一.產品介紹
【歷史(shi)文獻(xian)】據(ju)《同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市志(zhi)》及《同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市農業區(qu)劃》記載,神奇、美(mei)麗、富(fu)饒的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)南(nan)州(zhou)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市地(di)(di)(di)(di)處青(qing)海省東(dong)(dong)部(bu)農業區(qu)向(xiang)青(qing)南(nan)牧區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)渡地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶,境(jing)(jing)內(nei)高差起伏大(da),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候變(bian)化(hua)復(fu)雜,生物生態類型(xing)多(duo)樣(yang),有(you)蜿蜒流淌(tang)的(de)(de)(de)隆(long)務(wu)河(he),穿(chuan)境(jing)(jing)而過(guo),稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“金(jin)色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)谷地(di)(di)(di)(di)”。同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)歷史(shi)悠(you)久,在漢朝時期,同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)北部(bu)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)漢朝屯(tun)田之地(di)(di)(di)(di)。唐中(zhong)宗(zong)時,這(zhe)里作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)金(jin)城公主的(de)(de)(de)湯沐邑,賜予吐(tu)蕃。宋(song)代(dai)是角(jiao)羅蕃政權的(de)(de)(de)勢力(li)范圍。元明(ming)兩代(dai),始以(yi)縣境(jing)(jing)保安(an)(an)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)觸(chu)角(jiao),有(you)中(zhong)央屯(tun)軍的(de)(de)(de)伸入(ru),形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)隆(long)務(wu)寺(si)(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)心青(qing)海最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)藏(zang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)佛(fo)教政教合一(yi)統治(zhi)體(ti)(ti)系(xi),一(yi)直(zhi)延續(xu)到清(qing)代(dai)。古為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)古羌地(di)(di)(di)(di),西(xi)晉末為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)吐(tu)谷渾地(di)(di)(di)(di),隋(sui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)達(da)(da)化(hua)縣地(di)(di)(di)(di),唐初(chu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)達(da)(da)化(hua)縣、米川縣地(di)(di)(di)(di),安(an)(an)史(shi)之亂后(hou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)吐(tu)蕃地(di)(di)(di)(di),宋(song)初(chu)吐(tu)蕃角(jiao)廝轄(xia)地(di)(di)(di)(di),元為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)貴德州(zhou)地(di)(di)(di)(di),明(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)貴德千(qian)戶所(suo)轄(xia),清(qing)隸(li)循(xun)化(hua)廳,明(ming)國初(chu)隸(li)循(xun)化(hua)縣,1929年(nian)設(she)立同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市。1949年(nian)沿舊(jiu)制仍設(she)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市,1952年(nian)改為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市藏(zang)族自治(zhi)區(qu),1953年(nian)由同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市藏(zang)族自治(zhi)區(qu)析(xi)置澤庫縣,同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)年(nian)改同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市藏(zang)族自治(zhi)區(qu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市,均隸(li)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)南(nan)藏(zang)族自治(zhi)州(zhou)。