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一.產品介紹

【歷史(shi)(shi)文獻(xian)】據《同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)志(zhi)》及《同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)農業(ye)區(qu)劃》記(ji)載，神奇、美麗、富饒的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)南(nan)州同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)處(chu)青海(hai)省(sheng)東部(bu)農業(ye)區(qu)向青南(nan)牧區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過渡(du)地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶，境(jing)(jing)內高(gao)(gao)差起伏大，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候變化(hua)復(fu)雜(za)，生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)態類型多樣(yang)，有(you)(you)(you)蜿蜒流淌的(de)(de)(de)(de)隆(long)務(wu)河(he)，穿境(jing)(jing)而過，稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“金(jin)(jin)色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)谷(gu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)”。同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)歷史(shi)(shi)悠久，在漢朝時期，同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)北部(bu)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)漢朝屯田之(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)。唐(tang)中宗(zong)時，這里作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)金(jin)(jin)城公主的(de)(de)(de)(de)湯(tang)沐邑，賜予吐(tu)蕃(fan)(fan)。宋代(dai)是角(jiao)羅蕃(fan)(fan)政(zheng)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)勢力范(fan)圍。元(yuan)(yuan)明兩代(dai)，始(shi)以縣(xian)境(jing)(jing)保安(an)(an)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)觸(chu)角(jiao)，有(you)(you)(you)中央屯軍的(de)(de)(de)(de)伸入(ru)，形(xing)成以隆(long)務(wu)寺(si)(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中心青海(hai)最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)藏(zang)(zang)傳(chuan)佛(fo)教政(zheng)教合一統治(zhi)(zhi)體系，一直延續到(dao)清(qing)代(dai)。古為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)古羌地(di)(di)(di)(di)，西(xi)(xi)晉末為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)吐(tu)谷(gu)渾地(di)(di)(di)(di)，隋為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)達(da)化(hua)縣(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)，唐(tang)初(chu)(chu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)達(da)化(hua)縣(xian)、米(mi)川(chuan)縣(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)，安(an)(an)史(shi)(shi)之(zhi)亂(luan)后(hou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)吐(tu)蕃(fan)(fan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)，宋初(chu)(chu)吐(tu)蕃(fan)(fan)角(jiao)廝轄(xia)地(di)(di)(di)(di)，元(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)貴(gui)德(de)(de)州地(di)(di)(di)(di)，明為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)貴(gui)德(de)(de)千(qian)戶所轄(xia)，清(qing)隸循(xun)化(hua)廳(ting)，明國(guo)初(chu)(chu)隸循(xun)化(hua)縣(xian)，1929年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)設(she)立同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)。1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)沿(yan)舊制仍(reng)設(she)同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)，1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)改(gai)(gai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)藏(zang)(zang)族(zu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)，1953年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)由(you)同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)藏(zang)(zang)族(zu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)析置澤(ze)庫縣(xian)，同(tong)(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)改(gai)(gai)同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)藏(zang)(zang)族(zu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)，均隸黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)南(nan)藏(zang)(zang)族(zu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)州。【歷史(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)說】說起同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)（俗稱酸果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)），流傳(chuan)著神話(hua)傳(chuan)說，明崇禎年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)，隆(long)務(wu)寺(si)(si)第(di)一世(shi)夏日倉噶(ga)丹(dan)嘉(jia)措(cuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經師(shi)(shi)東科(ke)(ke)多居(ju)(ju)嘉(jia)措(cuo)在擴(kuo)建吾屯下(xia)寺(si)(si)，因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)勞累(lei)導致了(le)(le)(le)(le)咳嗽(sou)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)喘，由(you)于正(zheng)在修(xiu)建寺(si)(si)院，無法(fa)休息，這時，該村的(de)(de)(de)(de)一位老人(ren)(ren)(ren)帶來(lai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)一包凍黑(hei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)，對東科(ke)(ke)多居(ju)(ju)嘉(jia)措(cuo)經師(shi)(shi)說道，大師(shi)(shi)你的(de)(de)(de)(de)咳嗽(sou)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)喘吃這東西(xi)(xi)可以緩解(jie)，東科(ke)(ke)多居(ju)(ju)嘉(jia)措(cuo)經師(shi)(shi)客氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)下(xia)后(hou)，還想這東西(xi)(xi)能(neng)吃嗎?