一.產品介紹
【歷史文(wen)獻】據《同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)市志》及《同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)市農業(ye)區(qu)劃》記載,神奇、美麗、富(fu)饒(rao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)南州同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)市地(di)(di)(di)(di)處青(qing)海(hai)省東(dong)部農業(ye)區(qu)向青(qing)南牧區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過渡地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶,境(jing)內高差起(qi)伏大,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候變化(hua)(hua)復雜,生物(wu)生態類型多(duo)(duo)樣,有(you)(you)(you)蜿蜒(yan)流(liu)淌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隆務河,穿境(jing)而過,稱為“金色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)谷地(di)(di)(di)(di)”。同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)歷史悠久,在漢朝時期(qi)(qi),同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)北部成(cheng)為漢朝屯(tun)(tun)田之地(di)(di)(di)(di)。唐中(zhong)宗時,這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)作為金城公(gong)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湯沐邑,賜(si)予吐蕃(fan)。宋代(dai)是(shi)角羅蕃(fan)政(zheng)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勢力范(fan)圍。元(yuan)(yuan)明(ming)兩代(dai),始以縣(xian)境(jing)保(bao)安為觸角,有(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)央屯(tun)(tun)軍(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)入(ru),形(xing)成(cheng)以隆務寺為中(zhong)心青(qing)海(hai)最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藏(zang)(zang)傳佛教政(zheng)教合一(yi)統治(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)系(xi),一(yi)直延(yan)續到清(qing)代(dai)。古為古羌地(di)(di)(di)(di),西晉末為吐谷渾地(di)(di)(di)(di),隋為達(da)化(hua)(hua)縣(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di),唐初為達(da)化(hua)(hua)縣(xian)、米川縣(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di),安史之亂后(hou)為吐蕃(fan)地(di)(di)(di)(di),宋初吐蕃(fan)角廝(si)轄地(di)(di)(di)(di),元(yuan)(yuan)為貴(gui)德州地(di)(di)(di)(di),明(ming)為貴(gui)德千戶所轄,清(qing)隸(li)循(xun)化(hua)(hua)廳,明(ming)國初隸(li)循(xun)化(hua)(hua)縣(xian),1929年設立同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)市。1949年沿舊制(zhi)仍設同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)市,1952年改為同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)市藏(zang)(zang)族自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)區(qu),1953年由同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)市藏(zang)(zang)族自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)析置澤(ze)庫縣(xian),同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)年改同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)市藏(zang)(zang)族自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)為同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)市,均隸(li)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)南藏(zang)(zang)族自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)州。