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歷史淵源

作為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)種(zhong)地方傳統特產(chan)(chan)(chan)。建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)種(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)歷(li)史悠(you)久，五(wu)代(dai)梁龍(long)德初（公元921年），金鐃山報國(guo)寺前已有(you)(you)白蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)池(chi)（為(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)八(ba)景之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)）。清(qing)代(dai)，建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)白蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)已名(ming)聞(wen)遐邇。尤以(yi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)于西(xi)門外(wai)池(chi)的(de)“西(xi)門蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)之(zhi)(zhi)上品(pin)(pin)，自(zi)古屬(shu)朝廷(ting)貢蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。據民(min)國(guo)《建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)縣志(zhi)》載：“西(xi)門外(wai)池(chi)，一(yi)百口，種(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。池(chi)旁遍植桃(tao)李，春夏花(hua)(hua)時，游人絡繹不(bu)(bu)絕。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子歲產(chan)(chan)(chan)約千斤，為(wei)(wei)(wei)吾國(guo)第(di)一(yi)。”“蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)，花(hua)(hua)葉偶(ou)生(sheng)相(xiang)連曰(yue)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。嫩極鮮，老則(ze)為(wei)(wei)(wei)干。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子入藥補脾。邑種(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)多(duo)處，以(yi)西(xi)門為(wei)(wei)(wei)最上品(pin)(pin)，水(shui)南(nan)次(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)，水(shui)東(dong)又(you)次(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)。然較他(ta)邑產(chan)(chan)(chan)者(zhe)(zhe)，均有(you)(you)天淵之(zhi)(zhi)判。”陸(lu)機詩疏云：“其(qi)(qi)莖(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)荷(he)(he)。其(qi)(qi)花(hua)(hua)未發(fa)為(wei)(wei)(wei)菡萏(dan)，已發(fa)為(wei)(wei)(wei)芙蕖。其(qi)(qi)實(shi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)之(zhi)(zhi)皮(pi)青里白，其(qi)(qi)子菂，菂之(zhi)(zhi)殼青肉白，菂內青心(xin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)苦薏。花(hua)(hua)葉常偶(ou)生(sheng)，不(bu)(bu)偶(ou)不(bu)(bu)生(sheng)，故根曰(yue)藕(ou)。節生(sheng)二(er)莖(jing)，一(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)藕(ou)荷(he)(he)，其(qi)(qi)葉貼(tie)水(shui)，其(qi)(qi)下旁行生(sheng)藕(ou)也(ye)；一(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)芰荷(he)(he)，其(qi)(qi)葉出(chu)水(shui)，其(qi)(qi)旁莖(jing)生(sheng)花(hua)(hua)也(ye)。其(qi)(qi)葉清(qing)明后生(sheng)，五(wu)六月開花(hua)(hua)，花(hua)(hua)有(you)(you)紅、白、粉紅三色。花(hua)(hua)心(xin)有(you)(you)黃(huang)須，蕊長(chang)寸余(yu)，須內即(ji)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)也(ye)。花(hua)(hua)褪蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)房成菂，菂在(zai)房如(ru)蜂在(zai)窠之(zhi)(zhi)狀。六七月采嫩者(zhe)(zhe)生(sheng)食，脆美。至(zhi)秋，房枯子黑(hei)，其(qi)(qi)堅如(ru)石，謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)石蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子。八(ba)九月收之(zhi)(zhi)，去黑(hei)殼，謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)肉。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盡，握藕(ou)食之(zhi)(zhi)，藕(ou)白有(you)(you)孔、有(you)(you)絲，大者(zhe)(zhe)如(ru)臂(bei)。紅花(hua)(hua)者(zhe)(zhe)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)多(duo)藕(ou)劣，白花(hua)(hua)者(zhe)(zhe)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)少藕(ou)佳。花(hua)(hua)白者(zhe)(zhe)香，紅者(zhe)(zhe)艷。千葉者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)結子。”在(zai)南(nan)鄉長(chang)吉保有(you)(you)“蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)池(chi)”。志(zhi)載“池(chi)廣十余(yu)畝，盡種(zhong)荷(he)(he)，花(hua)(hua)開時紅英碧葉，水(shui)光掩映(ying)，香風撲(pu)鼻，最為(wei)(wei)(wei)勝境(jing)。”在(zai)東(dong)鄉（現(xian)溪源鄉）有(you)(you)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)塘峰的(de)地名(ming)，“峰下有(you)(you)仙舍，相(xiang)傳僧(seng)人早在(zai)“天池(chi)”種(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)十余(yu)畝而得名(ming)。”1989年版《辭海》上冊(ce)1322頁將“建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”列(lie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)名(ming)貴特產(chan)(chan)(chan)。我國(guo)古代(dai)名(ming)著《紅樓夢》第(di)10回和第(di)52回關于“建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”亦有(you)(you)記敘。建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)自(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)出(chu)便(bian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)宮廷(ting)貴人們喜愛，于是，建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)優質(zhi)白蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)也(ye)一(yi)直(zhi)是貢品(pin)(pin)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。“建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”外(wai)觀粒(li)大飽(bao)滿(man)，圓潤潔白，色如(ru)凝脂(zhi)，具(ju)有(you)(you)稍燉即(ji)熟，久煮不(bu)(bu)散，湯汁清(qing)甜(tian)，香醇(chun)爽口，營養(yang)豐富的(de)特點，放入剛(gang)沖開水(shui)的(de)保溫(wen)瓶中，半小時就熟。民(min)間一(yi)向把建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)名(ming)貴的(de)滋補品(pin)(pin)，深受人們珍愛。