又(you)不(bu)想讓老人(ren)(ren)(ren)失望，當面(mian)吃了(le)(le)(le)(le)一顆(ke)，感覺肺(fei)(fei)特(te)(te)別舒服，咳嗽(sou)也少了(le)(le)(le)(le)，過了(le)(le)(le)(le)兩三(san)天(tian)，梨(li)也吃完了(le)(le)(le)(le)，東科(ke)(ke)多居(ju)(ju)嘉(jia)措(cuo)經師(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)咳嗽(sou)，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)喘也好了(le)(le)(le)(le)，這時東科(ke)(ke)多居(ju)(ju)嘉(jia)措(cuo)經師(shi)(shi)派人(ren)(ren)(ren)去(qu)找那個送梨(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)老人(ren)(ren)(ren)打聽，這梨(li)就在不(bu)遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)哈拉巴圖村生(sheng)(sheng)長時，就派人(ren)(ren)(ren)移(yi)栽樹(shu)苗，因此，現在年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)都(dou)乎(hu)寺(si)(si)院，郭么日寺(si)(si)院、尕沙日寺(si)(si)院都(dou)種(zhong)(zhong)植有(you)(you)(you)百年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)老果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)。【同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)特(te)(te)性】同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)鵝卵(luan)形(xing)，長10-14cm，橫徑7-10cm；色(se)(se)澤(ze)金(jin)(jin)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)，皮薄松軟(ruan)；果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肉(rou)酸味獨特(te)(te)，清(qing)香沁人(ren)(ren)(ren)；經后(hou)熟(shu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然冷(leng)凍后(hou)逐漸(jian)變為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黑(hei)褐色(se)(se)，出汁率高(gao)(gao)，口味酸甜適中。同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)養(yang)分(fen)含量(liang)豐富，黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)樹(shu)冠面(mian)積(ji)大，根系發達(da)，微量(liang)元(yuan)(yuan)素吸收(shou)量(liang)大，因此該果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)中水分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)85.75%，氨基酸總量(liang)達(da)0.30%，總糖分(fen)9.01%，總酸28.84%，類胡(hu)蘿卜素0.038%，并含有(you)(you)(you)多種(zhong)(zhong)礦物(wu)質(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)素及各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)微量(liang)元(yuan)(yuan)素，該果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)在清(qing)涼解(jie)熱(re)，降壓止(zhi)咳，消痰潤肺(fei)(fei)方面(mian)具有(you)(you)(you)獨特(te)(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保鍵功能(neng)，還能(neng)增進食欲、助消化(hua)，對體虛、津液不(bu)足者裨益，長期食用(yong)可補充人(ren)(ren)(ren)體鈣、磷、鐵等(deng)微量(liang)元(yuan)(yuan)素，增強免疫力。【發展(zhan)前景】進入(ru)二十世(shi)紀，特(te)(te)別是近年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來(lai)，隨著科(ke)(ke)學知識的(de)(de)(de)(de)普及和人(ren)(ren)(ren)們飲食健康(kang)理念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成，人(ren)(ren)(ren)們對黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)營(ying)養(yang)價(jia)值和保健作用(yong)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)重視，目前同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)種(zhong)(zhong)植面(mian)積(ji)達(da)0.068公頃，年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)0.042萬噸，針(zhen)對黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)是青海(hai)省(sheng)同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)唯有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)名特(te)(te)優質(zhi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)，近年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來(lai)州縣(xian)級政(zheng)府積(ji)極扶持(chi)籌(chou)資(zi)興建了(le)(le)(le)(le)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)飲品(pin)加工企業(ye)，該企業(ye)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)加工能(neng)力500噸，開發了(le)(le)(le)(le)晶黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)飲料、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)醋、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)酒等(deng)高(gao)(gao)附價(jia)值的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)產(chan)品(pin)，有(you)(you)(you)利的(de)(de)(de)(de)推動了(le)(le)(le)(le)同(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)發展(zhan)，也提高(gao)(gao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)農民收(shou)入(ru)，種(zhong)(zhong)植黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)具有(you)(you)(you)廣闊(kuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)和開發前景。

