一.產品介紹
【歷(li)史(shi)文獻】據《同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)志》及(ji)《同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)農業區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劃》記(ji)載,神奇、美麗(li)、富(fu)(fu)饒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)南州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)處青海省(sheng)東(dong)部農業區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)向青南牧區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過渡地(di)帶,境(jing)內高(gao)差起(qi)伏大(da),氣(qi)候變化(hua)復雜,生(sheng)物(wu)生(sheng)態類型多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣(yang),有(you)(you)(you)(you)蜿(wan)蜒流(liu)淌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隆(long)(long)(long)務(wu)河,穿境(jing)而(er)過,稱為(wei)(wei)“金(jin)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)谷地(di)”。同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)歷(li)史(shi)悠久(jiu),在(zai)(zai)漢朝時(shi)期,同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)北部成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)漢朝屯田(tian)之(zhi)地(di)。唐(tang)中(zhong)宗(zong)時(shi),這(zhe)(zhe)里作為(wei)(wei)金(jin)城公主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湯沐邑,賜予(yu)吐蕃。宋代(dai)是角羅蕃政(zheng)(zheng)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勢力(li)范(fan)圍。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)明兩(liang)代(dai),始(shi)以縣(xian)境(jing)保安為(wei)(wei)觸角,有(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)央(yang)屯軍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)入(ru),形成(cheng)(cheng)以隆(long)(long)(long)務(wu)寺(si)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)心(xin)青海最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藏傳(chuan)(chuan)佛教政(zheng)(zheng)教合一統治(zhi)體(ti)系,一直延續到清(qing)代(dai)。古為(wei)(wei)古羌地(di),西(xi)晉末為(wei)(wei)吐谷渾地(di),隋為(wei)(wei)達(da)(da)化(hua)縣(xian)地(di),唐(tang)初為(wei)(wei)達(da)(da)化(hua)縣(xian)、米(mi)川縣(xian)地(di),安史(shi)之(zhi)亂(luan)后(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)吐蕃地(di),宋初吐蕃角廝轄(xia)地(di),元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)(wei)貴德(de)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)地(di),明為(wei)(wei)貴德(de)千(qian)戶所轄(xia),清(qing)隸(li)循化(hua)廳(ting),明國初隸(li)循化(hua)縣(xian),1929年(nian)設立同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)。1949年(nian)沿舊(jiu)制仍(reng)設同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi),1952年(nian)改為(wei)(wei)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)藏族自治(zhi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),1953年(nian)由同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)藏族自治(zhi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)析(xi)置澤庫縣(xian),同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)年(nian)改同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)藏族自治(zhi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)為(wei)(wei)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi),均隸(li)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)南藏族自治(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。