【歷史(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)】說(shuo)起同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)(俗(su)稱酸(suan)(suan)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)),流傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)著神話傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo),明(ming)崇禎年(nian)間,隆(long)務(wu)寺(si)(si)第一(yi)世(shi)夏日倉(cang)噶丹嘉(jia)(jia)措(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)的(de)(de)(de)經師(shi)(shi)東(dong)(dong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)多(duo)居(ju)嘉(jia)(jia)措(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)在擴建(jian)吾屯(tun)下(xia)寺(si)(si),因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)勞累導致了(le)(le)(le)(le)咳嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)喘(chuan)(chuan),由于正在修(xiu)建(jian)寺(si)(si)院,無法休息,這(zhe)時,該(gai)(gai)村(cun)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)位(wei)老人(ren)(ren)(ren)帶來了(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)包凍黑的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li),對東(dong)(dong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)多(duo)居(ju)嘉(jia)(jia)措(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)經師(shi)(shi)說(shuo)道,大(da)師(shi)(shi)你的(de)(de)(de)咳嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)喘(chuan)(chuan)吃這(zhe)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)可(ke)以(yi)緩解,東(dong)(dong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)多(duo)居(ju)嘉(jia)(jia)措(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)經師(shi)(shi)客氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)收下(xia)后(hou),還想這(zhe)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)能(neng)吃嗎?又不(bu)想讓老人(ren)(ren)(ren)失望,當面吃了(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)顆,感覺肺(fei)特(te)(te)(te)別(bie)舒服,咳嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)也(ye)(ye)少(shao)了(le)(le)(le)(le),過(guo)了(le)(le)(le)(le)兩三天,梨(li)(li)(li)也(ye)(ye)吃完了(le)(le)(le)(le),東(dong)(dong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)多(duo)居(ju)嘉(jia)(jia)措(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)經師(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)咳嗽(sou)(sou)(sou),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)喘(chuan)(chuan)也(ye)(ye)好(hao)了(le)(le)(le)(le),這(zhe)時東(dong)(dong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)多(duo)居(ju)嘉(jia)(jia)措(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)經師(shi)(shi)派人(ren)(ren)(ren)去找(zhao)那個送梨(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)老人(ren)(ren)(ren)打聽(ting),這(zhe)梨(li)(li)(li)就在不(bu)遠的(de)(de)(de)哈拉巴圖村(cun)生長(chang)時,就派人(ren)(ren)(ren)移栽樹(shu)苗(miao),因此(ci),現在年(nian)都乎寺(si)(si)院,郭么(me)日寺(si)(si)院、尕(ga)沙日寺(si)(si)院都種植(zhi)有(you)百年(nian)老果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)。【同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)特(te)(te)(te)性】同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)鵝(e)卵形(xing),長(chang)10-14cm,橫徑7-10cm;色(se)(se)澤金(jin)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang),皮(pi)薄松軟(ruan);果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肉酸(suan)(suan)味(wei)獨特(te)(te)(te),清(qing)香沁人(ren)(ren)(ren);經后(hou)熟自然冷(leng)凍后(hou)逐漸變(bian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黑褐色(se)(se),出汁率高,口味(wei)酸(suan)(suan)甜適中(zhong)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)養分(fen)(fen)含(han)量(liang)(liang)豐富(fu),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)樹(shu)冠(guan)面積大(da),根系(xi)發達(da)(da),微量(liang)(liang)元素(su)吸收量(liang)(liang)大(da),因此(ci)該(gai)(gai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品中(zhong)水分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)85.75%,氨基酸(suan)(suan)總量(liang)(liang)達(da)(da)0.30%,總糖分(fen)(fen)9.01%,總酸(suan)(suan)28.84%,類胡蘿卜素(su)0.038%,并(bing)含(han)有(you)多(duo)種礦物質元素(su)及各種微量(liang)(liang)元素(su),該(gai)(gai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品在清(qing)涼解熱,降(jiang)壓止咳,消(xiao)痰潤肺(fei)方面具有(you)獨特(te)(te)(te)的(de)(de)(de)保鍵(jian)功能(neng),還能(neng)增進食(shi)(shi)欲、助消(xiao)化(hua),對體(ti)(ti)虛、津液不(bu)足者裨益,長(chang)期食(shi)(shi)用可(ke)補充人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)(ti)鈣、磷、鐵等(deng)微量(liang)(liang)元素(su),增強免疫力(li)。