二.自然(ran)生態環境(jing)和(he)人文歷史因(yin)素(su)

1.土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤地(di)(di)貌(mao)情況：同仁(ren)市地(di)(di)處青藏高原(yuan)與黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)高原(yuan)的(de)過(guo)渡地(di)(di)帶，隆務河(he)(he)(he)縱貫(guan)全境南(nan)北，形成東西(xi)部山區和中部河(he)(he)(he)谷(gu)地(di)(di)區。境內山巒(luan)起伏，河(he)(he)(he)谷(gu)相(xiang)間，地(di)(di)貌(mao)復(fu)雜多樣(yang)。地(di)(di)勢南(nan)高北低，全縣最高點(dian)為(wei)阿米(mi)夏(xia)瓊山（海(hai)拔(ba)4767米(mi)），最低點(dian)麻(ma)巴溝口（海(hai)拔(ba)2160米(mi)），相(xiang)對(dui)高差2607米(mi)。全縣總耕(geng)地(di)(di)面積0.75萬公(gong)頃，其(qi)中水澆地(di)(di)0.18萬公(gong)頃，土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤類(lei)型以栗(li)鈣土(tu)(tu)(tu)、灰鈣土(tu)(tu)(tu)和灌淤(yu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)主，質地(di)(di)壤土(tu)(tu)(tu)，微堿性，土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤有(you)機質豐富(fu)，物(wu)理(li)性狀良(liang)好(hao)，地(di)(di)下水資源豐富(fu)，適(shi)宜同仁(ren)黃果(guo)梨(li)的(de)生長(chang)和發育。

2、水(shui)文情況：同仁黃(huang)果(guo)梨生(sheng)長(chang)區域年平均(jun)降水(shui)量(liang)為425.7mm，主要集(ji)中在(zai)6至9月份，加之地(di)處隆(long)務河畔，隆(long)務河等水(shui)源(yuan)能滿足黃(huang)果(guo)梨整個(ge)生(sheng)長(chang)期需(xu)水(shui)量(liang)。

3、氣候(hou)(hou)(hou)情況：同(tong)仁(ren)市地(di)(di)處青藏高原，因海(hai)拔(ba)高而形成了(le)典(dian)型的高原大(da)陸性氣候(hou)(hou)(hou)特(te)點，并具有顯著的區域性氣候(hou)(hou)(hou)特(te)征。總(zong)的氣候(hou)(hou)(hou)特(te)點是溫(wen)度垂直變化明顯，地(di)(di)區差(cha)異顯著，光照(zhao)充足，日射強，全(quan)年平均氣溫(wen)5.2℃，年日照(zhao)總(zong)時(shi)數達(da)2634.9小(xiao)時(shi)，無(wu)霜期(qi)約(yue)150天，年氣溫(wen)較差(cha)13.7℃。生長期(qi)的積溫(wen)可達(da)2500℃，其優點是日照(zhao)時(shi)間長、晝夜溫(wen)差(cha)大(da)，有利于(yu)植(zhi)物(wu)光合作(zuo)用和干(gan)物(wu)質積累，同(tong)仁(ren)隆務河(he)谷(gu)地(di)(di)帶為涼溫(wen)氣候(hou)(hou)(hou)區，具備更好(hao)的熱量條件和灌(guan)溉條件，典(dian)型的高原特(te)色小(xiao)氣候(hou)(hou)(hou)條件形成獨特(te)的同(tong)仁(ren)黃果梨(li)品種(zhong)。

三.地域范圍

黃(huang)南州同仁(ren)市位于青海省(sheng)東(dong)南部，東(dong)鄰甘肅省(sheng)夏河(he)縣，西連貴德(de)縣，南接澤庫縣，北與循化(hua)、尖扎縣接壤。同仁(ren)黃(huang)果梨種植區(qu)域(yu)為(wei)東(dong)經(jing)101°38′—102°27′，北緯35°01′ —35°47′之間，南北長45公(gong)里，東(dong)西寬15公(gong)里，涵蓋總(zong)面(mian)積為(wei)0.675萬(wan)公(gong)頃，同仁(ren)黃(huang)果梨種植區(qu)域(yu)遍及全縣6個(ge)鄉鎮(zhen)，種植面(mian)積為(wei)0.068萬(wan)公(gong)頃，年總(zong)產(chan)量0.042萬(wan)噸。

四.產品品質特(te)性特(te)征(zheng)