【歷(li)史(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)】說(shuo)起(qi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)(俗稱酸果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)),流(liu)傳(chuan)(chuan)著(zhu)神話傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo),明崇禎年(nian)間,隆(long)(long)(long)務(wu)寺(si)第一世夏日(ri)倉噶丹嘉(jia)措(cuo)(cuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經師(shi)東(dong)科多(duo)(duo)(duo)居(ju)嘉(jia)措(cuo)(cuo)在(zai)(zai)擴(kuo)建吾屯下寺(si),因為(wei)(wei)勞累導致了(le)(le)(le)咳(ke)嗽(sou)、氣(qi)喘(chuan),由于(yu)正在(zai)(zai)修建寺(si)院(yuan),無法休息(xi),這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi),該(gai)(gai)村的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一位老(lao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)帶來(lai)了(le)(le)(le)一包凍(dong)(dong)黑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li),對東(dong)科多(duo)(duo)(duo)居(ju)嘉(jia)措(cuo)(cuo)經師(shi)說(shuo)道(dao),大(da)師(shi)你(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咳(ke)嗽(sou)、氣(qi)喘(chuan)吃(chi)這(zhe)(zhe)東(dong)西(xi)可以緩解,東(dong)科多(duo)(duo)(duo)居(ju)嘉(jia)措(cuo)(cuo)經師(shi)客氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)下后(hou)(hou),還(huan)想(xiang)這(zhe)(zhe)東(dong)西(xi)能吃(chi)嗎(ma)?又不(bu)想(xiang)讓老(lao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)失望(wang),當面吃(chi)了(le)(le)(le)一顆(ke),感覺肺(fei)特(te)別舒(shu)服,咳(ke)嗽(sou)也(ye)少了(le)(le)(le),過了(le)(le)(le)兩(liang)三(san)天,梨(li)(li)(li)也(ye)吃(chi)完了(le)(le)(le),東(dong)科多(duo)(duo)(duo)居(ju)嘉(jia)措(cuo)(cuo)經師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咳(ke)嗽(sou),氣(qi)喘(chuan)也(ye)好了(le)(le)(le),這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)東(dong)科多(duo)(duo)(duo)居(ju)嘉(jia)措(cuo)(cuo)經師(shi)派人(ren)(ren)(ren)去找那(nei)個送梨(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老(lao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)打聽,這(zhe)(zhe)梨(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)在(zai)(zai)不(bu)遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哈拉巴圖村生(sheng)長(chang)時(shi),就(jiu)派人(ren)(ren)(ren)移栽樹(shu)苗,因此,現在(zai)(zai)年(nian)都乎(hu)寺(si)院(yuan),郭么(me)日(ri)寺(si)院(yuan)、尕沙日(ri)寺(si)院(yuan)都種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)百年(nian)老(lao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)。【同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)特(te)性】同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)鵝卵(luan)形,長(chang)10-14cm,橫徑7-10cm;色澤金(jin)黃(huang)(huang)(huang),皮(pi)薄松軟(ruan);果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肉酸味獨特(te),清(qing)香沁人(ren)(ren)(ren);經后(hou)(hou)熟自然冷凍(dong)(dong)后(hou)(hou)逐(zhu)漸變為(wei)(wei)黑褐(he)色,出汁率高(gao),口味酸甜適中(zhong)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)養分含(han)量(liang)豐(feng)富(fu)(fu),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)樹(shu)冠面積大(da),根系發達(da)(da),微量(liang)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)素吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)量(liang)大(da),因此該(gai)(gai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)中(zhong)水分為(wei)(wei)85.75%,氨基酸總(zong)(zong)量(liang)達(da)(da)0.30%,總(zong)(zong)糖分9.01%,總(zong)(zong)酸28.84%,類胡蘿(luo)卜素0.038%,并(bing)含(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)多(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)礦物(wu)質元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)素及(ji)各種(zhong)(zhong)微量(liang)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)素,該(gai)(gai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)在(zai)(zai)清(qing)涼解熱,降壓止(zhi)咳(ke),消痰潤肺(fei)方面具有(you)(you)(you)(you)獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保鍵功能,還(huan)能增進(jin)食欲、助消化(hua),對體(ti)虛、津液不(bu)足者(zhe)裨益,長(chang)期食用可補充(chong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)體(ti)鈣、磷、鐵等微量(liang)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)素,增強免疫力(li)。