生產情況

新中國(guo)成(cheng)立(li)以(yi)(yi)(yi)前，建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)的(de)(de)(de)蓮(lian)子種植面積(ji)很小，產量(liang)也很低，到(dao)(dao)解放前夕(xi)，已(yi)瀕(bin)于絕種狀態(tai)。解放后，黨和(he)政府(fu)對(dui)建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)的(de)(de)(de)生產極為重(zhong)視，建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)生產得(de)(de)到(dao)(dao)迅(xun)速恢復(fu)(fu)。但(dan)在十年(nian)(nian)(nian)浩劫的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化大(da)革命時期(qi)，蓮(lian)花仙子也難逃厄運，被摧殘得(de)(de)奄奄一息(xi)，1972年(nian)(nian)(nian)全縣(xian)蓮(lian)子產量(liang)只有22擔，不到(dao)(dao)1950年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)三(san)分之一。黨的(de)(de)(de)十一屆(jie)三(san)中全會如(ru)春風化雨，建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)生機勃發，1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)全縣(xian)蓮(lian)子面積(ji)由民國(guo)33年(nian)(nian)(nian)（1944）的(de)(de)(de)285畝增(zeng)至2311畝，1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)擴大(da)到(dao)(dao)53077畝，總產196.28萬(wan)公斤(jin)，創歷史最(zui)(zui)高(gao)紀錄，面積(ji)分別為1950年(nian)(nian)(nian)、1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)226.38倍和(he)102.55倍。1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)來，建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)縣(xian)委、縣(xian)政府(fu)堅持以(yi)(yi)(yi)市場為導向，因地(di)(di)制宜地(di)(di)調(diao)整(zheng)農作(zuo)物(wu)布局，實(shi)行稻蓮(lian)輪作(zuo)套(tao)作(zuo)，開展(zhan)科技興蓮(lian)，致(zhi)(zhi)力(li)于建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)提(ti)純復(fu)(fu)壯和(he)優化栽培(pei)、配方(fang)施肥，并采取“多種穩糧(liang)促蓮(lian)”的(de)(de)(de)扶持措施,妥善解決(jue)糧(liang)蓮(lian)爭地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)矛(mao)盾，不斷調(diao)整(zheng)農業(ye)產業(ye)結(jie)構，使得(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)這一傳統名(ming)貴特產得(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)展(zhan)延蓮(lian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)方(fang)圓百里，種植區域從解放初期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)十幾個村發展(zhan)到(dao)(dao)鄉(xiang)(xiang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、村村、戶戶大(da)面積(ji)種植，現年(nian)(nian)(nian)種植面積(ji)穩定在5萬(wan)畝左(zuo)右，年(nian)(nian)(nian)產量(liang)均在2300噸以(yi)(yi)(yi)上，成(cheng)為福(fu)建(jian)(jian)省(sheng)最(zui)(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)生產出口創匯基地(di)(di)、建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)(ning)特色農業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)“金牌”和(he)農民致(zhi)(zhi)富的(de)(de)(de)支柱產業(ye)。

