(jing)，崩帶(dai)漏下(xia)等(deng)癥，是(shi)極好(hao)的(de)(de)養心安神高級滋(zi)補品，一向馳名中(zhong)外，為歷屆(jie)廣交會熱門貨，此(ci)外，蓮(lian)葉(xie)、蓮(lian)梗也是(shi)清(qing)暑解熱的(de)(de)常(chang)用(yong)中(zhong)藥(yao)，蓮(lian)花、蓮(lian)房、蓮(lian)芯(xin)、蓮(lian)須均可入(ru)藥(yao)。明代李(li)時(shi)珍在《本草綱目》中(zhong)對蓮(lian)的(de)(de)通身(shen)藥(yao)用(yong)價(jia)值有很(hen)高的(de)(de)評價(jia)。

產地環境

建(jian)寧位于閩(min)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)、武夷山脈(mo)中段，地處東經116°30′18″-117°03′49″，北(bei)(bei)緯26°32′23″—27°06′19″，面積1718平方(fang)公里(li)。縣境東接泰寧，南鄰明溪、寧化(hua)，西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)與江西(xi)(xi)的廣昌、南豐、黎(li)川三縣毗鄰，是(shi)由閩(min)入贛的主要(yao)門戶之一，是(shi)福建(jian)母親河閩(min)江的正源頭。

建(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)品質(zhi)(zhi)卓異(yi)(yi)，源(yuan)以得天(tian)獨厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自然環境(jing)、傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)培(pei)技術和精細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工技藝(yi)。建(jian)寧縣志云：建(jian)寧秀山(shan)麗水(shui)，玉(yu)潤流馨，季(ji)泉(quan)道(dao)道(dao)，十里蒸菖，極為(wei)旖(yi)旎。尤以西門(men)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)土(tu)條件為(wei)優(you)越(yue)。建(jian)寧地(di)(di)處武夷山(shan)脈(mo)中(zhong)段，全境(jing)西北低、東(dong)南高，形成(cheng)向西北傾斜的(de)(de)(de)(de)高海拔“鍋底”，日夜溫差大(da)，利(li)(li)于(yu)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)結實；縣境(jing)內(nei)地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)礦帶多含稀(xi)土(tu)元(yuan)素(su)、鉀長石等(deng)，利(li)(li)于(yu)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)光合作用(yong)(yong)，積累養分；且森林茂密，地(di)(di)下水(shui)位高，泉(quan)水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)清潔，故建(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)品質(zhi)(zhi)優(you)良。精心栽(zai)培(pei)、適時采(cai)取，精細(xi)加工，也是(shi)建(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)優(you)良的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要因素(su)。建(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)絕大(da)多數(shu)在水(shui)田栽(zai)培(pei)，也有利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)池塘栽(zai)種，均以采(cai)收(shou)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)為(wei)主要目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。每年春分后栽(zai)種藕苗，七(qi)(qi)月(yue)下旬蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)成(cheng)熟，七(qi)(qi)至九月(yue)分批采(cai)收(shou)加工，到(dao)秋分采(cai)收(shou)結束(shu)，共可采(cai)17道(dao)。采(cai)摘蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)要在晴(qing)天(tian)清晨太陽未(wei)照(zhao)射之前，采(cai)收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)要當(dang)天(tian)加工，先去(qu)掉蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)蓬(peng)，破開蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)殼(ke)，剝去(qu)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)膜(mo)，用(yong)(yong)竹(zhu)簽捅去(qu)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)心，接著用(yong)(yong)專用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)烤籠加炭火(huo)焙烤，這幾道(dao)工序(xu)，要在幾十秒內(nei)完成(cheng)。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)農說：“做蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)如(ru)繡花，手上功夫大(da)”。稍有疏忽就會減損色澤的(de)(de)(de)(de)潔白，加工好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)則用(yong)(yong)有內(nei)套的(de)(de)(de)(de)紡織(zhi)或鐵皮箱盛好(hao)，不(bu)與異(yi)(yi)味(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食品并貯，以保持其味(wei)之清香。