一.產品介紹
永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)起源(yuan)于野生(sheng)鴻(hong)(hong)雁(yan),是(shi)(shi)(shi)鴨科(ke)雁(yan)屬(shu)鴻(hong)(hong)雁(yan)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個變種(zhong)(zhong),據(ju)《大理(li)州地(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)志》記(ji)載,1263年永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)回(hui)族(zu)(zu)(zu)紇氏開(kai)始馴養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(鴻(hong)(hong)雁(yan)),迄今為(wei)(wei)止(zhi)已有(you)(you)(you)(you)750多(duo)年的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)。永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)是(shi)(shi)(shi)當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)回(hui)族(zu)(zu)(zu)農民(min)在(zai)(zai)特(te)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)氣(qi)候(hou)環境(jing)(jing)、飼料條件、飼養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)習(xi)(xi)慣(guan)下,在(zai)(zai)長(chang)期的(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)實踐(jian)中(zhong),經精心(xin)選(xuan)(xuan)留、馴養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)培育和自(zi)(zi)然(ran)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze),逐步形成(cheng)了獨具特(te)性的(de)(de)優(you)(you)良(liang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong),具有(you)(you)(you)(you)遺(yi)傳(chuan)力(li)強,喙、羽毛、肉瘤、頸、肉色(se)(se)、膚色(se)(se)、體(ti)型、生(sheng)產(chan)性能、繁殖(zhi)性能遺(yi)傳(chuan)穩定(ding)(ding),毛色(se)(se)純(chun)凈(jing)、繁殖(zhi)力(li)高、就巢性強、早期生(sheng)長(chang)速度快、耐(nai)粗飼、飼養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)成(cheng)本低(di)、抗病力(li)強、肉味鮮美、鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)肥(fei)肝大、油(you)脂含量高等(deng)特(te)質(zhi)。1980年收(shou)錄(lu)于《大理(li)州地(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)志》,1987年收(shou)錄(lu)于《云(yun)南省家(jia)畜(chu)(chu)(chu)家(jia)禽(qin)(qin)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)志》。2010年7月(yue)經國(guo)(guo)家(jia)畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)遺(yi)傳(chuan)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)委員(yuan)會(hui)審定(ding)(ding)、鑒定(ding)(ding)通過(guo)(guo)(guo),將永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)地(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)優(you)(you)良(liang)家(jia)禽(qin)(qin)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)確定(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)云(yun)南鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e),列入國(guo)(guo)家(jia)級(ji)畜(chu)(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)遺(yi)傳(chuan)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)名錄(lu),并將永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)縣定(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)原(yuan)產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)心(xin)產(chan)區。永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)曾在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)央電視臺七(qi)套《致富(fu)經》作(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)(guo)(guo)專題報(bao)道,加工產(chan)品(pin)(pin)在(zai)(zai)昆明國(guo)(guo)際(ji)旅(lv)游(you)節商(shang)品(pin)(pin)展(zhan)銷會(hui)上評(ping)為(wei)(wei)“名特(te)優(you)(you)旅(lv)游(you)商(shang)品(pin)(pin)獎(jiang)”;“永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)”曾連續三年獲得(de)大理(li)州三月(yue)街(jie)民(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)節展(zhan)銷產(chan)品(pin)(pin)“金花獎(jiang)”。 