【歷史傳說(shuo)】說(shuo)起(qi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)(俗稱酸果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)),流(liu)傳著神話傳說(shuo),明(ming)崇禎(zhen)年間,隆務寺第(di)一(yi)世(shi)夏日倉噶丹(dan)嘉(jia)(jia)(jia)措(cuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)師(shi)東(dong)科(ke)多(duo)(duo)居嘉(jia)(jia)(jia)措(cuo)在擴(kuo)建吾屯(tun)(tun)下寺,因(yin)為勞累導(dao)致了(le)(le)(le)咳(ke)(ke)嗽、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)喘(chuan),由于正在修建寺院,無法休息,這(zhe)(zhe)時,該村(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)位老(lao)人(ren)帶來(lai)了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)包凍黑(hei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li),對(dui)(dui)東(dong)科(ke)多(duo)(duo)居嘉(jia)(jia)(jia)措(cuo)經(jing)師(shi)說(shuo)道(dao),大師(shi)你的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咳(ke)(ke)嗽、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)喘(chuan)吃這(zhe)(zhe)東(dong)西可以緩解(jie),東(dong)科(ke)多(duo)(duo)居嘉(jia)(jia)(jia)措(cuo)經(jing)師(shi)客氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)下后(hou),還(huan)想這(zhe)(zhe)東(dong)西能吃嗎(ma)?又不想讓老(lao)人(ren)失望,當面(mian)吃了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)顆,感覺肺特(te)別(bie)舒服,咳(ke)(ke)嗽也(ye)少了(le)(le)(le),過了(le)(le)(le)兩三(san)天,梨(li)(li)(li)也(ye)吃完(wan)了(le)(le)(le),東(dong)科(ke)多(duo)(duo)居嘉(jia)(jia)(jia)措(cuo)經(jing)師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咳(ke)(ke)嗽,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)喘(chuan)也(ye)好(hao)了(le)(le)(le),這(zhe)(zhe)時東(dong)科(ke)多(duo)(duo)居嘉(jia)(jia)(jia)措(cuo)經(jing)師(shi)派人(ren)去找那個送梨(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老(lao)人(ren)打聽,這(zhe)(zhe)梨(li)(li)(li)就在不遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哈拉巴(ba)圖村(cun)生長時,就派人(ren)移栽樹苗,因(yin)此,現在年都乎寺院,郭么日寺院、尕沙日寺院都種(zhong)植有(you)(you)(you)百年老(lao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹。【同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)特(te)性】同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)鵝卵形(xing),長10-14cm,橫徑(jing)7-10cm;色澤(ze)金黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang),皮薄松軟;果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肉酸味獨(du)特(te),清(qing)香沁人(ren);經(jing)后(hou)熟自(zi)(zi)然冷(leng)凍后(hou)逐(zhu)漸變為黑(hei)褐色,出汁(zhi)率高,口味酸甜適中(zhong)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)養(yang)分含(han)量豐(feng)富(fu),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)樹冠面(mian)積大,根系(xi)發(fa)(fa)達(da),微(wei)量元(yuan)(yuan)素吸收(shou)量大,因(yin)此該果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)中(zhong)水(shui)分為85.75%,氨基酸總(zong)(zong)量達(da)0.30%,總(zong)(zong)糖分9.01%,總(zong)(zong)酸28.84%,類胡蘿卜素0.038%,并含(han)有(you)(you)(you)多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)礦物(wu)質元(yuan)(yuan)素及各種(zhong)微(wei)量元(yuan)(yuan)素,該果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)在清(qing)涼解(jie)熱(re),降壓(ya)止(zhi)咳(ke)(ke),消痰潤肺方面(mian)具有(you)(you)(you)獨(du)特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)鍵(jian)功(gong)能,還(huan)能增進食欲、助消化(hua)(hua),對(dui)(dui)體(ti)虛(xu)、津液(ye)不足者裨(bi)益,長期(qi)(qi)食用(yong)可補充人(ren)體(ti)鈣、磷、鐵等微(wei)量元(yuan)(yuan)素,增強(qiang)免疫(yi)力。