【發展前景(jing)】進入(ru)二(er)十世(shi)紀,特(te)(te)(te)別(bie)是近年(nian)來,隨著科(ke)(ke)(ke)學知(zhi)識的(de)(de)(de)普及和人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)飲(yin)(yin)食(shi)(shi)健康理念的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng),人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)對黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)營養價值和保健作(zuo)用越來越重視,目前同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)種植(zhi)面積達(da)(da)0.068公頃,年(nian)產(chan)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)0.042萬噸,針對黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)是青(qing)海省同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市唯有(you)的(de)(de)(de)名特(te)(te)(te)優質果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品,近年(nian)來州(zhou)縣級政府積極扶(fu)持籌資興建(jian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)飲(yin)(yin)品加(jia)工企業,該(gai)(gai)企業年(nian)加(jia)工能(neng)力(li)500噸,開發了(le)(le)(le)(le)晶黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)飲(yin)(yin)料、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)醋、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)酒等(deng)高附(fu)價值的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)產(chan)品,有(you)利(li)的(de)(de)(de)推(tui)動了(le)(le)(le)(le)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)發展,也(ye)(ye)提高了(le)(le)(le)(le)農民收入(ru),種植(zhi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)具有(you)廣闊的(de)(de)(de)市場和開發前景(jing)。
二.自然生(sheng)態環(huan)境和(he)人文歷史因素
1.土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)地(di)(di)貌情況:同仁(ren)市地(di)(di)處青藏高(gao)(gao)原(yuan)(yuan)與黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)高(gao)(gao)原(yuan)(yuan)的過渡(du)地(di)(di)帶(dai),隆務河(he)縱(zong)貫全境(jing)南(nan)北(bei),形成(cheng)東西部山區(qu)和(he)中部河(he)谷(gu)地(di)(di)區(qu)。境(jing)內(nei)山巒起伏,河(he)谷(gu)相(xiang)間,地(di)(di)貌復(fu)雜多(duo)樣。地(di)(di)勢(shi)南(nan)高(gao)(gao)北(bei)低,全縣最高(gao)(gao)點為(wei)阿米夏(xia)瓊(qiong)山(海拔(ba)4767米),最低點麻巴溝口(海拔(ba)2160米),相(xiang)對高(gao)(gao)差2607米。全縣總耕地(di)(di)面(mian)積0.75萬公(gong)頃,其(qi)中水澆地(di)(di)0.18萬公(gong)頃,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類型以栗鈣(gai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、灰(hui)鈣(gai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)灌淤土(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)主,質地(di)(di)壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu),微堿(jian)性,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)有機(ji)質豐(feng)富,物理性狀(zhuang)良好,地(di)(di)下水資(zi)源(yuan)豐(feng)富,適宜同仁(ren)黃果梨的生長和(he)發育。
2、水(shui)文情況:同仁黃果梨(li)生(sheng)長(chang)區域年平均降水(shui)量為425.7mm,主要集中在6至9月份,加之地處(chu)隆務河畔,隆務河等水(shui)源能滿足黃果梨(li)整個生(sheng)長(chang)期需水(shui)量。