永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)縣屬(shu)北亞熱帶高原(yuan)季(ji)風氣(qi)候(hou),由于海(hai)拔和地(di)(di)(di)(di)區環境(jing)(jing)等(deng)因素的(de)(de)影響(xiang),“一(yi)(yi)山分四季(ji),隔里(li)不同天(tian)”的(de)(de)立體(ti)氣(qi)候(hou)特(te)征。境(jing)(jing)內河流眾多(duo),水源(yuan)較好,自(zi)(zi)然(ran)生(sheng)態(tai)條件為(wei)(wei)永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)的(de)(de)形成(cheng)提供了良(liang)好的(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)環境(jing)(jing),在(zai)(zai)永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)海(hai)拔1800m以下的(de)(de)江河流域、湖(hu)泊、池塘、水溝、沼澤(ze)地(di)(di)(di)(di)等(deng)水資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)豐富(fu)的(de)(de)亞熱帶地(di)(di)(di)(di)段(duan)都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)大規模(mo)的(de)(de)飼養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)群眾飼養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)雛鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)有(you)(you)(you)(you)飼喂碎玉(yu)米(mi)的(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)慣(guan),種(zhong)(zhong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)和雌鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)飼養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)糧食(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)物中(zhong)又以玉(yu)米(mi)、麥子為(wei)(wei)主,多(duo)采取自(zi)(zi)由放養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),使其(qi)在(zai)(zai)河流、池塘、沼澤(ze)地(di)(di)(di)(di)、水溝邊得(de)到充分活(huo)動(dong),并可(ke)獲得(de)較多(duo)的(de)(de)礦物質(zhi)、青綠飼料、蟲類等(deng)天(tian)然(ran)良(liang)好飼料。白(bai)(bai)(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)是(shi)(shi)(shi)永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)回(hui)民(min)的(de)(de)主食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi),鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)油(you)亦是(shi)(shi)(shi)當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)回(hui)民(min)攝取脂肪(fang)的(de)(de)主要途徑之(zhi)一(yi)(yi),當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)回(hui)民(min)傳(chuan)統習(xi)(xi)慣(guan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)每年10月(yue)陸續宰(zai)后腌(a)制(zhi)成(cheng)臘鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e),作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)訪(fang)友待客(ke)或(huo)禮品(pin)(pin)相(xiang)送。加上回(hui)族(zu)(zu)(zu)群眾宗教信(xin)仰的(de)(de)原(yuan)因,有(you)(you)(you)(you)“只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)回(hui)民(min)中(zhong)可(ke)買賣(mai)或(huo)外賣(mai),但卻不與漢(han)人買”的(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)慣(guan),進(jin)行(xing)自(zi)(zi)繁自(zi)(zi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。經過(guo)(guo)(guo)長(chang)期選(xuan)(xuan)育,一(yi)(yi)些優(you)(you)良(liang)基因得(de)到擴大、發展(zhan)、優(you)(you)良(liang)性狀得(de)到遺(yi)傳(chuan)和純(chun)化。