種植品種

中國荷(he)花品(pin)種有三大類，即(ji)藕用(yong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、子(zi)(zi)用(yong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)和(he)觀賞蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)，其中以生(sheng)產蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)為主的(de)稱(cheng)子(zi)(zi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。子(zi)(zi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)類中，著名(ming)的(de)有建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、湘(xiang)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、湖蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)、贛蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)等。建寧(ning)(ning)所種的(de)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)為子(zi)(zi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)，出產的(de)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)為建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)（建寧(ning)(ning)通心白蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)）（以下(xia)簡稱(cheng)建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)）。建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)屬睡蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)科(ke)多年(nian)生(sheng)水生(sheng)草本(ben)植(zhi)物，系金鐃山紅花蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)與(yu)白花蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)天然雜交種，經建寧(ning)(ning)世代蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)農人工栽培、精心選育保存下(xia)來的(de)優良品(pin)種，歷史(shi)上(shang)建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)被譽為“蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)中極(ji)品(pin)”，歷代被列入進(jin)貢珍品(pin)，古稱(cheng)“貢蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”。

品質特征

建(jian)蓮鮮(xian)果(guo)百粒重370-—380g，通(tong)心白(bai)蓮百粒重125g左右，百粒芽(ya)胚重4g。根據分析，一(yi)百克蓮子肉，含(han)(han)蛋(dan)白(bai)質17g，維生素(su)b1、b2、c共18.4g，胡蘿卜素(su)17.8g，棉子糖、黃(huang)心樹(shu)寧堿和碳(tan)水化合(he)物40多g，還含(han)(han)有比(bi)較豐(feng)富的(de)鈣(gai)、磷、鐵等人(ren)體必需的(de)元素(su)。福建(jian)省農業科(ke)學(xue)院(yuan)中(zhong)心實驗室檢測，建(jian)蓮富含(han)(han)17種氨(an)基(ji)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)，達16.4%，其微量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)元素(su)比(bi)一(yi)般蓮子高(gao)出(chu)2-3倍。1987年科(ke)學(xue)出(chu)版(ban)社出(chu)版(ban)，中(zhong)國科(ke)學(xue)院(yuan)武漢植物的(de)國內第一(yi)部《中(zhong)國蓮》專(zhuan)著中(zhong)，建(jian)寧紅花建(jian)蓮為優(you)質子蓮，營養(yang)成份分析儀測定結果(guo)：淀粉(fen)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)42.8%,總糖含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)17%，還原(yuan)糖含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)1.2%，蛋(dan)白(bai)質含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)19.56%,含(han)(han)油量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)2%；含(han)(han)天冬氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)、蘇氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)、絲氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)、谷氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)、甘氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)、丙(bing)氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)、酪氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)、苯丙(bing)氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)、賴氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)、組氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)、精(jing)氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)、脯氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)等15種總含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)15.79%。

