一.產品介紹
中寧(ning)縣硒砂(sha)(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)種(zhong)(zhong)植自(zi)上世(shi)紀五十年(nian)(nian)代(dai)開始在鳴(ming)沙鎮二道溝興起,至2015年(nian)(nian)底全縣硒砂(sha)(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)種(zhong)(zhong)植面(mian)積發展(zhan)到32.5萬畝,分(fen)布在白(bai)馬鄉、鳴(ming)沙鎮、徐套鄉、喊叫水(shui)(shui)鄉。硒砂(sha)(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)是(shi)壓砂(sha)(sha)(sha)地上生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)出(chu)(chu)的(de)西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)、甜(tian)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua),所(suo)謂壓砂(sha)(sha)(sha)地是(shi)指在干旱山坡地表面(mian),覆(fu)蓋一層厚15厘米左右(you)的(de)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)礫,通過(guo)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)礫層的(de)蓄水(shui)(shui)、保墑(di)、增(zeng)溫(wen)等(deng)(deng)作用,提高西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)、甜(tian)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)品質(zhi),同時隨(sui)著(zhu)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)礫石的(de)逐步風化(hua)(hua),釋放出(chu)(chu)礦物元素(su)(su),隨(sui)雨水(shui)(shui)沖刷入土,被植物根系吸收,生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)出(chu)(chu)的(de)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)甘甜(tian)爽口,富含硒、鐵、鋅等(deng)(deng)對(dui)人(ren)體健康(kang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)益(yi)的(de)微量(liang)元素(su)(su),故(gu)名(ming)為“硒砂(sha)(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)”。獨特的(de)氣候(hou)(hou)打(da)造了中寧(ning)硒砂(sha)(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)優質(zhi)品質(zhi),中寧(ning)縣全年(nian)(nian)日(ri)(ri)照(zhao)時數2845小時,日(ri)(ri)照(zhao)百分(fen)率在60%以上,無霜期153天(tian),有(you)(you)(you)(you)效積溫(wen)3349℃,5-8月份晝夜溫(wen)差一般在15.5℃-12.6℃之間(jian),得天(tian)獨厚的(de)光熱資源,砂(sha)(sha)(sha)礫鋪壓的(de)節(jie)水(shui)(shui)、增(zeng)溫(wen)、保墑(di)效果,為增(zeng)強硒砂(sha)(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)同化(hua)(hua)作用,減少異化(hua)(hua)作用對(dui)養分(fen)的(de)消耗(hao),積聚大量(liang)糖(tang)份、維生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)、氨基酸和多種(zhong)(zhong)微量(liang)元素(su)(su)提供(gong)了獨特的(de)自(zi)然條件(jian)。“早穿皮襖午披紗,晚上圍著(zhu)火爐吃西瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)”是(shi)該地區氣候(hou)(hou)特點的(de)真實寫照(zhao),據(ju)農(nong)業部(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)關部(bu)門檢測,中寧(ning)硒砂(sha)(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)不(bu)僅含有(you)(you)(you)(you)鋅、鈣、鉀、硒等(deng)(deng)微量(liang)元素(su)(su),還含有(you)(you)(you)(you)維生(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)、胡蘿卜素(su)(su)和18種(zhong)(zhong)氨基酸,十分(fen)有(you)(you)(you)(you)利(li)于人(ren)們身體健康(kang),尤其硒元素(su)(su)可使人(ren)延(yan)緩衰(shuai)老,增(zeng)強免疫(yi)力,延(yan)年(nian)(nian)益(yi)壽(shou)。硒砂(sha)(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)耐貯藏,放置在家里、辦(ban)公(gong)(gong)室等(deng)(deng)自(zi)然條件(jian)下5個月不(bu)腐爛;耐運輸,長途拉運數千公(gong)(gong)里,完好無損,是(shi)目前國內市場(chang)最易儲(chu)藏販(fan)運的(de)綠色食品。
