一.產品介紹
永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)起(qi)源(yuan)(yuan)于(yu)(yu)野生鴻雁,是(shi)鴨科雁屬鴻雁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個變種(zhong)(zhong),據(ju)《大(da)理(li)(li)(li)(li)州地(di)(di)(di)方畜(chu)禽品種(zhong)(zhong)志》記載,1263年(nian)(nian)永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)回族(zu)紇氏開(kai)始馴(xun)(xun)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)鵝(e)(e)(e)(鴻雁),迄(qi)今為(wei)(wei)止(zhi)已有750多(duo)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史。永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)是(shi)當(dang)(dang)(dang)地(di)(di)(di)回族(zu)農(nong)民(min)在(zai)特(te)(te)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)(li)氣(qi)候環(huan)境(jing)、飼(si)(si)料(liao)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)、飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)習慣(guan)下(xia),在(zai)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖實踐中,經(jing)(jing)精(jing)心(xin)選留、馴(xun)(xun)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)培育(yu)和(he)自(zi)然選擇(ze),逐步形成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)獨具特(te)(te)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)良(liang)地(di)(di)(di)方品種(zhong)(zhong),具有遺傳力(li)強,喙、羽毛、肉(rou)瘤(liu)、頸、肉(rou)色(se)(se)、膚(fu)色(se)(se)、體型、生產(chan)(chan)(chan)性能(neng)、繁殖性能(neng)遺傳穩定(ding)(ding),毛色(se)(se)純凈、繁殖力(li)高、就(jiu)巢(chao)性強、早期(qi)生長(chang)(chang)速(su)度快、耐粗飼(si)(si)、飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)本低、抗病力(li)強、肉(rou)味(wei)鮮美、鵝(e)(e)(e)肥肝(gan)大(da)、油脂含(han)量高等(deng)特(te)(te)質。1980年(nian)(nian)收(shou)錄于(yu)(yu)《大(da)理(li)(li)(li)(li)州地(di)(di)(di)方畜(chu)禽品種(zhong)(zhong)志》,1987年(nian)(nian)收(shou)錄于(yu)(yu)《云南省家(jia)(jia)畜(chu)家(jia)(jia)禽品種(zhong)(zhong)志》。2010年(nian)(nian)7月(yue)經(jing)(jing)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)畜(chu)禽遺傳資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)委員會審定(ding)(ding)、鑒定(ding)(ding)通過,將永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)地(di)(di)(di)方優(you)良(liang)家(jia)(jia)禽品種(zhong)(zhong)確(que)定(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)云南鵝(e)(e)(e),列入國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)級畜(chu)禽遺傳資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)名錄,并將永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)縣(xian)定(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)原(yuan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)中心(xin)產(chan)(chan)(chan)區。永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)曾在(zai)中央電視臺七套《致富(fu)經(jing)(jing)》作(zuo)過專(zhuan)題報道,加工(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品在(zai)昆明國(guo)(guo)際旅游(you)節(jie)(jie)商(shang)(shang)品展(zhan)銷(xiao)會上(shang)評為(wei)(wei)“名特(te)(te)優(you)旅游(you)商(shang)(shang)品獎(jiang)”;“永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)”曾連續三(san)年(nian)(nian)獲得(de)(de)大(da)理(li)(li)(li)(li)州三(san)月(yue)街民(min)族(zu)節(jie)(jie)展(zhan)銷(xiao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品“金花獎(jiang)”。 