【發(fa)(fa)展前(qian)景】進入(ru)二十世(shi)紀,特(te)別(bie)是(shi)近年來(lai),隨著科(ke)學知(zhi)識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普及和(he)人(ren)們飲(yin)食健康理念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成(cheng),人(ren)們對(dui)(dui)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)營養(yang)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)和(he)保(bao)健作用(yong)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)重視(shi),目前(qian)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)市黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)種(zhong)植面(mian)積達(da)0.068公(gong)頃,年產黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)0.042萬噸,針對(dui)(dui)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)是(shi)青(qing)海(hai)省同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)市唯有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名特(te)優質果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)(pin)(pin),近年來(lai)州縣(xian)級政(zheng)府積極扶(fu)持籌(chou)資興建了(le)(le)(le)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)飲(yin)品(pin)(pin)(pin)加工(gong)企業(ye),該企業(ye)年加工(gong)能力500噸,開發(fa)(fa)了(le)(le)(le)晶黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)飲(yin)料、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)醋、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)酒等高附價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)產品(pin)(pin)(pin),有(you)(you)(you)利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)動了(le)(le)(le)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產發(fa)(fa)展,也(ye)提高了(le)(le)(le)農民收(shou)入(ru),種(zhong)植黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)具有(you)(you)(you)廣闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場和(he)開發(fa)(fa)前(qian)景。
二(er).自(zi)然生(sheng)態環境和(he)人(ren)文歷史因素
1.土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)地(di)(di)貌情況:同仁市(shi)地(di)(di)處青藏高(gao)原(yuan)與黃(huang)土(tu)(tu)高(gao)原(yuan)的過渡地(di)(di)帶,隆務(wu)河縱貫全(quan)(quan)境南北(bei),形(xing)成東西部(bu)山(shan)區(qu)和中(zhong)部(bu)河谷(gu)地(di)(di)區(qu)。境內山(shan)巒起伏,河谷(gu)相間(jian),地(di)(di)貌復雜多樣(yang)。地(di)(di)勢南高(gao)北(bei)低(di),全(quan)(quan)縣最高(gao)點(dian)為(wei)阿米(mi)(mi)夏(xia)瓊山(shan)(海拔(ba)4767米(mi)(mi)),最低(di)點(dian)麻巴溝口(海拔(ba)2160米(mi)(mi)),相對高(gao)差2607米(mi)(mi)。全(quan)(quan)縣總耕地(di)(di)面積0.75萬公頃,其(qi)中(zhong)水(shui)澆(jiao)地(di)(di)0.18萬公頃,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類型以(yi)栗鈣(gai)土(tu)(tu)、灰鈣(gai)土(tu)(tu)和灌淤土(tu)(tu)為(wei)主(zhu),質(zhi)地(di)(di)壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu),微堿性(xing),土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)有機質(zhi)豐(feng)富,物(wu)理性(xing)狀(zhuang)良好,地(di)(di)下水(shui)資源豐(feng)富,適宜同仁黃(huang)果梨(li)的生(sheng)長和發育。
2、水(shui)文情況:同(tong)仁黃果(guo)梨生長區域(yu)年平均降水(shui)量為425.7mm,主要(yao)集中在6至9月份(fen),加之地處隆(long)務(wu)河畔(pan),隆(long)務(wu)河等水(shui)源能滿(man)足黃果(guo)梨整個(ge)生長期需水(shui)量。
3、氣候(hou)情況:同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)市(shi)地(di)處青藏高(gao)原(yuan),因海拔高(gao)而形(xing)成了典型的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)原(yuan)大(da)陸性氣候(hou)特(te)點(dian),并(bing)具有(you)顯著的(de)(de)(de)區域性氣候(hou)特(te)征。總的(de)(de)(de)氣候(hou)特(te)點(dian)是溫(wen)(wen)度垂直(zhi)變化(hua)明顯,地(di)區差(cha)異(yi)顯著,光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)充足,日(ri)射強(qiang),全年(nian)平均氣溫(wen)(wen)5.2℃,年(nian)日(ri)照(zhao)總時(shi)數達2634.9小時(shi),無霜期約(yue)150天,年(nian)氣溫(wen)(wen)較差(cha)13.7℃。