二.自然(ran)生態環境和(he)人(ren)文(wen)歷史因素
1、土(tu)(tu)壤地(di)貌:中寧(ning)縣北部(bu)為(wei)(wei)衛寧(ning)北山(shan)(shan)及(ji)丘陵(ling),中部(bu)為(wei)(wei)黃河沖積平原,東(dong)部(bu)和東(dong)南部(bu)為(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)地(di)(牛首山(shan)(shan)、煙筒山(shan)(shan))與丘陵(ling),西南部(bu)為(wei)(wei)清水(shui)河河谷(gu)平原和米缽山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)地(di)。土(tu)(tu)壤營養(yang)充足切處(chu)于平衡狀態,:pH值8.28、汞0.03mg/kg、鉛13.4 mg/kg、鎘0.16 mg/kg、砷11.9 mg/kg、鉻60.5 mg/kg、銅19.5 mg/kg。
2、水文情況:黃河(he)流(liu)經68千米(mi)(mi),年均流(liu)量325億立方米(mi)(mi)。清水河(he)流(liu)量1.24億立方米(mi)(mi)。境(jing)內七(qi)星渠、躍(yue)進渠、固海渠、北灘渠4條主干渠為主要(yao)(yao)灌溉渠道。湖泊總面積445公頃。硒砂瓜(gua)種植基地(di)屬靠天(tian)然降水的旱(han)作農業(ye)區,主要(yao)(yao)為山(shan)坡(po)地(di)和丘陵地(di),遠離城區和工礦業(ye)區,產地(di)內無污(wu)染企業(ye)和其它(ta)污(wu)染源(yuan)。
3、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)情況; 中寧(ning)縣屬大(da)陸性氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou),冬長夏短(duan),溫(wen)(wen)差較大(da),干旱(han)少雨,蒸(zheng)發(fa)強烈,光照(zhao)充足,熱量豐富。年(nian)平均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)9.1℃。該(gai)地(di)區生(sheng)長季(ji)(ji)節日照(zhao)時數1080小時,日照(zhao)百分率在(zai)65%,無霜(shuang)期(qi)165天,有效積(ji)溫(wen)(wen)2529.3℃,5-8月(yue)份晝夜溫(wen)(wen)差一般在(zai)15.5℃-12.6℃之間,年(nian)降水(shui)量221.6毫米,多集中在(zai)7、8、9月(yue)。年(nian)蒸(zheng)發(fa)量2055.3毫米,為降水(shui)量的9.3倍。年(nian)均(jun)相對濕度為52%。年(nian)太陽輻(fu)射總量5924兆焦耳(er)/㎡。春(chun)季(ji)(ji)多風(feng),年(nian)均(jun)風(feng)速為2.9米/秒(miao),最大(da)風(feng)力為12級。“早穿皮襖午披紗,晚(wan)上圍著火爐(lu)吃西瓜”是該(gai)地(di)區氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)特點的真(zhen)實寫照(zhao)。
4、人(ren)文(wen)歷史情況:壓(ya)(ya)砂(sha)(sha)地(di)上(shang)(shang)(shang)積(ji)聚了(le)我縣幾(ji)代(dai)(dai)勞動人(ren)民勤勞智(zhi)慧(hui)的結晶,我縣從上(shang)(shang)(shang)世紀(ji)四(si)十年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)開始(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)中寧硒(xi)砂(sha)(sha)瓜(gua),已有(you)(you)70多年(nian)(nian)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)歷史。過(guo)(guo)去苦于(yu)缺(que)乏資(zi)金、交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)不(bu)便(bian)、沒有(you)(you)政策(ce)、受生活所(suo)迫,群眾自發地(di)零星(xing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),只是(shi)把硒(xi)砂(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)作(zuo)為一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)副(fu)業。