1、獨特外在感(gan)官特征(zheng)：同仁黃(huang)果(guo)梨鵝卵形，長(chang)10-14cm，橫徑7-10cm；色澤金黃(huang)，皮薄松軟；果(guo)肉(rou)酸味(wei)(wei)獨特，清香沁人；經后(hou)熟自然冷凍后(hou)逐漸變為黑褐色，出(chu)汁率高(gao)，口(kou)味(wei)(wei)酸甜適(shi)中(zhong)。

2、獨特的內含(han)成分(fen)：同(tong)仁黃果梨養分(fen)含(han)量豐富，通過中國科(ke)學(xue)院西北高原生物研究所(suo)分(fen)析(xi)測(ce)試表(biao)明，其中水(shui)分(fen)為(wei)85.75%≥80%，氨基酸(suan)總(zong)量達0.30%≥0.20%，總(zong)糖分(fen)9.01%≥7.0%，總(zong)酸(suan)28.84≥25.0g/kg，類胡(hu)蘿卜素0.038g/kg≥0.02g/kg，并含(han)有(you)多種礦(kuang)物質(zhi)元素，在清涼解渴，降壓止(zhi)咳，化(hua)痰利肺方面具有(you)獨特的功效(xiao)，是加工天然綠色食品的優質(zhi)原料。同(tong)仁黃果梨與(yu)黃土坎鴨梨有(you)效(xiao)成分(fen)含(han)量對比表(biao)(略(lve)）

3、質(zhi)量安全(quan)規(gui)定(ding)：在同仁黃果(guo)(guo)梨農(nong)產品地(di)理標(biao)志保護范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)的黃果(guo)(guo)梨生產過程及產品應符合以(yi)下規(gui)定(ding)：NY/T393-2000《農(nong)藥使用(yong)準則》 GB/T10650-2008《鮮(xian)梨》DB63/T1126-2012《黃果(guo)(guo)梨苗(miao)木繁育技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)程》；DB63/T1127-2012《黃果(guo)(guo)梨施肥技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》；DB63/T1128-2012《黃果(guo)(guo)梨病蟲害(hai)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》；DB63/T1129-2012《黃果(guo)(guo)梨栽(zai)培(pei)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)程》。

五.特定生產方式

1、種植區(qu)域：同仁黃果梨適宜種植在海(hai)拔高(gao)度2200-2750ｍ的(de)(de)隆務河谷地。2、苗木繁育與栽培方式：選(xuan)地勢平坦、土層深厚、有(you)機質含量高(gao)，交通便利、有(you)良好的(de)(de)灌溉條(tiao)件地塊作(zuo)為苗圃(pu)地。砧木選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)胸徑1厘米以上的(de)(de)杜梨苗，將無病(bing)蟲害的(de)(de)優質豐產樹作(zuo)為采(cai)穗(sui)(sui)母株(zhu)，接(jie)穗(sui)(sui)在植株(zhu)落葉后至萌芽前采(cai)集，選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)60-80厘米生(sheng)長(chang)充實的(de)(de)一年生(sheng)枝條(tiao)，采(cai)后每50根綁成(cheng)一捆，放在濕潤、低溫的(de)(de)地窖或冷庫貯藏(zang)。春(chun)季接(jie)穗(sui)(sui)現(xian)采(cai)現(xian)用(yong)(yong)，接(jie)穗(sui)(sui)保留2-3個芽，截成(cheng)9-12厘米的(de)(de)枝段。早春(chun)砧木萌芽時(shi)進行嫁接(jie)，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)劈接(jie)的(de)(de)嫁接(jie)方式。

3、栽培技術

3.1挖穴、施肥：選(xuan)擇土(tu)壤疏(shu)松(song)、土(tu)層深厚、有機質高(gao)、肥水方便的(de)大田挖栽植穴，穴直(zhi)徑(jing)50厘米、穴深60厘米，表土(tu)和底土(tu)分別放置(zhi)，挖好(hao)后放入0.5-1公斤(jin)有機肥，回填底土(tu)。

3.2確(que)定株行距、栽植：根據黃(huang)果樹的樹冠(guan)高大(da)特性，株行距應控制在4×5米(mi)（35株/畝）左右(you)。栽植后要及時澆水、打(da)頂。

