一.產品介紹
永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)起源(yuan)(yuan)于(yu)野生(sheng)鴻(hong)雁(yan)(yan),是(shi)(shi)鴨科雁(yan)(yan)屬鴻(hong)雁(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個變種,據《大(da)理(li)州(zhou)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方畜(chu)禽品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種志(zhi)》記載,1263年(nian)(nian)永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)回(hui)族(zu)紇(he)氏開始馴養(yang)(yang)鵝(e)(e)(e)(鴻(hong)雁(yan)(yan)),迄今(jin)為(wei)止已(yi)有750多(duo)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)。永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)是(shi)(shi)當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)回(hui)族(zu)農民(min)在(zai)特(te)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)氣(qi)(qi)候環(huan)境(jing)(jing)、飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)條(tiao)件(jian)、飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)習(xi)(xi)慣(guan)下,在(zai)長(chang)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)殖實踐中(zhong),經(jing)精心(xin)選(xuan)(xuan)留、馴養(yang)(yang)培育(yu)(yu)和(he)自然選(xuan)(xuan)擇,逐步形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了(le)獨(du)具(ju)特(te)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)(you)良地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種,具(ju)有遺(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)力強,喙、羽毛、肉(rou)(rou)瘤、頸(jing)、肉(rou)(rou)色(se)、膚色(se)、體型、生(sheng)產性能、繁殖性能遺(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)穩定(ding)(ding),毛色(se)純凈、繁殖力高(gao)、就巢(chao)性強、早期生(sheng)長(chang)速度快、耐粗飼(si)(si)(si)(si)、飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)成(cheng)本(ben)低、抗(kang)病力強、肉(rou)(rou)味(wei)鮮美(mei)、鵝(e)(e)(e)肥肝大(da)、油(you)脂含(han)量高(gao)等(deng)特(te)質。1980年(nian)(nian)收錄(lu)于(yu)《大(da)理(li)州(zhou)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方畜(chu)禽品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種志(zhi)》,1987年(nian)(nian)收錄(lu)于(yu)《云南省家(jia)畜(chu)家(jia)禽品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種志(zhi)》。2010年(nian)(nian)7月(yue)經(jing)國家(jia)畜(chu)禽遺(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)委員會審定(ding)(ding)、鑒定(ding)(ding)通過(guo)(guo),將(jiang)永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方優(you)(you)良家(jia)禽品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種確定(ding)(ding)為(wei)云南鵝(e)(e)(e),列入國家(jia)級畜(chu)禽遺(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)名錄(lu),并(bing)將(jiang)永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)定(ding)(ding)為(wei)原產地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)心(xin)產區。永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)曾在(zai)中(zhong)央電視臺七套《致富(fu)經(jing)》作過(guo)(guo)專題報(bao)道(dao),加工(gong)產品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)在(zai)昆明(ming)國際旅游節商品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)展(zhan)銷會上(shang)評為(wei)“名特(te)優(you)(you)旅游商品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)獎”;“永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)”曾連續(xu)三年(nian)(nian)獲(huo)得大(da)理(li)州(zhou)三月(yue)街民(min)族(zu)節展(zhan)銷產品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)“金花獎”。 永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)屬北亞(ya)熱(re)帶高(gao)原季風氣(qi)(qi)候,由(you)于(yu)海拔和(he)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區環(huan)境(jing)(jing)等(deng)因素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響,“一(yi)(yi)(yi)山分四(si)季,隔里不(bu)同天”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立體氣(qi)(qi)候特(te)征。