藥用功效

建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)用途廣泛，渾身是(shi)寶，具有補脾、養(yang)心(xin)益腎、壯陽、固精等攻效，主治(zhi)脾虛(xu)泄(xie)瀉、多夢(meng)遺精，崩帶(dai)漏下等癥，是(shi)極好的(de)養(yang)心(xin)安神高(gao)級(ji)滋補品，一(yi)向(xiang)馳名中外，為歷屆廣交會熱門貨，此外，蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)葉、蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)梗(geng)也是(shi)清暑解熱的(de)常用中藥，蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)花、蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)房、蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)芯、蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)須均可入藥。明代李(li)時(shi)珍在《本草綱目》中對蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)通(tong)身藥用價值有很高(gao)的(de)評價。

產地環境

建寧(ning)位(wei)于(yu)閩(min)西北、武夷山脈中段，地處(chu)東經116°30′18″-117°03′49″，北緯26°32′23″—27°06′19″，面(mian)積1718平方(fang)公里。縣境(jing)東接泰寧(ning)，南(nan)鄰明溪、寧(ning)化，西北與江西的廣昌(chang)、南(nan)豐、黎川三縣毗鄰，是(shi)由閩(min)入贛的主要門(men)戶之一(yi)，是(shi)福建母親(qin)河(he)閩(min)江的正源頭(tou)。

建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)品質(zhi)卓異(yi)，源以(yi)得天獨厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然環(huan)境(jing)(jing)、傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)培技術和精細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工技藝。建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)縣(xian)志云：建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)秀山(shan)(shan)麗水(shui)，玉潤流馨，季泉道(dao)道(dao)，十(shi)里蒸菖，極為旖旎。尤以(yi)西門蓮(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)土(tu)條件為優(you)越。建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)地(di)處武夷山(shan)(shan)脈(mo)中段，全境(jing)(jing)西北低、東(dong)南高，形成向西北傾斜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高海拔“鍋底”，日夜溫差大，利(li)于(yu)蓮(lian)子結實；縣(xian)境(jing)(jing)內(nei)地(di)質(zhi)礦帶多(duo)含(han)稀(xi)土(tu)元素、鉀長石等，利(li)于(yu)蓮(lian)子光(guang)合作用，積累養分；且森林茂密，地(di)下(xia)水(shui)位高，泉水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)清潔(jie)，故建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)品質(zhi)優(you)良。精心栽(zai)培、適時(shi)采(cai)取，精細加(jia)(jia)(jia)工，也是建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)質(zhi)地(di)優(you)良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)因素。建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)絕大多(duo)數在水(shui)田(tian)栽(zai)培，也有利(li)用池塘栽(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)，均以(yi)采(cai)收蓮(lian)子為主要(yao)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。每年春分后栽(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)藕苗，七月下(xia)旬蓮(lian)子成熟，七至九月分批采(cai)收加(jia)(jia)(jia)工，到秋(qiu)分采(cai)收結束，共可(ke)采(cai)17道(dao)。采(cai)摘(zhai)蓮(lian)子要(yao)在晴天清晨太陽未照射之(zhi)(zhi)前，采(cai)收的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蓮(lian)子要(yao)當天加(jia)(jia)(jia)工，先去(qu)掉蓮(lian)蓬，破開蓮(lian)殼(ke)，剝去(qu)蓮(lian)膜，用竹簽(qian)捅去(qu)蓮(lian)心，接(jie)著用專(zhuan)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)烤(kao)籠(long)加(jia)(jia)(jia)炭(tan)火焙烤(kao)，這幾(ji)道(dao)工序，要(yao)在幾(ji)十(shi)秒內(nei)完成。蓮(lian)農說(shuo)：“做蓮(lian)子如(ru)繡花，手上(shang)功夫大”。稍有疏忽(hu)就會減(jian)損色澤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)潔(jie)白，加(jia)(jia)(jia)工好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蓮(lian)子則用有內(nei)套的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紡織或鐵皮箱盛好(hao)，不與異(yi)味的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食品并貯，以(yi)保持其味之(zhi)(zhi)清香。