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)硒(xi)砂(sha)(sha)瓜(gua),首(shou)先要(yao)在(zai)荒(huang)(huang)地(di)鋪上(shang)(shang)(shang)砂(sha)(sha)礫,由于(yu)過(guo)(guo)去交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運輸不(bu)便(bian),造(zao)成種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)壓(ya)(ya)砂(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)投資(zi)時(shi)間(jian)長,產生效益(yi)時(shi)間(jian)更(geng)長,加上(shang)(shang)(shang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)很多年(nian)(nian)后要(yao)倒茬,所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)世紀(ji)70年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)當(dang)地(di)人(ren)們對壓(ya)(ya)砂(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)有(you)(you)一句(ju)順口溜“苦死(si)老子(zi)、富死(si)兒子(zi)、愁死(si)孫子(zi)”。但隨(sui)著種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)水(shui)平(ping)的不(bu)斷提高(gao),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積(ji)的逐步擴大,和(he)水(shui)源的進一步解決(jue),機械化裝備水(shui)平(ping)的提高(gao),勞動程度明顯降低,上(shang)(shang)(shang)世紀(ji)90年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)壓(ya)(ya)砂(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)進入快(kuai)速(su)發展(zhan)階段。硒(xi)砂(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)被(bei)當(dang)地(di)百姓稱為“石頭里長出的西瓜(gua)”,是(shi)當(dang)地(di)人(ren)民充分利(li)用山地(di)資(zi)源優勢發展(zhan)起(qi)來的一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)特色種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瓜(gua)模式,在(zai)世界上(shang)(shang)(shang)也可以(yi)說是(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)獨創,不(bu)僅(jin)實現了(le)可觀的經濟效益(yi),同時(shi)也產生明顯的生態效益(yi)和(he)社會效益(yi),減少了(le)土地(di)荒(huang)(huang)漠化面積(ji),提高(gao)了(le)土地(di)利(li)用率,帶動了(le)二、三產業的快(kuai)速(su)發展(zhan),到(dao)2008年(nian)(nian)我縣喊(han)叫水(shui)鄉、鳴沙(sha)鎮、白馬鄉等鎮鄉硒(xi)砂(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)面積(ji)累(lei)計達到(dao)2.3萬(wan)公傾,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瓜(gua)農戶達到(dao)6000戶,成為寧夏中部(bu)干旱帶農民“拔窮根”的產業。
三.地域范圍
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧縣(xian)(xian)地(di)處寧夏中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部,衛寧灌(guan)區的東段。東經105°26′-106°07′,北(bei)緯(wei)37°9′-73°50′之間,海拔1184米。東臨利通區、青銅峽,西(xi)依中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)衛城區,南(nan)接同心縣(xian)(xian),北(bei)靠(kao)內蒙古阿拉善(shan)左旗,縣(xian)(xian)境東西(xi)寬約50千米,南(nan)北(bei)長約60千米,全縣(xian)(xian)面(mian)(mian)積4198平方公(gong)里。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧硒砂瓜種植區域主要分(fen)布在白馬鄉(xiang)、鳴(ming)沙鎮(zhen)、恩和鎮(zhen)、舟塔鄉(xiang)、喊叫水鄉(xiang),種植面(mian)(mian)積達2.3萬(wan)公(gong)傾,總產(chan)量52萬(wan)噸。
四.產品品質(zhi)特性特征
1、外在(zai)感觀特征(zheng):中寧硒(xi)砂瓜(gua)(gua)個大(da)(da)皮后,果實(shi)為橢(tuo)圓形,果皮濃綠(lv)(lv)色條(tiao)帶。2、內在(zai)的(de)(de)品質指標:獨(du)特的(de)(de)種植方式和自(zi)然(ran)條(tiao)件(jian),生產的(de)(de)西(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)個大(da)(da)、瓤紅、汁多、果肉鮮嫩、甘(gan)甜(tian)如蜜,糖分高達(da)13.8%。生產出(chu)的(de)(de)瓜(gua)(gua)營養元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)含量全面合(he)理(li)。其中:人體必(bi)需(xu)的(de)(de)氨(an)基酸18種,維生素(su)3種,微量元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)5種,其中含鈣56mg/kg、鉀1090mg/kg,特別含有人體保健(jian)必(bi)需(xu)的(de)(de)硒(xi)和鋅等(deng)微量元(yuan)(yuan)素(su),有延年(nian)益(yi)壽、抗衰老、抗癌作用,獨(du)具保健(jian)價值,因之得名“硒(xi)砂瓜(gua)(gua)”,是真正無污染的(de)(de)綠(lv)(lv)色食品。