生(sheng)長(chang)期的(de)(de)(de)積溫(wen)(wen)可達2500℃,其優點(dian)是日(ri)照(zhao)時(shi)間長(chang)、晝夜溫(wen)(wen)差(cha)大(da),有(you)利于植(zhi)物(wu)光(guang)(guang)合作用和干(gan)物(wu)質積累(lei),同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)隆務河谷地(di)帶為涼(liang)溫(wen)(wen)氣候(hou)區,具備(bei)更好的(de)(de)(de)熱量(liang)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)和灌溉條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian),典型的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)原(yuan)特(te)色(se)小氣候(hou)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)形(xing)成獨(du)特(te)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)黃果梨品種。
三.地域范圍
黃(huang)南(nan)州(zhou)同仁市位于青海省(sheng)東南(nan)部,東鄰甘肅省(sheng)夏河縣(xian),西(xi)連(lian)貴德縣(xian),南(nan)接澤(ze)庫縣(xian),北(bei)與(yu)循化(hua)、尖扎縣(xian)接壤。同仁黃(huang)果梨(li)種植(zhi)區域為東經(jing)101°38′—102°27′,北(bei)緯35°01′ —35°47′之間,南(nan)北(bei)長45公里(li),東西(xi)寬15公里(li),涵蓋總(zong)面積(ji)為0.675萬公頃,同仁黃(huang)果梨(li)種植(zhi)區域遍(bian)及全縣(xian)6個鄉鎮,種植(zhi)面積(ji)為0.068萬公頃,年總(zong)產量0.042萬噸。
四.產品品質(zhi)特(te)性特(te)征
1、獨特(te)外(wai)在(zai)感官(guan)特(te)征(zheng):同仁黃(huang)果(guo)梨鵝卵形(xing),長10-14cm,橫徑7-10cm;色(se)澤金黃(huang),皮薄(bo)松軟;果(guo)肉酸(suan)味獨特(te),清(qing)香沁人;經后熟自然冷(leng)凍后逐漸(jian)變為黑褐色(se),出汁率高,口(kou)味酸(suan)甜(tian)適(shi)中。
2、獨特(te)的內含成(cheng)分(fen)(fen):同(tong)仁(ren)黃(huang)果梨養分(fen)(fen)含量(liang)豐富,通過中國科學院西(xi)北高原生物研究所分(fen)(fen)析測試(shi)表(biao)明,其中水分(fen)(fen)為(wei)85.75%≥80%,氨(an)基(ji)酸總(zong)量(liang)達0.30%≥0.20%,總(zong)糖分(fen)(fen)9.01%≥7.0%,總(zong)酸28.84≥25.0g/kg,類胡蘿(luo)卜(bu)素0.038g/kg≥0.02g/kg,并含有(you)多種礦物質元素,在清涼解渴,降壓止(zhi)咳,化痰利肺方面具有(you)獨特(te)的功效(xiao),是加工天然綠色食品的優質原料。同(tong)仁(ren)黃(huang)果梨與黃(huang)土坎鴨梨有(you)效(xiao)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)含量(liang)對(dui)比表(biao)(略)
3、質量安全規定:在(zai)同仁黃(huang)果(guo)梨(li)(li)農(nong)產品地理標志(zhi)保護范圍內的黃(huang)果(guo)梨(li)(li)生(sheng)產過程及產品應符合以下規定:NY/T393-2000《農(nong)藥(yao)使用準則》 GB/T10650-2008《鮮梨(li)(li)》DB63/T1126-2012《黃(huang)果(guo)梨(li)(li)苗木繁育技術(shu)規程》;DB63/T1127-2012《黃(huang)果(guo)梨(li)(li)施肥技術(shu)規范》;DB63/T1128-2012《黃(huang)果(guo)梨(li)(li)病蟲(chong)害技術(shu)規范》;DB63/T1129-2012《黃(huang)果(guo)梨(li)(li)栽培技術(shu)規程》。
五.特定生產方式
1、種植區域:同(tong)仁黃果梨(li)適宜種植在海(hai)拔(ba)高度2200-2750m的(de)(de)隆務河(he)谷地。2、苗(miao)木繁育與(yu)栽培方式:選(xuan)地勢平坦、土層(ceng)深厚(hou)、有(you)機質含量(liang)高,交通便利、有(you)良(liang)好的(de)(de)灌溉條(tiao)件地塊(kuai)作(zuo)為苗(miao)圃地。砧木選(xuan)用(yong)胸徑(jing)1厘(li)米以上的(de)(de)杜梨(li)苗(miao),將無病蟲害(hai)的(de)(de)優質豐產樹作(zuo)為采(cai)(cai)穗(sui)母株(zhu),接(jie)穗(sui)在植株(zhu)落葉(xie)后至萌芽前(qian)采(cai)(cai)集,選(xuan)用(yong)60-80厘(li)米生長充實的(de)(de)一年生枝條(tiao),采(cai)(cai)后每50根綁成一捆,放在濕潤(run)、低溫的(de)(de)地窖或冷庫貯藏(zang)。春(chun)季接(jie)穗(sui)現采(cai)(cai)現用(yong),接(jie)穗(sui)保留2-3個芽,截成9-12厘(li)米的(de)(de)枝段(duan)。早春(chun)砧木萌芽時進行嫁(jia)接(jie),采(cai)(cai)用(yong)劈接(jie)的(de)(de)嫁(jia)接(jie)方式。
3、栽培技術
3.1挖(wa)穴、施肥(fei):選(xuan)擇土(tu)壤疏(shu)松(song)、土(tu)層深厚(hou)、有機(ji)質(zhi)高、肥(fei)水(shui)方便的大田挖(wa)栽植穴,穴直(zhi)徑(jing)50厘(li)米(mi)、穴深60厘(li)米(mi),表土(tu)和底土(tu)分別放置,挖(wa)好(hao)后放入0.5-1公斤有機(ji)肥(fei),回填(tian)底土(tu)。
3.2確定株(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)距、栽(zai)植:根(gen)據(ju)黃果樹(shu)的樹(shu)冠高大特性,株(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)距應控(kong)制(zhi)在4×5米(35株(zhu)(zhu)/畝)左右。栽(zai)植后要及時澆水、打頂。