永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)縣(xian)屬北亞熱帶高原(yuan)季風氣(qi)候,由(you)于(yu)(yu)海拔(ba)和(he)地(di)(di)(di)區環(huan)境(jing)等(deng)因素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響,“一山分(fen)四(si)季,隔(ge)里不同天(tian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立體氣(qi)候特(te)(te)征。境(jing)內河(he)流眾(zhong)多(duo),水(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)較(jiao)好,自(zi)然生態(tai)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)(cheng)提供了(le)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生長(chang)(chang)環(huan)境(jing),在(zai)永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)海拔(ba)1800m以下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)江河(he)流域(yu)、湖(hu)泊、池(chi)塘、水(shui)溝、沼(zhao)澤地(di)(di)(di)等(deng)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)亞熱帶地(di)(di)(di)段都(dou)有大(da)規(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。當(dang)(dang)(dang)地(di)(di)(di)群眾(zhong)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)雛鵝(e)(e)(e)有飼(si)(si)喂碎玉米的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習慣(guan),種(zhong)(zhong)鵝(e)(e)(e)和(he)雌鵝(e)(e)(e)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)糧食(shi)(shi)作(zuo)物中又以玉米、麥子為(wei)(wei)主,多(duo)采取自(zi)由(you)放養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),使其在(zai)河(he)流、池(chi)塘、沼(zhao)澤地(di)(di)(di)、水(shui)溝邊得(de)(de)到充(chong)分(fen)活(huo)動(dong),并可獲得(de)(de)較(jiao)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦物質、青綠飼(si)(si)料(liao)、蟲(chong)類等(deng)天(tian)然良(liang)好飼(si)(si)料(liao)。白(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)是(shi)永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)回民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主食(shi)(shi)品之(zhi)一,鵝(e)(e)(e)油亦是(shi)當(dang)(dang)(dang)地(di)(di)(di)回民(min)攝取脂肪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要途(tu)徑之(zhi)一,當(dang)(dang)(dang)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回民(min)傳統習慣(guan)是(shi)每年(nian)(nian)10月(yue)陸續宰后腌(a)制成(cheng)(cheng)臘鵝(e)(e)(e),作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)訪友待客(ke)或(huo)禮(li)品相送。加上(shang)回族(zu)群眾(zhong)宗(zong)教信仰(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因,有“只是(shi)回民(min)中可買賣或(huo)外賣,但卻不與漢人買”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習慣(guan),進(jin)行自(zi)繁自(zi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。經(jing)(jing)過長(chang)(chang)期(qi)選育(yu),一些(xie)優(you)良(liang)基(ji)因得(de)(de)到擴大(da)、發(fa)展(zhan)、優(you)良(liang)性狀(zhuang)得(de)(de)到遺傳和(he)純化(hua)。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)在(zai)漫長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)過程(cheng)中,在(zai)永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)特(te)(te)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)(li)氣(qi)候以及(ji)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)環(huan)境(jing)下(xia),通過當(dang)(dang)(dang)地(di)(di)(di)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然和(he)人工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze)培育(yu),最終形成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)這(zhe)一特(te)(te)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)良(liang)地(di)(di)(di)方品種(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)當(dang)(dang)(dang)地(di)(di)(di)廣泛養