3、安全要(yao)求:中(zhong)寧硒砂瓜嚴(yan)格按照(NY5109-2005)標準執(zhi)行。
五.特定生產方式
1、產(chan)地(di)選(xuan)擇:在干旱地(di)選(xuan)擇地(di)勢平(ping)坦(tan)或(huo)(huo)坡度小、土(tu)層(ceng)深(shen)厚(hou)、肥(fei)力中(zhong)上、向陽(yang)的歇(xie)茬山地(di)或(huo)(huo)麥地(di)、豆(dou)茬地(di)作(zuo)為壓砂的田(tian)塊。
2、品種選(xuan)擇:選(xuan)用抗(kang)病、抗(kang)旱(han)、優質、豐產、耐貯運、商(shang)品性好的(de)品種,種子(zi)質量應符合瓜菜(cai)作(zuo)物種子(zi)的(de)要求。可選(xuan)用黑美(mei)人、新金(jin)蘭、金(jin)城5號(hao)、西農8號(hao)、高抗(kang)冠龍等品種。
3、生產過程管(guan)理(li)(li):在硒砂瓜(gua)生產過程中,山(shan)地壓砂、種子處理(li)(li)、病蟲害防治是生產的關鍵環節。
①砂(sha)(sha)(sha)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)鋪設(she)(she) 選擇地(di)(di)勢平(ping)坦或(huo)坡(po)度(du)(du)小、土層深厚(hou)、肥力中上、向陽的(de)(de)歇茬山地(di)(di)或(huo)麥地(di)(di)、豆茬地(di)(di)作為壓砂(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)田塊(kuai)。在(zai)(zai)干旱地(di)(di)區所采用的(de)(de)鋪壓砂(sha)(sha)(sha)石混(hun)(hun)合物(wu)(wu)(砂(sha)(sha)(sha)、石混(hun)(hun)合物(wu)(wu)比例3:7或(huo)4:6,壓砂(sha)(sha)(sha)厚(hou)度(du)(du)15-20厘(li)米(mi)),以蓄水、保墑、壓堿并提高地(di)(di)溫種(zhong)植作物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)一(yi)類宜(yi)耕地(di)(di)。壓砂(sha)(sha)(sha)厚(hou)度(du)(du)視砂(sha)(sha)(sha)石粗細(xi)程度(du)(du)確定,砂(sha)(sha)(sha)粗鋪設(she)(she)厚(hou)些(xie),砂(sha)(sha)(sha)細(xi)鋪設(she)(she)厚(hou)度(du)(du)薄些(xie)。砂(sha)(sha)(sha)石混(hun)(hun)合物(wu)(wu)比例以4:6為宜(yi)。一(yi)般畝壓砂(sha)(sha)(sha)用量(liang)在(zai)(zai)100-120立(li)方米(mi)。土壤在(zai)(zai)鋪設(she)(she)前(qian)應犁地(di)(di)曬伐,增加(jia)養(yang)分。
②種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)處理措施 種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)要購買優質品種(zhong)(zhong),采(cai)用溫燙(tang)湯浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)、高猛酸鉀消毒(du)(du)法、多(duo)菌靈或福(fu)爾馬林消毒(du)(du)法統一進行種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)消毒(du)(du)處理后(hou)播種(zhong)(zhong)。
③切實加(jia)強病(bing)蟲(chong)害防治 采取農業(ye)綜合措施,合理進(jin)行輪作(zuo)倒茬,減(jian)輕病(bing)害發生。常用的輪作(zuo)方式(shi)有以下三種:
①錯(cuo)位(wei)稀植倒茬;
②西瓜-甜瓜-歇茬法(fa);
③瓜-麥輪作(zuo)(zuo)法。 加強病蟲(chong)害預(yu)測預(yu)報(bao),及時掌握蟲(chong)口密度(du),發布病蟲(chong)害預(yu)警(jing)情(qing)報(bao);在(zai)有條件(jian)的(de)(de)地區(qu)開展統防統治(zhi)。按照(zhao)農藥安全合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)標準和農藥合(he)理使用準則的(de)(de)要求進行,積(ji)極推(tui)廣生(sheng)物防治(zhi),合(he)理進行化學防治(zhi)。 藥劑防治(zhi)應遵循(xun)的(de)(de)原則:
a嚴格執行國(guo)家有(you)關(guan)規定(ding),禁止(zhi)使用(yong)高(gao)毒(du)(du)、高(gao)殘留、高(gao)生物(wu)富集(ji)性、高(gao)三致(致毒(du)(du)、致癌、致突變(bian))的農(nong)藥及其混配農(nong)藥,不使用(yong)未核(he)準登記(ji)的農(nong)藥。