于是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)漫長(chang)的(de)(de)飼養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中(zhong),在(zai)(zai)永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)特(te)有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)氣(qi)候(hou)以及飼養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)環境(jing)(jing)下,通過(guo)(guo)(guo)當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)長(chang)期的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)和人工的(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)培育,最終(zhong)形成(cheng)了永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)特(te)有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)優(you)(you)良(liang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)(zai)當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)廣泛養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi),全(quan)縣發展(zhan)規模(mo)較大,回(hui)民(min)戶均(jun)常年養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)在(zai)(zai)200只(zhi)以上。由于鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)是(shi)(shi)(shi)草食(shi)(shi)水禽(qin)(qin),方(fang)便飼養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)肉營養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)豐富(fu),味道鮮美,在(zai)(zai)本縣水源(yuan)較好的(de)(de)漢(han)族(zu)(zu)(zu)村(cun)莊也(ye)大量仿(fang)效飼養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)規模(mo)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)。年存欄15萬只(zhi)。
二.自然(ran)生態環境和(he)人文歷(li)史因素
1、 地(di)質(zhi)地(di)貌:養殖區(qu)域最高海(hai)拔(ba)2979.1m,最低海(hai)拔(ba)1120m,平均海(hai)拔(ba)1670m,適(shi)宜養殖區(qu)域海(hai)拔(ba)為(wei)1200—1800m的壩區(qu)、半山(shan)區(qu)、低熱河谷地(di)帶。土(tu)壤(rang)類型(xing)主要是紫色土(tu)壤(rang)、紅(hong)色土(tu)壤(rang)、黃棕土(tu)壤(rang)和沖積(ji)土(tu)壤(rang)。
2、 水文情況:養殖(zhi)區有銀江(jiang)河(he)(he)、倒流河(he)(he)、六米河(he)(he)、上村河(he)(he)及其支流河(he)(he)穿境而過,歸(gui)屬瀾滄江(jiang)水系。水資(zi)源豐富,無污染,水質清潔。
3、 氣候(hou)特點(dian):養殖區域屬北亞熱帶季(ji)風(feng)氣候(hou),具有冬(dong)干夏濕(shi)山地(di)溫(wen)涼的氣候(hou)特點(dian),冬(dong)無(wu)嚴寒,夏無(wu)酷暑,干濕(shi)度(du)分明的立體氣候(hou)。一般雨季(ji)主要(yao)集中在(zai)7~9月,最高年(nian)降雨量1342.9㎜,最低(di)年(nian)降雨量為697.3㎜,年(nian)均(jun)降水量1043mm,年(nian)最高氣溫(wen)33.2℃,最低(di)氣溫(wen)-4.4℃,平均(jun)氣溫(wen)15.8℃,無(wu)霜期262天,年(nian)平均(jun)日照時數(shu)2030h。
三.地域范圍
永(yong)平(ping)白鵝(e)產地位(wei)于云南(nan)(nan)省大理白族自治州永(yong)平(ping)縣境內(nei),涉及博南(nan)(nan)鎮、龍街(jie)鎮、杉陽鎮、廠街(jie)鄉、水(shui)泄鄉、龍門鄉、北(bei)斗(dou)鄉七個鄉鎮。地理坐標為:東(dong)經(jing)99°17′~99°56′,北(bei)緯25°03′~25°45′之(zhi)間(jian),南(nan)(nan)北(bei)長56.25㎞, 東(dong)西寬51.25㎞,養殖(zhi)區(qu)域范圍2884㎞2。年(nian)存欄15萬只。
四.產品(pin)(pin)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)特性特征
1、外部(bu)特(te)征永平白鵝(e)成年(nian)鵝(e)羽毛為(wei)純(chun)白色(se),雛鵝(e)為(wei)淡黃(huang)色(se),成年(nian)體重為(wei)3.5—5.5公斤,呈橢圓(yuan)形,屬肉(rou)脂兼用中小型鵝(e)種;公鵝(e)頸稍(shao)長,母鵝(e)頸偏短,鵝(e)的喙、肉(rou)瘤(liu)、趾、蹼為(wei)桔黃(huang)色(se),脛為(wei)桔紅色(se),且短而(er)粗壯有力,耐粗飼(si),抗逆(ni)性(xing)強、就巢性(xing)強。18月齡以上的種公鵝(e)肉(rou)瘤(liu)大而(er)圓(yuan)稍(shao)往前突,視覺、味覺、觸覺靈敏,嗅覺發達,叫(jiao)聲宏亮,耐粗飼(si),以自然放牧并(bing)適(shi)當(dang)補飼(si),即(ji)能滿足正常(chang)生長需要,抗病力強,抗逆(ni)性(xing)好。
2、內在品(pin)質指標永平白(bai)鵝(e)油脂(zhi)含(han)量(liang)高,肉質細嫩、味道鮮(xian)美(mei)、鵝(e)肥(fei)肝(gan)大,風味獨特,營(ying)養(yang)豐富(fu)(fu)。其(qi)中,育(yu)肥(fei)鵝(e)粗脂(zhi)肪≥35g/100g,蛋白(bai)質≥10.6g/100g,富(fu)(fu)含(han)多種(zhong)氨基酸(人體(ti)所需氨基酸17種(zhong));鵝(e)肝(gan)中粗脂(zhi)肪含(han)量(liang)≥53g/100g,蛋白(bai)質≥5g/100g,水份≤35g/100g。
3、 質量安(an)全(quan)規(gui)定 永平(ping)白(bai)鵝養殖和銷售(shou)遵守《中華人民共和國(guo)動(dong)物防疫法(fa)(fa)》和《中華人民共和國(guo)農產品(pin)質量安(an)全(quan)法(fa)(fa)》等有關(guan)法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規(gui)的規(gui)定,產品(pin)質量嚴(yan)格按(an)NY5030-2006《無(wu)公害(hai)食品(pin)畜禽(qin)飼養獸藥(yao)使用準則》, NY5032-2006《無(wu)公害(hai)食品(pin)畜禽(qin)飼料和飼料添加劑(ji)使用準則》的規(gui)定執行。