3.3栽植(zhi)后(hou)的田間管理(li):幼(you)樹(shu)(shu)防寒(han):冬季(ji)寒(han)冷,西(xi)北風大,用(yong)樹(shu)(shu)干涂白(bai)或綁草幼(you)樹(shu)(shu)進行防寒(han)。幼(you)樹(shu)(shu)定干:已成(cheng)(cheng)活的幼(you)樹(shu)(shu),于春季(ji)末(mo)發(fa)芽前進行整(zheng)形修(xiu)剪,促(cu)使果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)提早成(cheng)(cheng)形,提早擴大樹(shu)(shu)冠、提早結果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)與灌水:秋季(ji)采果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)成(cheng)(cheng)年樹(shu)(shu)結合深(shen)耕畝施(shi)(shi)(shi)腐熟(shu)有機肥(fei)(fei)(畜禽糞水)5000公(gong)斤,磷肥(fei)(fei)50公(gong)斤,草木灰100公(gong)斤,尿素15公(gong)斤。年追肥(fei)(fei)2次(ci)(ci),第(di)一次(ci)(ci)于果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)發(fa)芽前施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong);第(di)二(er)次(ci)(ci)于果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實膨大期(qi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)。幼(you)齡樹(shu)(shu)一次(ci)(ci)性畝施(shi)(shi)(shi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)專用(yong)肥(fei)(fei)20公(gong)斤。適時(shi)灌水期(qi)一般在開花、結果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實增大期(qi)等主(zhu)要(yao)生理(li)時(shi)期(qi)。
3.4整(zheng)形(xing)修(xiu)剪(jian):春(chun)秋季及時進行(xing)整(zheng)形(xing)修(xiu)剪(jian)。整(zheng)形(xing)時要(yao)充(chong)分(fen)利用枝條,做到(dao)隨枝作(zuo)形(xing)、因(yin)樹而宜。
3.5害蟲防(fang)治:黃果(guo)梨害蟲主要有:蚜蟲、梨樹臭板(ban)蟲、卷葉(xie)蛾等(deng)。防(fang)治方法(fa):可用(yong)5%的高效(xiao)氯氰菊酯、70%艾美樂(le)水分(fen)散(san)顆粒劑等(deng)進行防(fang)治
3.6病害防治:黃果梨病害主要(yao)有:干腐病。防治方法:用70%甲基(ji)托(tuo)布(bu)津、50%多菌(jun)靈可(ke)濕性(xing)粉劑(ji)和生石(shi)灰按1:1:10比例調成糊狀對發病部位進行涂(tu)抹。
3.7采收標(biao)準:黃(huang)果梨果實(shi)充分膨大,表皮呈(cheng)金黃(huang)色時(shi)及時(shi)采收。
3.8分(fen)(fen)級(ji)以果實形(xing)狀、大(da)小、色差,光潔(jie)度(du)為(wei)劃分(fen)(fen)質量等級(ji)的主(zhu)要依(yi)據,三項(xiang)中(zhong)以最低(di)一項(xiang)指標定級(ji),分(fen)(fen)為(wei)3級(ji)。
3.9包裝(zhuang)(zhuang)同仁黃果梨可選用紙箱及其它包裝(zhuang)(zhuang)材(cai)料進行包裝(zhuang)(zhuang),便于搬運,裝(zhuang)(zhuang)卸(xie),貯藏和運輸等。
3.10運輸運輸時要(yao)做到輕裝、輕卸(xie)、防(fang)止機械損(sun)傷(shang)。短途運輸中(zhong)要(yao)防(fang)日曬雨淋。長途運輸中(zhong)注(zhu)意采(cai)取防(fang)凍保溫或降(jiang)溫措施,不(bu)使產品質量受(shou)到影響。
六.包裝(zhuang)標識相關規定
標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)嚴格按照《農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)地理標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)管理辦法》中規定使(shi)用(yong),在(zai)確定的(de)地域范(fan)(fan)圍內(nei)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)者或企(qi)業(ye)在(zai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)或包裝(zhuang)上使(shi)用(yong)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi),可以向登記證(zheng)書持有(you)人簽(qian)訂農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)地理標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)協議,產(chan)(chan)品(pin)包裝(zhuang)上應(ying)標(biao)(biao)明產(chan)(chan)品(pin)名稱、質量(liang)等級、產(chan)(chan)品(pin)產(chan)(chan)地、企(qi)業(ye)名稱、郵政編碼(ma)、電話(hua)號碼(ma)、貯運圖形等內(nei)容(rong),保證(zheng)地理標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)品(pin)質和信譽(yu),正確規范(fan)(fan)地使(shi)用(yong)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)地理標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)。