3、氣(qi)候情況:同(tong)(tong)仁市(shi)地(di)處青藏高(gao)原,因(yin)海(hai)拔高(gao)而(er)形(xing)成了(le)典型的高(gao)原大陸(lu)性(xing)氣(qi)候特(te)(te)點,并具(ju)有顯著的區(qu)域性(xing)氣(qi)候特(te)(te)征。總的氣(qi)候特(te)(te)點是溫度垂直變化明顯,地(di)區(qu)差(cha)(cha)異顯著,光照充足,日(ri)射強,全年平均氣(qi)溫5.2℃,年日(ri)照總時數達(da)2634.9小時,無霜期約150天,年氣(qi)溫較(jiao)差(cha)(cha)13.7℃。生(sheng)長期的積溫可(ke)達(da)2500℃,其優點是日(ri)照時間長、晝夜溫差(cha)(cha)大,有利于植物光合(he)作(zuo)用(yong)和(he)干物質積累,同(tong)(tong)仁隆務(wu)河谷(gu)地(di)帶為涼(liang)溫氣(qi)候區(qu),具(ju)備更(geng)好的熱(re)量條件和(he)灌溉條件,典型的高(gao)原特(te)(te)色(se)小氣(qi)候條件形(xing)成獨(du)特(te)(te)的同(tong)(tong)仁黃(huang)果(guo)梨品種。
三.地域范圍
黃(huang)南州同仁市位于青海省(sheng)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)南部,東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)鄰甘肅(su)省(sheng)夏河縣(xian),西連貴(gui)德縣(xian),南接澤庫縣(xian),北(bei)(bei)與循化、尖扎縣(xian)接壤。同仁黃(huang)果梨種植區(qu)域(yu)為(wei)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)經101°38′—102°27′,北(bei)(bei)緯35°01′ —35°47′之間,南北(bei)(bei)長45公里(li),東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)西寬(kuan)15公里(li),涵蓋總面積為(wei)0.675萬(wan)公頃(qing),同仁黃(huang)果梨種植區(qu)域(yu)遍及(ji)全(quan)縣(xian)6個鄉鎮(zhen),種植面積為(wei)0.068萬(wan)公頃(qing),年總產量0.042萬(wan)噸(dun)。
四(si).產品(pin)品(pin)質(zhi)特(te)性特(te)征
1、獨特(te)(te)外在感官特(te)(te)征:同仁黃果(guo)(guo)梨鵝卵(luan)形,長10-14cm,橫(heng)徑(jing)7-10cm;色(se)澤金(jin)黃,皮(pi)薄(bo)松軟;果(guo)(guo)肉酸(suan)味(wei)獨特(te)(te),清香沁人;經(jing)后熟自然冷凍后逐(zhu)漸變(bian)為黑褐色(se),出汁率(lv)高,口味(wei)酸(suan)甜適中。
2、獨(du)特(te)的(de)(de)內含(han)(han)成分(fen)(fen):同仁黃(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)梨養分(fen)(fen)含(han)(han)量豐(feng)富(fu),通(tong)過中(zhong)國科學(xue)院(yuan)西北高(gao)原生物(wu)研究所(suo)分(fen)(fen)析測(ce)試表(biao)(biao)明,其(qi)中(zhong)水分(fen)(fen)為85.75%≥80%,氨基酸總量達(da)0.30%≥0.20%,總糖(tang)分(fen)(fen)9.01%≥7.0%,總酸28.84≥25.0g/kg,類胡蘿卜素0.038g/kg≥0.02g/kg,并含(han)(han)有多(duo)種礦物(wu)質元素,在(zai)清(qing)涼(liang)解渴,降壓(ya)止(zhi)咳,化痰利肺方面(mian)具有獨(du)特(te)的(de)(de)功效(xiao),是加(jia)工(gong)天然綠色食品的(de)(de)優質原料。同仁黃(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)梨與黃(huang)(huang)土(tu)坎(kan)鴨梨有效(xiao)成分(fen)(fen)含(han)(han)量對比表(biao)(biao)(略)
3、質(zhi)量(liang)安全規(gui)定:在同仁黃(huang)果梨(li)農產品地(di)理(li)標(biao)志保護范圍內的(de)黃(huang)果梨(li)生產過程(cheng)(cheng)及產品應符合以下(xia)規(gui)定:NY/T393-2000《農藥使用(yong)準則(ze)》 GB/T10650-2008《鮮梨(li)》DB63/T1126-2012《黃(huang)果梨(li)苗木(mu)繁(fan)育技術(shu)規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)》;DB63/T1127-2012《黃(huang)果梨(li)施肥技術(shu)規(gui)范》;DB63/T1128-2012《黃(huang)果梨(li)病蟲(chong)害技術(shu)規(gui)范》;DB63/T1129-2012《黃(huang)果梨(li)栽培(pei)技術(shu)規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)》。
五.特定生產(chan)方式(shi)
1、種(zhong)植(zhi)區域(yu):同仁黃果(guo)梨適(shi)宜種(zhong)植(zhi)在(zai)(zai)海拔高度2200-2750m的(de)(de)隆(long)務河(he)谷地。2、苗木繁育(yu)與栽(zai)培(pei)方(fang)式:選(xuan)地勢平坦、土層深厚、有(you)機質含量高,交通便利、有(you)良(liang)好的(de)(de)灌溉條件地塊作為苗圃地。砧木選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)胸徑1厘米(mi)以上的(de)(de)杜梨苗,將無(wu)病蟲害的(de)(de)優質豐產樹作為采(cai)(cai)(cai)穗(sui)母(mu)株(zhu),接穗(sui)在(zai)(zai)植(zhi)株(zhu)落葉后(hou)至萌芽(ya)前采(cai)(cai)(cai)集,選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)60-80厘米(mi)生(sheng)長充實的(de)(de)一年(nian)生(sheng)枝條,采(cai)(cai)(cai)后(hou)每(mei)50根綁(bang)成(cheng)一捆,放在(zai)(zai)濕潤、低溫(wen)的(de)(de)地窖或冷庫貯藏。春季接穗(sui)現采(cai)(cai)(cai)現用(yong)(yong),接穗(sui)保留(liu)2-3個芽(ya),截成(cheng)9-12厘米(mi)的(de)(de)枝段。早春砧木萌芽(ya)時進行嫁(jia)接,采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)劈接的(de)(de)嫁(jia)接方(fang)式。
3、栽培技術
3.1挖(wa)(wa)穴(xue)(xue)、施(shi)肥(fei):選擇土(tu)壤疏(shu)松、土(tu)層深厚、有(you)(you)機質高、肥(fei)水方便的大(da)田(tian)挖(wa)(wa)栽植穴(xue)(xue),穴(xue)(xue)直徑50厘米(mi)、穴(xue)(xue)深60厘米(mi),表(biao)土(tu)和底土(tu)分別放置,挖(wa)(wa)好后放入0.5-1公斤(jin)有(you)(you)機肥(fei),回(hui)填底土(tu)。
