一.自然生態環境(jing)和人(ren)文歷史因素
土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)地(di)(di)貌情(qing)況:汾(fen)西縣(xian)地(di)(di)處呂梁山南(nan)(nan)(nan)麓,汾(fen)河西岸,屬(shu)黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)高(gao)原溝(gou)壑地(di)(di)貌,全縣(xian)整體地(di)(di)勢西北高(gao),東南(nan)(nan)(nan)低,是一張(zhang)天(tian)(tian)然(ran)(ran)的(de)大陽坡,天(tian)(tian)然(ran)(ran)的(de)地(di)(di)理條件(jian)適宜梨的(de)栽(zai)培(pei)。汾(fen)西梨產地(di)(di)位于汾(fen)西縣(xian)東南(nan)(nan)(nan)部,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)海(hai)拔(ba)700—1200多米。土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中性(xing)(xing),PH值(zhi)在8左(zuo)右,土(tu)(tu)(tu)層深厚、肥(fei)沃,通(tong)透(tou)性(xing)(xing)好。土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)養分(fen)狀(zhuang)況:有(you)(you)(you)機質(zhi)含量(liang)(liang)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)12.42g/kg,含氮約(yue)(yue)0.74g/kg,有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)磷約(yue)(yue)14.54mg/kg,速效(xiao)鉀(jia)約(yue)(yue)160.50mg/kg,緩效(xiao)鉀(jia)約(yue)(yue)838.3mg/kg,有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)銅約(yue)(yue)26.87mg/kg,有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)鋅約(yue)(yue)1.27mg/kg,有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)鐵約(yue)(yue)4.9g/kg。有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)硼約(yue)(yue)0.27g/kg,有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)鉬約(yue)(yue)0.14g/kg。土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)質(zhi)地(di)(di)較粗,土(tu)(tu)(tu)層較厚,約(yue)(yue)150—250m,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)透(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)透(tou)氣性(xing)(xing)良好,排澇能力強。水(shui)(shui)(shui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)中度(du)(du)(du)流失(shi),周圍無(wu)化工企業,無(wu)污(wu)染(ran),以上條件(jian)適宜梨栽(zai)培(pei)。 水(shui)(shui)(shui)文情(qing)況:水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)短缺,有(you)(you)(you)灌(guan)(guan)溉條件(jian)的(de)地(di)(di)區主(zhu)要(yao)采取管灌(guan)(guan)方式,水(shui)(shui)(shui)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)來自(zi)地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui),灌(guan)(guan)溉水(shui)(shui)(shui)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)符合無(wu)公(gong)害食(shi)品相應標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)要(yao)求,水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)合格。其它地(di)(di)區采取自(zi)然(ran)(ran)集(ji)雨澆灌(guan)(guan),基本能滿足梨樹生長需求。 氣候(hou)情(qing)況:氣候(hou)屬(shu)暖溫(wen)(wen)(wen)帶大陸性(xing)(xing)季風氣候(hou),四(si)季分(fen)明(ming),年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)10.1℃,日照(zhao)時數2615小時,年降(jiang)雨量(liang)(liang)486mm,無(wu)霜(shuang)178天(tian)(tian),農(nong)作物平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)生長期242天(tian)(tian),土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)凍結期115天(tian)(tian),年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)蒸發量(liang)(liang)1926mm,年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)光照(zhao)2368.8小時。最(zui)高(gao)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)24.6度(du)(du)(du),最(zui)低-16度(du)(du)(du),0-20cm年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)土(tu)(tu)(tu)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)10度(du)(du)(du)。晝夜最(zui)大溫(wen)(wen)(wen)差18.2℃。
二.地域范圍