【發展(zhan)前(qian)(qian)景(jing)】進(jin)入(ru)二(er)十世紀,特(te)別是近年(nian)來(lai),隨著(zhu)科學知識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普及(ji)和人(ren)(ren)(ren)們飲(yin)食健康理(li)念的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)(cheng),人(ren)(ren)(ren)們對黃(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)營養價(jia)值和保健作用越來(lai)越重(zhong)視,目前(qian)(qian)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)面積達(da)(da)0.068公頃,年(nian)產(chan)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)0.042萬(wan)噸(dun),針對黃(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)是青海省(sheng)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)唯(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名特(te)優質果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin),近年(nian)來(lai)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)縣(xian)級(ji)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)積極扶持(chi)籌資興建了(le)(le)(le)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)飲(yin)品(pin)加(jia)工企業,該(gai)(gai)企業年(nian)加(jia)工能力(li)500噸(dun),開發了(le)(le)(le)晶黃(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)飲(yin)料(liao)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)醋、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)酒等高(gao)附價(jia)值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)產(chan)品(pin),有(you)(you)(you)(you)利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)動了(le)(le)(le)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)發展(zhan),也(ye)提高(gao)了(le)(le)(le)農民收(shou)(shou)入(ru),種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)(li)(li)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)廣闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場和開發前(qian)(qian)景(jing)。
二.自然生(sheng)態環(huan)境和(he)人文歷史因素
1.土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)地(di)貌情況:同(tong)(tong)仁市地(di)處(chu)青藏高(gao)原(yuan)與(yu)黃(huang)土(tu)高(gao)原(yuan)的(de)過(guo)渡地(di)帶,隆(long)務(wu)河縱貫全境南北(bei),形成東西(xi)部(bu)(bu)山區(qu)和(he)(he)中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)河谷地(di)區(qu)。境內山巒起(qi)伏,河谷相(xiang)間,地(di)貌復雜(za)多樣。地(di)勢南高(gao)北(bei)低,全縣(xian)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)點為(wei)阿米(mi)夏瓊山(海(hai)(hai)拔4767米(mi)),最(zui)(zui)低點麻巴(ba)溝(gou)口(海(hai)(hai)拔2160米(mi)),相(xiang)對高(gao)差2607米(mi)。全縣(xian)總(zong)耕地(di)面積(ji)0.75萬(wan)公(gong)頃(qing),其中(zhong)水澆地(di)0.18萬(wan)公(gong)頃(qing),土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)類型以栗(li)鈣(gai)土(tu)、灰鈣(gai)土(tu)和(he)(he)灌淤(yu)土(tu)為(wei)主,質地(di)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu),微堿性(xing),土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)有機質豐(feng)富(fu),物理(li)性(xing)狀良好,地(di)下水資源豐(feng)富(fu),適宜(yi)同(tong)(tong)仁黃(huang)果梨的(de)生長(chang)和(he)(he)發育。
2、水(shui)文情況:同仁黃(huang)(huang)果梨(li)生長區(qu)域(yu)年平均(jun)降水(shui)量(liang)為425.7mm,主要集中在6至(zhi)9月份,加之地處隆務河畔(pan),隆務河等(deng)水(shui)源(yuan)能滿足黃(huang)(huang)果梨(li)整個生長期需水(shui)量(liang)。