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖,全(quan)縣(xian)發(fa)展(zhan)規(gui)模較(jiao)大(da),回民(min)戶均常年(nian)(nian)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖白(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)在(zai)200只以上(shang)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)鵝(e)(e)(e)是(shi)草食(shi)(shi)水(shui)禽,方便飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),鵝(e)(e)(e)肉(rou)營(ying)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)豐(feng)富(fu),味(wei)道鮮美,在(zai)本縣(xian)水(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漢族(zu)村莊也大(da)量仿效(xiao)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),有一定(ding)(ding)規(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。年(nian)(nian)存欄15萬(wan)只。
二.自然生態環境和人(ren)文歷史(shi)因素(su)
1、 地(di)質地(di)貌:養殖區域最(zui)高海拔2979.1m,最(zui)低(di)海拔1120m,平均海拔1670m,適宜(yi)養殖區域海拔為1200—1800m的壩區、半山區、低(di)熱河(he)谷地(di)帶。土(tu)壤(rang)類型主(zhu)要是紫色(se)土(tu)壤(rang)、紅色(se)土(tu)壤(rang)、黃(huang)棕土(tu)壤(rang)和沖(chong)積土(tu)壤(rang)。
2、 水(shui)文情況(kuang):養殖區有銀江河(he)、倒流河(he)、六米河(he)、上村河(he)及其支流河(he)穿境而(er)過,歸屬(shu)瀾滄江水(shui)系。水(shui)資源(yuan)豐富(fu),無(wu)污染,水(shui)質清潔。
3、 氣候特點(dian):養殖區域屬(shu)北(bei)亞(ya)熱帶(dai)季風氣候,具(ju)有(you)冬干(gan)夏濕(shi)(shi)山地溫涼的氣候特點(dian),冬無嚴寒,夏無酷暑,干(gan)濕(shi)(shi)度(du)分明(ming)的立體氣候。一般雨季主要(yao)集中(zhong)在7~9月(yue),最(zui)高(gao)年降雨量1342.9㎜,最(zui)低年降雨量為697.3㎜,年均(jun)降水(shui)量1043mm,年最(zui)高(gao)氣溫33.2℃,最(zui)低氣溫-4.4℃,平均(jun)氣溫15.8℃,無霜期262天,年平均(jun)日照時(shi)數2030h。
三.地域范圍
永(yong)平白(bai)鵝產地(di)(di)位于云(yun)南(nan)省大理白(bai)族自治州永(yong)平縣境內,涉及博南(nan)鎮(zhen)、龍(long)街鎮(zhen)、杉(shan)陽(yang)鎮(zhen)、廠街鄉(xiang)、水泄鄉(xiang)、龍(long)門鄉(xiang)、北(bei)斗鄉(xiang)七個(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)。地(di)(di)理坐標為:東經99°17′~99°56′,北(bei)緯25°03′~25°45′之間,南(nan)北(bei)長56.25㎞, 東西寬51.25㎞,養殖區(qu)域范圍2884㎞2。年存欄15萬只。
四.產品品質特性特征
1、外部特征永平白鵝(e)成(cheng)年鵝(e)羽毛(mao)為(wei)純(chun)白色(se),雛鵝(e)為(wei)淡(dan)黃(huang)(huang)色(se),成(cheng)年體(ti)重為(wei)3.5—5.5公斤,呈橢圓形,屬肉脂兼用中(zhong)小型鵝(e)種(zhong);公鵝(e)頸稍長,母(mu)鵝(e)頸偏短(duan),鵝(e)的喙、肉瘤、趾、蹼為(wei)桔黃(huang)(huang)色(se),脛為(wei)桔紅色(se),且短(duan)而粗壯有力,耐粗飼(si)(si),抗逆性(xing)強(qiang)、就巢性(xing)強(qiang)。18月(yue)齡以上的種(zhong)公鵝(e)肉瘤大而圓稍往前(qian)突(tu),視覺、味(wei)覺、觸覺靈敏(min),嗅覺發達,叫(jiao)聲宏亮,耐粗飼(si)(si),以自然放牧并適當補飼(si)(si),即能滿足正(zheng)常生長需要,抗病力強(qiang),抗逆性(xing)好。
2、內在品質(zhi)(zhi)指標永(yong)平白(bai)鵝油脂(zhi)含(han)(han)量高,肉(rou)質(zhi)(zhi)細嫩、味道(dao)鮮美、鵝肥肝大,風味獨特,營養(yang)豐富(fu)。其中(zhong),育(yu)肥鵝粗脂(zhi)肪(fang)≥35g/100g,蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)≥10.6g/100g,富(fu)含(han)(han)多種氨基酸(人體所需(xu)氨基酸17種);鵝肝中(zhong)粗脂(zhi)肪(fang)含(han)(han)量≥53g/100g,蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)(zhi)≥5g/100g,水(shui)份(fen)≤35g/100g。
3、 質量(liang)(liang)安(an)全規(gui)定 永平白(bai)鵝(e)養(yang)殖和(he)銷售(shou)遵(zun)守《中華人(ren)民(min)共(gong)和(he)國(guo)動物防疫法(fa)(fa)》和(he)《中華人(ren)民(min)共(gong)和(he)國(guo)農產品質量(liang)(liang)安(an)全法(fa)(fa)》等有(you)關法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規(gui)的規(gui)定,產品質量(liang)(liang)嚴格(ge)按NY5030-2006《無公害食品畜(chu)(chu)禽飼(si)養(yang)獸藥(yao)使用(yong)準則》, NY5032-2006《無公害食品畜(chu)(chu)禽飼(si)料和(he)飼(si)料添加劑使用(yong)準則》的規(gui)定執行(xing)。