汾西(xi)縣位(wei)于山西(xi)省中南部,臨汾市北部,東鄰霍州,西(xi)倚(yi)隰縣,南接洪洞,北與(yu)晉中市靈(ling)石縣接壤,轄5鎮(zhen)(zhen)3鄉。“汾西(xi)梨”地(di)理標志地(di)域保護范圍劃定為:團(tuan)柏鄉、永安(an)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、對竹鎮(zhen)(zhen)、佃坪鄉、和平(ping)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、邢家要鄉、僧(seng)念鎮(zhen)(zhen)所屬的(de)37個行政村(cun)(cun)。東到永安(an)鎮(zhen)(zhen)的(de)神符(fu)村(cun)(cun),西(xi)到佃坪鄉山云(yun)村(cun)(cun),南到和平(ping)鎮(zhen)(zhen)的(de)申村(cun)(cun),北到對竹鎮(zhen)(zhen)的(de)后王(wang)堤村(cun)(cun),經(jing)度(du)111°63'—111°33',緯度(du)36°76'—36°47',產地(di)面積800公頃(qing),年產梨12000噸。
三(san).產品(pin)品(pin)質特性特征
(1)外在感官。汾西梨(li)多(duo)為錐桶(tong)狀圓形,果(guo)(guo)肉(rou)細膩(ni),核小(xiao),酥脆甜(tian)爽(shuang),汁液多(duo),酸甜(tian)可口,芳香味濃(nong)。果(guo)(guo)型(xing)端正,品相好(hao)。色(se)澤微黃或黃中(zhong)帶綠,果(guo)(guo)面光(guang)澤細膩(ni),平均單果(guo)(guo)重200-400克,最大單果(guo)(guo)重500克以上。
(2)內在品質。汾西梨營養豐富,其蛋白(bai)質0.30—0.5g/100g,鉀90—95mg/100g,磷12.2—15.5mg/100g,鎂(Mg)6.0—8.6mg/100g,鋅(Zn)0.4—0.9mg/100g,鈉(Na)1.8—3.9mg/100g,鐵(Fe)0.4—1.4mg/100g,鈣(Ca)7.7—9.8mg/100g,可溶性固形物10.5—13.1g/100g,總酸0.08—0.15g/100g,總糖9.0—13.0g/100g,硬度4—7kg/cm2。
四.特定生產方式
(1)產(chan)地(di)選(xuan)擇與特(te)殊內容規定(ding) 汾西縣地(di)處臨(lin)汾市北部,汾西梨的主(zhu)產(chan)區,四季分明,光(guang)照充(chong)足(zu),晝夜溫差(cha)大,平均海拔高度700—1200米,栽培地(di)排水好,對梨產(chan)量的形成和品質的提高有著非(fei)常重(zhong)要的作(zuo)用。
(2)品種(zhong)選(xuan)擇(ze)與(yu)特定要求(qiu) 品種(zhong)為(wei)金梨(li)(li)、黃冠梨(li)(li)、玉(yu)露香(xiang)梨(li)(li)、紅香(xiang)酥(su)梨(li)(li)、桶(tong)子(zi)梨(li)(li)等(deng)品種(zhong),果(guo)品要求(qiu)果(guo)面光潔,色澤微黃,或黃中帶(dai)綠(lv),品相好新鮮干(gan)凈、無(wu)果(guo)銹。肉質(zhi)細嫩酥(su)脆,果(guo)汁多,含糖高,酸(suan)甜適度(du),耐(nai)儲運。苗木要求(qiu)無(wu)毒無(wu)菌無(wu)凍害的良種(zhong),一般(ban)粗度(du)達(da)到(dao)(dao)1cm,高度(du)達(da)到(dao)(dao)100cm以上。
(3)生產過程管(guan)理(li)(li) 土(tu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)水管(guan)理(li)(li):果(guo)(guo)(guo)園土(tu)地(di)平整,土(tu)層(ceng)深厚(hou),活土(tu)層(ceng)60厘(li)米(mi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)。每畝施用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)無害化處理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)3000公(gong)斤以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang),其(qi)(qi)他(ta)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)料用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)有(you)機(ji)復混肥(fei)(fei)(fei)補充。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)秋施基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),其(qi)(qi)余按照花(hua)(hua)前(qian)(qian)、花(hua)(hua)后(hou)、幼果(guo)(guo)(guo)膨(peng)大期(qi)(qi)等(deng)物(wu)侯期(qi)(qi)結(jie)合降(jiang)雨施用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。氮、磷(lin)、鉀比(bi)例(li)按每生產100公(gong)斤梨,施N(1.0-1.2kg)、P205(0.5-0.75kg)、K20(1.0-1.2kg)。根(gen)據樹(shu)(shu)體營養診(zhen)斷適量(liang)(liang)施入微量(liang)(liang)元素。行(xing)間種植三(san)葉(xie)草、苜蓿(xu)草或大豆苗等(deng),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)提高土(tu)壤有(you)機(ji)質含量(liang)(liang),減少(shao)土(tu)壤水分蒸發。 花(hua)(hua)果(guo)(guo)(guo)管(guan)理(li)(li):對(dui)花(hua)(hua)芽(ya)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)進行(xing)花(hua)(hua)前(qian)(qian)復剪(jian),調(diao)節花(hua)(hua)、葉(xie)芽(ya)比(bi)例(li)至(zhi)1:3-4,從花(hua)(hua)序分離開始(shi),每間隔20厘(li)米(mi)左(zuo)右(you),選(xuan)留(liu)一個(ge)粗壯花(hua)(hua)序,其(qi)(qi)它多(duo)余花(hua)(hua)序全(quan)(quan)部(bu)疏掉(diao)。花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)蜜(mi)蜂(feng)、壁蜂(feng)和人(ren)工授粉,謝花(hua)(hua)后(hou)10天(tian)開始(shi)疏果(guo)(guo)(guo),一個(ge)月內(nei)結(jie)束(shu)。根(gen)據樹(shu)(shu)勢強弱,坐果(guo)(guo)(guo)多(duo)少(shao),確定適宜的(de)(de)(de)留(liu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)間距,一般(ban)為(wei)20-25厘(li)米(mi),選(xuan)留(liu)一個(ge)坐果(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)壯花(hua)(hua)序,留(liu)一個(ge)中心果(guo)(guo)(guo),把多(duo)余的(de)(de)(de)幼果(guo)(guo)(guo)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)疏除。