境(jing)(jing)內河流(liu)眾多(duo),水(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)較好(hao)(hao),自然生(sheng)態條(tiao)件(jian)為(wei)永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)提供了(le)良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)環(huan)境(jing)(jing),在(zai)永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)海拔1800m以(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)江(jiang)河流(liu)域(yu)、湖泊、池塘、水(shui)溝、沼澤地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)等(deng)水(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)豐富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)亞(ya)熱(re)帶地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)段都有大(da)規模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)。當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)群(qun)眾飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)雛鵝(e)(e)(e)有飼(si)(si)(si)(si)喂碎玉(yu)米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)慣(guan),種鵝(e)(e)(e)和(he)雌鵝(e)(e)(e)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)糧食作物(wu)中(zhong)又(you)以(yi)玉(yu)米(mi)、麥子為(wei)主(zhu),多(duo)采取自由(you)放養(yang)(yang),使其在(zai)河流(liu)、池塘、沼澤地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、水(shui)溝邊得到充(chong)分活動,并(bing)可(ke)獲(huo)得較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦物(wu)質、青綠(lv)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)、蟲類等(deng)天然良好(hao)(hao)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)。白(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)是(shi)(shi)永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)回(hui)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)食品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)之一(yi)(yi)(yi),鵝(e)(e)(e)油(you)亦是(shi)(shi)當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)回(hui)民(min)攝取脂肪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要途徑之一(yi)(yi)(yi),當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)民(min)傳(chuan)(chuan)統習(xi)(xi)慣(guan)是(shi)(shi)每年(nian)(nian)10月(yue)陸續(xu)宰后腌制(zhi)成(cheng)臘鵝(e)(e)(e),作為(wei)訪(fang)友(you)待客或(huo)(huo)禮(li)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)相送。加上(shang)回(hui)族(zu)群(qun)眾宗教信仰(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因,有“只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)回(hui)民(min)中(zhong)可(ke)買賣或(huo)(huo)外賣,但卻不(bu)與漢人買”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)慣(guan),進行自繁自養(yang)(yang)。經(jing)過(guo)(guo)長(chang)期選(xuan)(xuan)育(yu)(yu),一(yi)(yi)(yi)些優(you)(you)良基因得到擴(kuo)大(da)、發(fa)展(zhan)、優(you)(you)良性狀得到遺(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)和(he)純化。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)漫長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong),在(zai)永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)特(te)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)氣(qi)(qi)候以(yi)及飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)下,通過(guo)(guo)當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)長(chang)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然和(he)人工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇培育(yu)(yu),最終形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了(le)永(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)這一(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)(you)良地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種。