3.3栽植后的(de)田間管理：幼(you)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)防寒：冬(dong)季寒冷，西北風大(da)(da)，用(yong)(yong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)干涂白或(huo)綁(bang)草幼(you)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)進行(xing)防寒。幼(you)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)定干：已(yi)成活的(de)幼(you)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，于(yu)春季末發芽前進行(xing)整形修剪(jian)，促使果樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)提(ti)早(zao)成形，提(ti)早(zao)擴大(da)(da)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)冠、提(ti)早(zao)結(jie)果。施(shi)肥(fei)與灌水(shui)：秋季采(cai)果后成年樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)結(jie)合深(shen)耕畝施(shi)腐熟有(you)機肥(fei)（畜禽糞水(shui)）5000公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)，磷肥(fei)50公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)，草木(mu)灰100公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)，尿素15公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)。年追肥(fei)2次，第一(yi)次于(yu)果樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)發芽前施(shi)用(yong)(yong)；第二(er)次于(yu)果實膨大(da)(da)期(qi)施(shi)用(yong)(yong)。幼(you)齡樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)一(yi)次性畝施(shi)果樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)專用(yong)(yong)肥(fei)20公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)。適時灌水(shui)期(qi)一(yi)般在開花、結(jie)果、果實增大(da)(da)期(qi)等(deng)主要生理時期(qi)。

3.4整(zheng)形修(xiu)剪(jian)：春(chun)秋季(ji)及時進行整(zheng)形修(xiu)剪(jian)。整(zheng)形時要(yao)充分利用枝(zhi)條，做到(dao)隨(sui)枝(zhi)作形、因樹而宜。

3.5害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)防(fang)治：黃果梨害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)主要有：蚜蟲(chong)(chong)、梨樹臭板(ban)蟲(chong)(chong)、卷(juan)葉蛾等。防(fang)治方法(fa)：可用5%的高(gao)效氯氰(qing)菊(ju)酯、70%艾美(mei)樂水分散(san)顆粒劑等進行防(fang)治

3.6病(bing)害(hai)防治：黃果梨病(bing)害(hai)主要有：干腐病(bing)。防治方法(fa)：用70%甲基托布津、50%多菌靈可濕(shi)性粉(fen)劑和生石(shi)灰(hui)按1：1：10比例調成糊狀對發(fa)病(bing)部位進行(xing)涂抹。

3.7采(cai)收(shou)標準：黃果(guo)(guo)梨果(guo)(guo)實充分膨(peng)大，表(biao)皮(pi)呈(cheng)金黃色時及時采(cai)收(shou)。

3.8分(fen)級(ji)以果實形狀、大小(xiao)、色(se)差，光潔度為劃分(fen)質量等級(ji)的主(zhu)要(yao)依據(ju)，三項中以最低(di)一項指(zhi)標(biao)定級(ji)，分(fen)為3級(ji)。

3.9包(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)同(tong)仁黃果梨可選用紙箱及其它包(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)材料(liao)進(jin)行包(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)，便于搬運，裝(zhuang)(zhuang)卸，貯藏和運輸等。

3.10運輸運輸時要(yao)(yao)做到輕裝(zhuang)、輕卸、防止機械損傷。短途運輸中要(yao)(yao)防日曬雨淋。長(chang)途運輸中注意采取防凍保溫(wen)或降溫(wen)措施，不使產品質量受到影響。

六.包裝標識相(xiang)關規定(ding)

標志(zhi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)嚴格按(an)照《農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)地(di)(di)理(li)(li)標志(zhi)管理(li)(li)辦法》中(zhong)規定(ding)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，在確定(ding)的地(di)(di)域范圍內(nei)生產(chan)(chan)者或企(qi)(qi)業(ye)在產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)或包裝(zhuang)上使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)標志(zhi)，可以向登(deng)記證(zheng)書持有人簽(qian)訂農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)地(di)(di)理(li)(li)標志(zhi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)協議，產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)包裝(zhuang)上應標明產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)名稱、質(zhi)量等(deng)(deng)級、產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)產(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)、企(qi)(qi)業(ye)名稱、郵(you)政編碼(ma)、電話(hua)號碼(ma)、貯運圖形等(deng)(deng)內(nei)容，保(bao)證(zheng)地(di)(di)理(li)(li)標志(zhi)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)的品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)和信(xin)譽，正確規范地(di)(di)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)地(di)(di)理(li)(li)標志(zhi)。