3、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)情(qing)況:同仁市地處青藏高原(yuan),因海(hai)拔(ba)高而形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)典(dian)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)高原(yuan)大陸性氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)特點(dian),并(bing)具(ju)有(you)顯(xian)著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)域性氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)特征。總的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)特點(dian)是溫(wen)(wen)度垂直變(bian)化明顯(xian),地區(qu)差異(yi)顯(xian)著(zhu),光(guang)照充足,日射強,全年平均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)5.2℃,年日照總時(shi)(shi)數達2634.9小時(shi)(shi),無霜期約150天,年氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)較差13.7℃。生長(chang)(chang)期的(de)(de)(de)積溫(wen)(wen)可達2500℃,其優點(dian)是日照時(shi)(shi)間長(chang)(chang)、晝夜溫(wen)(wen)差大,有(you)利于(yu)植物(wu)光(guang)合作用和(he)干物(wu)質積累,同仁隆務河谷地帶(dai)為涼(liang)溫(wen)(wen)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)區(qu),具(ju)備更好的(de)(de)(de)熱量條(tiao)件和(he)灌溉條(tiao)件,典(dian)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)高原(yuan)特色小氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)條(tiao)件形(xing)成(cheng)獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)同仁黃果梨品種。
三.地域范圍
黃(huang)(huang)南(nan)州同(tong)仁市(shi)位于(yu)青(qing)海(hai)省(sheng)東南(nan)部,東鄰甘肅省(sheng)夏(xia)河(he)縣,西連貴德(de)縣,南(nan)接澤庫縣,北與循化、尖扎縣接壤。同(tong)仁黃(huang)(huang)果梨種植(zhi)區域(yu)為(wei)東經(jing)101°38′—102°27′,北緯35°01′ —35°47′之間,南(nan)北長45公里,東西寬15公里,涵蓋總面(mian)(mian)積為(wei)0.675萬公頃,同(tong)仁黃(huang)(huang)果梨種植(zhi)區域(yu)遍及全縣6個鄉鎮(zhen),種植(zhi)面(mian)(mian)積為(wei)0.068萬公頃,年總產(chan)量(liang)0.042萬噸。
四.產品品質特性(xing)特征
1、獨(du)特外(wai)在感官特征:同仁黃(huang)果梨鵝卵形,長10-14cm,橫(heng)徑7-10cm;色澤金(jin)黃(huang),皮薄松軟;果肉(rou)酸味(wei)獨(du)特,清香沁人;經(jing)后熟(shu)自(zi)然冷凍后逐漸變為黑褐(he)色,出汁率高,口味(wei)酸甜適中。
2、獨特的內含(han)成分(fen):同(tong)仁(ren)黃(huang)(huang)果梨養分(fen)含(han)量豐富(fu),通(tong)過中國(guo)科(ke)學(xue)院西北高原生(sheng)物(wu)研(yan)究所分(fen)析測試表(biao)明,其中水分(fen)為85.75%≥80%,氨基酸(suan)(suan)總量達0.30%≥0.20%,總糖分(fen)9.01%≥7.0%,總酸(suan)(suan)28.84≥25.0g/kg,類(lei)胡蘿卜素0.038g/kg≥0.02g/kg,并含(han)有多種礦物(wu)質(zhi)元(yuan)素,在清涼解(jie)渴,降壓止咳,化痰(tan)利肺方(fang)面具有獨特的功效,是加(jia)工天然(ran)綠色食品的優質(zhi)原料。同(tong)仁(ren)黃(huang)(huang)果梨與黃(huang)(huang)土(tu)坎(kan)鴨梨有效成分(fen)含(han)量對比表(biao)(略)
3、質量(liang)安(an)全(quan)規(gui)定(ding):在同(tong)仁黃(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)梨(li)農產品地(di)理標志(zhi)保護范(fan)(fan)圍內的黃(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)梨(li)生(sheng)產過程及產品應符合以(yi)下規(gui)定(ding):NY/T393-2000《農藥使用準(zhun)則(ze)》 GB/T10650-2008《鮮梨(li)》DB63/T1126-2012《黃(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)梨(li)苗木繁育技術(shu)(shu)規(gui)程》;DB63/T1127-2012《黃(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)梨(li)施肥技術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》;DB63/T1128-2012《黃(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)梨(li)病蟲害技術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》;DB63/T1129-2012《黃(huang)(huang)果(guo)(guo)梨(li)栽培技術(shu)(shu)規(gui)程》。
五(wu).特定生產方式(shi)
1、種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)區域:同(tong)仁黃果(guo)梨適宜種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)在海拔高度2200-2750m的(de)隆(long)務河(he)谷地(di)。2、苗(miao)木繁育與栽培(pei)方(fang)式(shi):選地(di)勢平坦、土層深(shen)厚、有(you)機質含量高,交通便利、有(you)良好的(de)灌溉條件地(di)塊(kuai)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)苗(miao)圃地(di)。砧(zhen)木選用胸(xiong)徑1厘(li)米以上的(de)杜梨苗(miao),將無病蟲(chong)害的(de)優質豐產樹作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)采(cai)穗(sui)母株(zhu),接(jie)穗(sui)在植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)落葉后至萌(meng)芽(ya)前采(cai)集,選用60-80厘(li)米生長充實的(de)一(yi)年生枝條,采(cai)后每50根綁(bang)成一(yi)捆(kun),放在濕潤、低溫的(de)地(di)窖或冷(leng)庫貯藏(zang)。春(chun)季接(jie)穗(sui)現(xian)采(cai)現(xian)用,接(jie)穗(sui)保留2-3個芽(ya),截成9-12厘(li)米的(de)枝段。早春(chun)砧(zhen)木萌(meng)芽(ya)時進行嫁(jia)接(jie),采(cai)用劈接(jie)的(de)嫁(jia)接(jie)方(fang)式(shi)。
3、栽培技術