b使用(yong)藥劑防治時,要嚴格執行國(guo)家標準中農(nong)(nong)藥合理使用(yong)準則和規定的施(shi)用(yong)藥量、施(shi)藥次數,使用(yong)經農(nong)(nong)藥殘留檢測合格的農(nong)(nong)藥。
c嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)執行(xing)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最高殘留量(liang)(liang),使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)限次和(he)(he)安全(quan)(quan)間隔(ge)期(qi)(qi)(qi)。 科學使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa):認準病蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類,有(you)(you)針對性(xing)地使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao),掌(zhang)握(wo)病蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)規律,在最佳防(fang)治期(qi)(qi)(qi)及時(shi)防(fang)治;嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)掌(zhang)握(wo)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)劑量(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)方法(fa),科學合理地混配農(nong)(nong)藥(yao),注意不同(tong)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)交替使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),以延(yan)緩或避免病蟲(chong)(chong)產生(sheng)(sheng)抗藥(yao)性(xing);盡量(liang)(liang)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)靶(ba)位用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao),清除中心(xin)病株(zhu),對周圍植株(zhu)噴(pen)藥(yao)進行(xing)封鎖控制;使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)霧化(hua)程度良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)械(xie),做到(dao)細致均勻噴(pen)藥(yao),選擇科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)打藥(yao)時(shi)間,提(ti)高藥(yao)效。 ④普及科學施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥技術 在硒砂(sha)瓜生(sheng)(sheng)產中,有(you)(you)條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應增(zeng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)肥,發展有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)復合肥,防(fang)治超(chao)量(liang)(liang)偏施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)氮(dan)肥、嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)氮(dan)肥施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)安全(quan)(quan)間隔(ge)期(qi)(qi)(qi)。禁止使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)未經無害(hai)化(hua)處(chu)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)肥和(he)(he)其他(ta)有(you)(you)毒肥料(liao)(liao)。肥料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)及管理:使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)商品(pin)肥料(liao)(liao)經技術人員認可,或到(dao)指定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肥料(liao)(liao)供應點購買。使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)肥必須符合技術規程中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求。 施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥原則:壓砂(sha)瓜地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養分(fen)隨(sui)種(zhong)植年限增(zeng)加逐步減少(shao),砂(sha)地也隨(sui)種(zhong)植時(shi)間延(yan)續出現板結,因(yin)此(ci)必須嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)進行(xing)松砂(sha)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥。 