謝花(hua)(hua)后(hou)30-40天(tian)開始(shi)套袋(dai),6月中旬結(jie)束(shu)。套袋(dai)前(qian)(qian)進行(xing)疏果(guo)(guo)(guo)和噴施2-3次殺菌(jun)殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑并(bing)補鈣(gai)。對(dui)影響果(guo)(guo)(guo)實著(zhu)色的(de)(de)(de)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、葉(xie)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)剪(jian)掉(diao),待果(guo)(guo)(guo)實向陽面著(zhu)色后(hou)進行(xing)轉果(guo)(guo)(guo),使(shi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)實背陰(yin)面盡可能多(duo)著(zhu)色。 病蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害防治(zhi):采取(qu)預防為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)、綜合防治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)原則。物(wu)理(li)(li)技術包(bao)括(kuo):采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)糖醋液、黃色粘蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)膠帶、頻(pin)振式殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)燈、性誘劑、黃色誘蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)板、瓦(wa)棱紙(zhi)誘蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)帶等(deng)物(wu)理(li)(li)措(cuo)施。生物(wu)技術包(bao)括(kuo):使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)治(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)菌(jun)治(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)菌(jun)治(zhi)菌(jun)等(deng)生物(wu)防治(zhi)措(cuo)施,即(ji)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)BT菌(jun)劑和撲(pu)食螨。化學(xue)防治(zhi)技術包(bao)括(kuo):針對(dui)性的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)生物(wu)源(yuan)、礦物(wu)源(yuan)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)和低毒、低殘留(liu)有(you)機(ji)合成農(nong)藥(yao)(yao),如選(xuan)擇BT菌(jun)劑、滅幼脲、苦參(can)素等(deng)。不(bu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)國家禁(jin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)。 整形(xing)修剪(jian):主(zhu)(zhu)要樹(shu)(shu)形(xing)為(wei)自由紡(fang)綞(duo)形(xing),樹(shu)(shu)高3米(mi)左(zuo)右(you),冠徑2-3米(mi),主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)4-10個(ge),樹(shu)(shu)冠扁(bian)圓形(xing),適用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于株(zhu)距3-4米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)園。紡(fang)錘形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)角(jiao)度(du)(du)80度(du)(du)左(zuo)右(you),小冠疏層(ceng)形(xing)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)角(jiao)度(du)(du)70度(du)(du)左(zuo)右(you)。采取(qu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)疏剪(jian)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),緩、疏、縮(suo)相結(jie)合的(de)(de)(de)修剪(jian)方法,紡(fang)錘形(xing)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過長的(de)(de)(de)適時縮(suo)剪(jian),小冠疏層(ceng)形(xing)樹(shu)(shu)頭過高的(de)(de)(de)及時落頭。盛果(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi)(qi)樹(shu)(shu)畝枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)5—6萬條,內(nei)膛枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)葉(xie)透(tou)光率30%以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)。
(4)產品收(shou)獲及產后處理規定 適(shi)時(shi)采(cai)收(shou),采(cai)摘時(shi)輕拿(na)輕放,避免碰壓刺傷。采(cai)收(shou)后分級(ji):指(zhi)標參照GB/T10651。包裝(zhuang)(zhuang):選用鈣(gai)塑(su)瓦楞箱和瓦楞紙箱為包裝(zhuang)(zhuang)容器,其技術要求應符合GB/T13607的規定。貯(zhu)存:采(cai)收(shou)后及時(shi)入庫(ku)保(bao)存,冷藏按GB/T8559規定執行(xing);氣調貯(zhu)藏按ISO8682規定執行(xing)。庫(ku)房無異味。并觀察庫(ku)內溫度(du)、濕(shi)度(du),保(bao)證(zheng)儲存安全(quan)。不與有(you)毒、有(you)害(hai)物品混合存放。不得使用有(you)損(sun)“汾西梨”質量的保(bao)鮮試劑和材(cai)料。
(5)生(sheng)產(chan)記錄要求(qiu):詳細記錄生(sheng)產(chan)操作日(ri)期,病蟲害(hai)情況,技(ji)術措(cuo)施,建立生(sheng)產(chan)過程記錄檔案(an),記載投(tou)入(ru)品的(de)名稱、作用(yong)時間(jian)、使用(yong)目的(de)、使用(yong)方法、使用(yong)量、生(sheng)產(chan)廠家等。