3.1挖穴(xue)、施肥:選擇土壤疏(shu)松、土層深厚、有(you)機質高(gao)、肥水方便的大田挖栽植穴(xue),穴(xue)直徑50厘(li)米(mi)、穴(xue)深60厘(li)米(mi),表土和(he)底(di)土分別(bie)放置(zhi),挖好后放入0.5-1公(gong)斤有(you)機肥,回填底(di)土。
3.2確定株行距(ju)、栽植:根據黃果樹的樹冠高(gao)大特性,株行距(ju)應(ying)控制在4×5米(35株/畝)左右。栽植后要及時澆水、打頂。
3.3栽植后(hou)的田間(jian)管(guan)理:幼(you)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)防(fang)寒(han):冬季(ji)寒(han)冷,西(xi)北風大,用(yong)(yong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干涂白或綁草幼(you)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)進行防(fang)寒(han)。幼(you)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)定干:已成活的幼(you)樹(shu)(shu)(shu),于(yu)春(chun)季(ji)末發(fa)芽(ya)前進行整形(xing)修剪,促使果(guo)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)提早(zao)(zao)成形(xing),提早(zao)(zao)擴大樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠、提早(zao)(zao)結(jie)(jie)果(guo)。施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)與(yu)灌水(shui):秋季(ji)采果(guo)后(hou)成年樹(shu)(shu)(shu)結(jie)(jie)合(he)深耕(geng)畝施(shi)(shi)腐熟有機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(畜禽糞水(shui))5000公斤(jin),磷肥(fei)(fei)50公斤(jin),草木灰(hui)100公斤(jin),尿(niao)素15公斤(jin)。年追肥(fei)(fei)2次,第(di)(di)一次于(yu)果(guo)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)發(fa)芽(ya)前施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong);第(di)(di)二次于(yu)果(guo)實膨大期施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)。幼(you)齡樹(shu)(shu)(shu)一次性畝施(shi)(shi)果(guo)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)專用(yong)(yong)肥(fei)(fei)20公斤(jin)。適時灌水(shui)期一般(ban)在(zai)開花、結(jie)(jie)果(guo)、果(guo)實增大期等主要(yao)生理時期。
3.4整形(xing)修剪:春(chun)秋季及時進行整形(xing)修剪。整形(xing)時要充分利用枝條,做到隨枝作形(xing)、因樹(shu)而宜。
3.5害蟲(chong)(chong)防(fang)治(zhi):黃果(guo)梨(li)害蟲(chong)(chong)主(zhu)要有:蚜蟲(chong)(chong)、梨(li)樹(shu)臭板(ban)蟲(chong)(chong)、卷葉蛾等。防(fang)治(zhi)方法:可(ke)用5%的高效氯氰菊(ju)酯、70%艾美(mei)樂(le)水分散顆粒劑等進(jin)行防(fang)治(zhi)
3.6病(bing)(bing)害防治:黃果梨病(bing)(bing)害主要有:干腐病(bing)(bing)。防治方法:用70%甲基托(tuo)布(bu)津、50%多菌靈可濕性粉劑和(he)生(sheng)石灰按1:1:10比例調成糊狀對(dui)發病(bing)(bing)部(bu)位(wei)進行涂抹。
3.7采(cai)收標(biao)準:黃(huang)果梨果實充分(fen)膨(peng)大,表(biao)皮呈金黃(huang)色時及時采(cai)收。
3.8分級(ji)(ji)(ji)以果(guo)實(shi)形狀、大(da)小(xiao)、色差,光潔(jie)度為劃分質量等級(ji)(ji)(ji)的主要依據,三項(xiang)中(zhong)以最低一項(xiang)指標(biao)定(ding)級(ji)(ji)(ji),分為3級(ji)(ji)(ji)。
3.9包裝(zhuang)同仁黃果梨可(ke)選用紙箱及其它包裝(zhuang)材料進行(xing)包裝(zhuang),便于搬(ban)運(yun),裝(zhuang)卸(xie),貯(zhu)藏和運(yun)輸等。
3.10運(yun)輸運(yun)輸時要做到輕裝、輕卸、防止(zhi)機械損傷。短途運(yun)輸中要防日(ri)曬雨(yu)淋(lin)。長(chang)途運(yun)輸中注(zhu)意采取防凍保溫(wen)或降(jiang)溫(wen)措施,不(bu)使產品質量受(shou)到影響(xiang)。
六.包裝標識相關(guan)規定
標(biao)志(zhi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)嚴格按(an)照(zhao)《農產(chan)(chan)品地(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)志(zhi)管理(li)(li)(li)辦法》中規(gui)定使(shi)(shi)用(yong),在確(que)定的地(di)域范(fan)圍內(nei)生產(chan)(chan)者或(huo)(huo)企業在產(chan)(chan)品或(huo)(huo)包裝上使(shi)(shi)用(yong)標(biao)志(zhi),可(ke)以向登(deng)記(ji)證書持有人簽訂農產(chan)(chan)品地(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)志(zhi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)協議,產(chan)(chan)品包裝上應(ying)標(biao)明(ming)產(chan)(chan)品名(ming)稱(cheng)、質量(liang)等(deng)級、產(chan)(chan)品產(chan)(chan)地(di)、企業名(ming)稱(cheng)、郵政編碼(ma)、電話號碼(ma)、貯(zhu)運圖(tu)形等(deng)內(nei)容,保證地(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)志(zhi)農產(chan)(chan)品的品質和信譽,正確(que)規(gui)范(fan)地(di)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)農產(chan)(chan)品地(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)志(zhi)。