在(zai)當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)廣泛養(yang)(yang)殖,全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)展(zhan)規模(mo)較大(da),回(hui)民(min)戶(hu)均常(chang)年(nian)(nian)養(yang)(yang)殖白(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)在(zai)200只(zhi)以(yi)上(shang)。由(you)于(yu)鵝(e)(e)(e)是(shi)(shi)草(cao)食水(shui)禽,方便飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang),鵝(e)(e)(e)肉(rou)(rou)營養(yang)(yang)豐富(fu),味(wei)道(dao)鮮美(mei),在(zai)本(ben)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)較好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漢族(zu)村莊也大(da)量仿(fang)效飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang),有一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)規模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。年(nian)(nian)存欄15萬只(zhi)。
二.自(zi)然生(sheng)態(tai)環境和(he)人文歷史(shi)因素(su)
1、 地質地貌:養殖(zhi)區(qu)(qu)域最高(gao)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)2979.1m,最低海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)1120m,平均(jun)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)1670m,適宜養殖(zhi)區(qu)(qu)域海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)為1200—1800m的壩(ba)區(qu)(qu)、半山區(qu)(qu)、低熱河谷(gu)地帶。土壤類型(xing)主要是紫(zi)色土壤、紅色土壤、黃棕土壤和沖積(ji)土壤。
2、 水(shui)文情況:養殖區有銀江河(he)、倒流河(he)、六(liu)米河(he)、上村(cun)河(he)及其(qi)支(zhi)流河(he)穿境而過(guo),歸屬瀾滄江水(shui)系。水(shui)資源豐富,無污染(ran),水(shui)質清潔(jie)。
3、 氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)特點:養殖區(qu)域(yu)屬北(bei)亞熱帶季風氣(qi)候(hou)(hou),具(ju)有冬干夏(xia)濕山地(di)溫(wen)涼的(de)氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)特點,冬無嚴寒(han),夏(xia)無酷暑,干濕度分(fen)明(ming)的(de)立體氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)。一(yi)般(ban)雨季主要集中在7~9月,最高年降雨量1342.9㎜,最低年降雨量為697.3㎜,年均(jun)降水量1043mm,年最高氣(qi)溫(wen)33.2℃,最低氣(qi)溫(wen)-4.4℃,平均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)15.8℃,無霜期262天,年平均(jun)日(ri)照時數2030h。
三.地域范圍
永平白(bai)鵝產地位(wei)于云南省大理白(bai)族自治州永平縣(xian)境(jing)內(nei),涉及博(bo)南鎮(zhen)、龍街(jie)鎮(zhen)、杉陽(yang)鎮(zhen)、廠街(jie)鄉、水泄鄉、龍門鄉、北斗鄉七(qi)個鄉鎮(zhen)。地理坐標(biao)為:東經99°17′~99°56′,北緯25°03′~25°45′之間,南北長56.25㎞, 東西寬51.25㎞,養(yang)殖區域范圍2884㎞2。年(nian)存欄15萬只。
四(si).產(chan)品品質特(te)性特(te)征(zheng)
1、外部特征永平(ping)白鵝(e)(e)成年鵝(e)(e)羽毛為(wei)(wei)純(chun)白色,雛(chu)鵝(e)(e)為(wei)(wei)淡黃色,成年體(ti)重為(wei)(wei)3.5—5.5公斤,呈橢圓形,屬肉(rou)脂兼用(yong)中小型鵝(e)(e)種(zhong);公鵝(e)(e)頸(jing)稍長,母鵝(e)(e)頸(jing)偏短(duan)(duan),鵝(e)(e)的喙、肉(rou)瘤(liu)(liu)、趾、蹼為(wei)(wei)桔(jie)黃色,脛為(wei)(wei)桔(jie)紅色,且短(duan)(duan)而(er)(er)粗壯(zhuang)有力,耐(nai)粗飼,抗逆(ni)性強(qiang)、就巢性強(qiang)。18月齡以(yi)上(shang)的種(zhong)公鵝(e)(e)肉(rou)瘤(liu)(liu)大而(er)(er)圓稍往前突,視覺(jue)(jue)、味(wei)覺(jue)(jue)、觸覺(jue)(jue)靈(ling)敏,嗅覺(jue)(jue)發達(da),叫聲宏亮,耐(nai)粗飼,以(yi)自然放牧并適當補(bu)飼,即能滿足正常生長需要,抗病(bing)力強(qiang),抗逆(ni)性好。
2、內在(zai)品質(zhi)指標永平白(bai)鵝(e)油脂(zhi)含量(liang)高,肉質(zhi)細嫩、味道鮮美、鵝(e)肥(fei)肝(gan)(gan)大,風味獨特,營養豐富(fu)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong),育肥(fei)鵝(e)粗(cu)(cu)脂(zhi)肪(fang)≥35g/100g,蛋白(bai)質(zhi)≥10.6g/100g,富(fu)含多種氨基酸(人體(ti)所需氨基酸17種);鵝(e)肝(gan)(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)粗(cu)(cu)脂(zhi)肪(fang)含量(liang)≥53g/100g,蛋白(bai)質(zhi)≥5g/100g,水份≤35g/100g。
3、 質量安全規定(ding) 永(yong)平(ping)白鵝養(yang)(yang)殖和(he)(he)銷售遵守《中華(hua)人民(min)共和(he)(he)國(guo)動物防疫法(fa)(fa)》和(he)(he)《中華(hua)人民(min)共和(he)(he)國(guo)農產(chan)(chan)品質量安全法(fa)(fa)》等有關法(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)規的(de)規定(ding),產(chan)(chan)品質量嚴格按NY5030-2006《無公害食品畜(chu)禽飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)獸藥使(shi)用(yong)準(zhun)則》, NY5032-2006《無公害食品畜(chu)禽飼(si)(si)料和(he)(he)飼(si)(si)料添加劑使(shi)用(yong)準(zhun)則》的(de)規定(ding)執行。