安全(quan)(quan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)氮(dan)肥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求:根據(ju)具體(ti)情(qing)況,調整施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥量(liang)(liang),做到(dao)經濟(ji)合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)氮(dan)肥;嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)執行(xing)氮(dan)肥施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)安全(quan)(quan)間隔(ge)期(qi)(qi)(qi),以莖葉為食(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)器(qi)官的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蔬菜,收獲前(qian)20天,禁止追施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)氮(dan)肥;推(tui)廣“控氮(dan)、穩磷、增(zeng)鉀(jia)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥模(mo)式。
4、產品收獲:區外銷(xiao)售(shou)7-8成熟時采(cai)(cai)摘,區內銷(xiao)售(shou)的完全成熟后(hou)采(cai)(cai)收,切忌(ji)生(sheng)瓜(gua)上市(shi),采(cai)(cai)摘前15天內嚴禁(jin)噴灑各(ge)種防病防蟲農藥。
5、生(sheng)產記錄要求:要求農(nong)戶在種植過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong),對(dui)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的農(nong)藥、化(hua)肥的名稱、劑(ji)型規格、使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)方(fang)法、使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)時間、每次(ci)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量、全年使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)次(ci)數、末(mo)次(ci)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)時間有詳細記錄。
六(liu).包裝(zhuang)標識相關(guan)規定(ding)
1、包(bao)裝(zhuang):用于包(bao)裝(zhuang)的容器整(zheng)潔(jie)、干燥、牢固、透(tou)氣、無(wu)污(wu)染、無(wu)異味,內壁無(wu)尖突物(wu)、紙箱(xiang)無(wu)受潮(chao)、了層(ceng)現象。
2、標(biao)識:標(biao)志使用(yong)人應在其產(chan)品(pin)或(huo)其包(bao)裝上統(tong)一使用(yong)農產(chan)品(pin)地理標(biao)志(中(zhong)寧硒砂瓜名稱和公共標(biao)識圖案(an)組合標(biao)注型式(shi))。
3、運(yun)輸(shu):裝(zhuang)(zhuang)卸運(yun)輸(shu)中(zhong)應快運(yun)、輕裝(zhuang)(zhuang)輕放、運(yun)輸(shu)途中(zhong)應防(fang)暴雨(yu)淋。運(yun)輸(shu)散裝(zhuang)(zhuang)瓜時,運(yun)輸(shu)工具的底部(bu)及四周(zhou)與果實接觸的地方應加鋪(pu)墊物,以防(fang)機(ji)械損傷(shang)。運(yun)輸(shu)用的車輛、工具、鋪(pu)墊物、防(fang)雨(yu)設(she)施(shi)等,應清潔(jie)、衛生(sheng)、干燥(zao)、無(wu)污(wu)染(ran)、不得與其(qi)他有(you)毒有(you)害(hai)物品(pin)混裝(zhuang)(zhuang)混運(yun)。
4、貯(zhu)藏:貯(zhu)存(cun)時宜在通風、陰涼、清(qing)潔衛生(sheng)的(de)場所進行(xing),堆碼整齊,防止擠壓損傷,防日曬、雨淋、凍害(hai)及有(you)(you)毒有(you)(you)害(hai)物質(zhi)的(de)污染。長期貯(zhu)存(cun)時,應(ying)存(cun)入低溫冷庫,貯(zhu)存(cun)時應(ying)按品種、規格分別貯(zhu)存(cun),存(cun)入前應(ying)逐(zhu)步降溫預冷。貯(zhu)存(cun)室有(you)(you)適宜的(de)溫度(du)和空(kong)氣相(xiang)對濕(shi)度(du)。在貯(zhu)存(cun)過程中(zhong),應(ying)經常進行(xing)檢查,發(fa)現病(bing)瓜立即清(qing)除,貯(zhu)存(cun)時,嚴禁其它有(you)(you)毒、有(you)(you)異味(wei)、有(you)(you)害(hai)、發(fa)霉(mei)散熱及傳播病(bing)蟲害(hai)的(de)物品混合存(cun)放(fang)。