光(guang)纜是什么 光(guang)纜有什么用 光(guang)纜的一般分類
光(guang)(guang)纜(optical fiber cable)是為了滿足光(guang)(guang)學(xue)、機(ji)械或環境的(de)(de)(de)性能規范而制(zhi)造的(de)(de)(de),它是利用置于包(bao)覆護(hu)套(tao)(tao)中的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)根(gen)(gen)或多根(gen)(gen)光(guang)(guang)纖作為傳輸媒質并可以(yi)單獨或成組(zu)(zu)使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)通信線(xian)纜組(zu)(zu)件(jian)。光(guang)(guang)纜主要(yao)(yao)是由光(guang)(guang)導(dao)纖維(wei)(細如頭發的(de)(de)(de)玻璃絲)和塑(su)料(liao)保護(hu)套(tao)(tao)管及塑(su)料(liao)外皮(pi)構成,光(guang)(guang)纜內(nei)沒(mei)有(you)金、銀、銅鋁等(deng)金屬,一(yi)般(ban)無回收價值。光(guang)(guang)纜是一(yi)定數量的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)纖按照一(yi)定方(fang)式組(zu)(zu)成纜心(xin),外包(bao)有(you)護(hu)套(tao)(tao),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)還包(bao)覆外護(hu)層(ceng)(ceng),用以(yi)實(shi)現(xian)光(guang)(guang)信號傳輸的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種通信線(xian)路。 即:由光(guang)(guang)纖(光(guang)(guang)傳輸載體)經過一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝而形成的(de)(de)(de)線(xian)纜。光(guang)(guang)纜的(de)(de)(de)基本結構一(yi)般(ban)是由纜芯(xin)、加強鋼絲、填充物和護(hu)套(tao)(tao)等(deng)幾部分組(zu)(zu)成,另外根(gen)(gen)據需要(yao)(yao)還有(you)防水(shui)層(ceng)(ceng)、緩沖層(ceng)(ceng)、絕緣金屬導(dao)線(xian)等(deng)構件(jian)。
特別光纜特別用途
1、帶狀光纜
以(yi)多個(ge)單(dan)根光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)通過著色、堆疊成帶(dai)(dai)和(he)二(er)次套塑(su)的光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)帶(dai)(dai)為單(dan)元加工(gong)成的光(guang)(guang)纜。光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)帶(dai)(dai)有(you)兩種,即包封型和(he)邊(bian)粘型,前(qian)者(zhe)(zhe)能承受(shou)橫向壓力(li),后者(zhe)(zhe)厚度(du)(du)較(jiao)薄。每帶(dai)(dai)內可有(you)4、8、12或16根光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。帶(dai)(dai)內光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)間距(ju)為0.28mm(對(dui)于(yu)(yu)4、8)和(he)0.3mm(對(dui)于(yu)(yu)12和(he)16),整齊排列,垂直方向上有(you)平面度(du)(du),即偏離度(du)(du)要求(qiu),不(bu)得大于(yu)(yu)如30、40、50um(依帶(dai)(dai)內光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)數(shu)而定),以(yi)便于(yu)(yu)集群(熔接(jie)(jie))接(jie)(jie)續(xu)。帶(dai)(dai)內光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)序地使用色譜,利于(yu)(yu)檢修和(he)接(jie)(jie)續(xu)時認(ren)別無誤。光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)帶(dai)(dai)體積小,可提高光(guang)(guang)纜中光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的集裝密(mi)度(du)(du),可構成芯數(shu)很大的,如320直至(zhi)3456芯。適用于(yu)(yu)當前(qian)發展迅速的光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)網。
2、全介質自承式光纜
簡(jian)稱(cheng)ADSS(=All Dielectric self-support)光(guang)纜(lan)(lan),其中(zhong)抗張力的(de)加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)元(yuan)不(bu)是金屬而是芳綸紗和玻璃纖維(wei)增強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)塑料(liao)(FRP)。主要(yao)應用在強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)電(dian)場(chang)合,如(ru)電(dian)力和鐵路通信系(xi)統(tong);同(tong)時,在跨(kua)江過河(he)或(huo)復雜(za)地形(xing)等大(da)跨(kua)距場(chang)合。ADSS光(guang)纜(lan)(lan)可(ke)以(yi)不(bu)停電(dian)施工,耐(nai)電(dian)痕(hen),溫度范圍寬。
3、地線復合光纜
簡(jian)稱OPGW(=Optical Power Grounded Waveguide),又稱光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)架(jia)空地(di)線,電(dian)力傳輸線路中地(di)線中含有供通信用(yong)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)單元。該種光(guang)(guang)纜做到兩(liang)全(quan),即(ji)地(di)線的(de)(de)電(dian)性能和機械性能不(bu)因設置了光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)而(er)受到損害,光(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)單元也要適(shi)當地(di)受到保護(hu)而(er)不(bu)致(zhi)損傷。有鉛骨架(jia)型(xing)、不(bu)銹鋼管型(xing)以及海(hai)底(di)光(guang)(guang)纜型(xing)等(deng)幾種。
4、海底光纜
鋪設于海底(di)的(de)(de)光纜(lan),有淺(qian)海和深海應(ying)用。這種光纜(lan)的(de)(de)特點;一是耐受很大(da)(da)的(de)(de)靜水(shui)壓力(li) (每深10m增(zeng)加壓力(li)為1噸。)和施放過程中(zhong)的(de)(de)拖(tuo)曳力(li);二是能防止氫入侵光纖(xian)。已經證實,氫會導致光纖(xian)增(zeng)大(da)(da)衰減;三(san)是中(zhong)繼段跨(kua)距大(da)(da)。在(zai)海纜(lan)中(zhong)光纖(xian)單(dan)元都放置于纜(lan)的(de)(de)中(zhong)心并在(zai)專制的(de)(de)不銹鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)中(zhong)。該管(guan)(guan)外繞(rao)高強度拱形結構(gou)的(de)(de)鋼(gang)絲。鋼(gang)絲層又包上銅管(guan)(guan),供作遠供,又使得光纜(lan)敷設時不發生微/宏彎。然后擠塑外護套。還(huan)可能銷裝,以防利器傷害(hai),其中(zhong)包括鯊(sha)魚咬噬。在(zai)我(wo)國(guo)上海、青島(dao)、汕頭已有洋際海底(di)光纜(lan)著陸。