3.2確定株(zhu)行(xing)距(ju)、栽植:根據黃果樹(shu)的樹(shu)冠(guan)高(gao)大特(te)性,株(zhu)行(xing)距(ju)應控制在4×5米(mi)(35株(zhu)/畝)左右。栽植后要及時澆水(shui)、打頂(ding)。
3.3栽植(zhi)后(hou)的田間管理(li):幼樹(shu)(shu)(shu)防(fang)寒:冬季(ji)(ji)寒冷,西北風大(da),用(yong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干(gan)涂(tu)白或綁草幼樹(shu)(shu)(shu)進行防(fang)寒。幼樹(shu)(shu)(shu)定干(gan):已成(cheng)活(huo)的幼樹(shu)(shu)(shu),于(yu)春季(ji)(ji)末(mo)發芽(ya)前進行整形(xing)修(xiu)剪,促使果(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)提早成(cheng)形(xing),提早擴大(da)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠(guan)、提早結果(guo)(guo)。施(shi)(shi)肥與灌(guan)水:秋季(ji)(ji)采果(guo)(guo)后(hou)成(cheng)年(nian)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)結合深耕(geng)畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)腐熟有機(ji)肥(畜禽糞水)5000公(gong)(gong)斤,磷(lin)肥50公(gong)(gong)斤,草木灰100公(gong)(gong)斤,尿素(su)15公(gong)(gong)斤。年(nian)追肥2次(ci),第(di)一次(ci)于(yu)果(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)發芽(ya)前施(shi)(shi)用(yong);第(di)二次(ci)于(yu)果(guo)(guo)實(shi)膨(peng)大(da)期(qi)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)。幼齡樹(shu)(shu)(shu)一次(ci)性畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)果(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)專(zhuan)用(yong)肥20公(gong)(gong)斤。適時灌(guan)水期(qi)一般在開花、結果(guo)(guo)、果(guo)(guo)實(shi)增大(da)期(qi)等主要(yao)生(sheng)理(li)時期(qi)。
3.4整形(xing)(xing)修(xiu)剪(jian):春秋(qiu)季及時進行整形(xing)(xing)修(xiu)剪(jian)。整形(xing)(xing)時要充分利用枝條,做到隨枝作形(xing)(xing)、因樹(shu)而宜。
3.5害(hai)蟲防治(zhi):黃果(guo)梨(li)害(hai)蟲主要有:蚜(ya)蟲、梨(li)樹臭板蟲、卷葉(xie)蛾(e)等。防治(zhi)方法:可用5%的高效氯(lv)氰菊酯、70%艾美樂(le)水分散顆粒劑等進行防治(zhi)
3.6病(bing)害(hai)防治:黃果梨病(bing)害(hai)主要(yao)有:干(gan)腐病(bing)。防治方法:用70%甲(jia)基托布津(jin)、50%多菌靈可(ke)濕(shi)性粉劑和生石(shi)灰按1:1:10比例(li)調成糊狀對發病(bing)部位(wei)進行涂抹。
3.7采收標準:黃果梨果實充分膨(peng)大,表皮呈金(jin)黃色時及時采收。
3.8分級(ji)以果(guo)實形狀、大小(xiao)、色差,光(guang)潔度為劃(hua)分質量等級(ji)的主要依據,三(san)項中以最低一項指標(biao)定級(ji),分為3級(ji)。
3.9包(bao)裝(zhuang)同仁黃果梨可選用紙箱及其(qi)它包(bao)裝(zhuang)材料進行包(bao)裝(zhuang),便于搬運(yun),裝(zhuang)卸,貯藏和運(yun)輸等。
3.10運輸(shu)(shu)運輸(shu)(shu)時要做到輕裝、輕卸、防止(zhi)機(ji)械損傷。短(duan)途(tu)運輸(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)要防日曬雨淋。長途(tu)運輸(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)注意采取(qu)防凍(dong)保溫(wen)(wen)或降溫(wen)(wen)措施,不使產品質(zhi)量(liang)受到影響(xiang)。
六(liu).包裝(zhuang)標識相關規(gui)定
標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)嚴格按照《農產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)地理(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)管理(li)(li)辦法》中(zhong)規(gui)定使(shi)用(yong),在確定的(de)(de)地域范圍內(nei)生產(chan)(chan)者或企業在產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)或包裝上使(shi)用(yong)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi),可以向登(deng)記證(zheng)書持有(you)人(ren)簽訂(ding)農產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)地理(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)協議,產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)包裝上應(ying)標(biao)(biao)明產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)名稱(cheng)、質(zhi)量(liang)等級、產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)產(chan)(chan)地、企業名稱(cheng)、郵(you)政編碼、電話號碼、貯運圖形等內(nei)容(rong),保證(zheng)地理(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)農產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)和信譽,正確規(gui)范地使(shi)用(yong)農產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)地理(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)。