外形特征
金(jin)州毛蚶(han)成體殼(ke)(ke)質堅厚,長卵圓(yuan)(yuan)形,通常兩殼(ke)(ke)大(da)小(xiao)不等,右殼(ke)(ke)稍小(xiao)。背側(ce)兩端略顯棱角(jiao),腹緣前(qian)(qian)端圓(yuan)(yuan),后(hou)端稍延長。殼(ke)(ke)頂突出(chu),向內卷曲,位置偏向前(qian)(qian)方,兩殼(ke)(ke)頂距離不很(hen)(hen)遠。殼(ke)(ke)面有放(fang)射肋35條左右,肋上(shang)有方形小(xiao)節結(jie),狀(zhuang)似瓦壟。生(sheng)長紋在腹側(ce)極(ji)明(ming)顯。殼(ke)(ke)面白色,被有褐色絨毛狀(zhuang)殼(ke)(ke)皮。殼(ke)(ke)內白色,殼(ke)(ke)緣具齒。鉸合處很(hen)(hen)窄,呈直(zhi)線形,齒細密。
生長環境
大(da)連市(shi)地處(chu)中國東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)半島最(zui)南(nan)端(duan),東(dong)(dong)(dong)瀕(bin)黃海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai),西臨渤海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai),南(nan)與山東(dong)(dong)(dong)半島隔(ge)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)相望,北(bei)依東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)平(ping)原。海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)產(chan)品(pin)資源十分豐富(fu),是(shi)聞名全(quan)國的海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)產(chan)品(pin)重(zhong)點(dian)市(shi),全(quan)市(shi)擁有海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)域面(mian)(mian)積23.6萬公頃(qing),海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)水(shui)平(ping)均溫度(du)(du)12.1°C,最(zui)高25°C,最(zui)低1°C。大(da)連海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)域潮(chao)差1.5~2米(mi)(最(zui)大(da)4米(mi)至4.5米(mi))。鹽(yan)度(du)(du)垂直分布一致,平(ping)均30~32‰,酸(suan)(suan)堿度(du)(du)7.9~8.3。海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)水(shui)富(fu)含氨態氮、硝(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)氮、亞硝(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)氮、和磷酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)等營養鹽(yan)。屬(shu)具有海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)洋性氣候特點(dian)的暖溫帶大(da)陸性季風氣候,冬無(wu)嚴寒,夏(xia)無(wu)酷(ku)暑(shu),四季分明。年平(ping)均氣溫10.5°C,年降水(shui)量550~950mm,全(quan)年日照總時數2500~2800小時。大(da)連海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)域受黃海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)暖流影響,冬季不結冰,幾乎不受臺風侵擾,因(yin)此(ci)適宜毛蚶大(da)面(mian)(mian)積浮(fu)筏養殖。
生活習性
毛蚶生活(huo)于淺(qian)海水深(shen)20米以內(nei)的泥砂底(di)質(zhi)中,以水深(shen)2~10米處較多;亦常分布于潮間(jian)帶下區。埋居較淺(qian),一般(ban)隨(sui)個(ge)體增長而加深(shen),深(shen)度(du)為3~10厘米。棲息水域以有適量淡水流入的內(nei)灣較宜,鹽度(du)一般(ban)在21~28.8、水溫變(bian)幅(fu)在0~32℃,是(shi)廣(guang)溫、廣(guang)鹽性種(zhong)類。主要(yao)食物(wu)為硅藻和有機(ji)碎(sui)屑。
生長繁殖
毛蚶(han)雌雄(xiong)異體,性(xing)比為(wei)1∶1。齡(ling)貝性(xing)腺(xian)開始(shi)成熟。雌性(xing)生(sheng)殖(zhi)腺(xian)呈橘紅(hong)色,雄(xiong)性(xing)乳白色,成熟期時(shi)更(geng)為(wei)明顯。
生(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)腺包在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)消化腺(內臟(zang)團)的周圍,性(xing)成熟時(shi)雌體性(xing)腺村(紫)紅色(se)(se),雄(xiong)體黃白色(se)(se),生(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)孔(kong)開(kai)口(kou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)后(hou)閉殼(ke)(ke)肌的腹面(mian),左右(you)各(ge)1個。卵(卵徑50-60微(wei)米(mi)(mi))在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)海(hai)(hai)水(shui)中受精(jing)孵化。生(sheng)(sheng)活在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)渤(bo)海(hai)(hai)遼東灣的毛蚶多在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)7月(yue)(yue)上旬(xun)至8月(yue)(yue)上旬(xun)產卵;繁(fan)殖(zhi)期間有2-3次精(jing)卵排(pai)放高峰(feng),每次間隔約(yue)半個月(yue)(yue)。殼(ke)(ke)長4厘米(mi)(mi)左右(you)手個體一次排(pai)卵量(liang)可達(da)200萬-300萬粒。產卵水(shui)溫多在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)25-27℃間。幼蟲(chong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)海(hai)(hai)水(shui)中浮游(you),以(yi)(yi)擔(dan)輪幼蟲(chong)期進(jin)入D形(xing)幼蟲(chong),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)150微(wei)米(mi)(mi)時(shi)殼(ke)(ke)頂開(kai)始明顯大于殼(ke)(ke)高,近長卵形(xing);殼(ke)(ke)長達(da)220微(wei)米(mi)(mi)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)出現“眼點”,即將(jiang)進(jin)入附(fu)(fu)著(zhu)變態生(sheng)(sheng)活。整個浮游(you)期約(yue)需16-17天。幼蟲(chong)結(jie)束(shu)浮游(you)生(sheng)(sheng)活后(hou),以(yi)(yi)足(zu)絲附(fu)(fu)著(zhu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)砂粒、貝殼(ke)(ke)、海(hai)(hai)藻等固體物上。足(zu)絲呈(cheng)帶狀(zhuang),終生(sheng)(sheng)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai);脫落后(hou)有再生(sheng)(sheng)附(fu)(fu)著(zhu)的能力。殼(ke)(ke)長達(da)1.2-1.5厘米(mi)(mi)時(shi),落入海(hai)(hai)底進(jin)入淺埋生(sheng)(sheng)活,約(yue)經2-2.5年(nian)長成成貝。