【證(zheng)券(quan)投資分類】證(zheng)券(quan)投資的(de)構成要(yao)素 證(zheng)券(quan)投資的(de)作用和(he)原(yuan)則
證券投資的分類
投(tou)資證券(quan)按其性質分為三(san)類:
一是債券性證(zheng)券。由(you)發行企業或(huo)政(zheng)府(fu)機構發行并(bing)規定(ding)還本付息的(de)時間與金額的(de)債務證(zheng)書,包括國庫券、金融債券和其(qi)他公司債券,表(biao)明企業擁有證(zheng)券發行單(dan)位的(de)債權。
二是權益性證券。表明企業擁有證券發行公司的所有權,如其他公司發行的普通股股票,其投資收益(yi)決定(ding)于發行公司的股(gu)利和股(gu)票市場價格(ge)。
三(san)是混(hun)合性(xing)證券(quan)。指企業(ye)購(gou)買的(de)優(you)先股(gu)股(gu)票。優(you)先股(gu)股(gu)票是介于普通股(gu)股(gu)票和債(zhai)券(quan)之間的(de)一(yi)種混(hun)合性(xing)有價(jia)證券(quan)。
證券投資的構成要素
證券投資主要由三個要素構成:收益(yi)、風(feng)險和時間;
(1) 證(zheng)券投資收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi),系指從(cong)事證(zheng)券投資的投資收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)。即證(zheng)券投資的全部收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)或報酬(chou)。主要包(bao)括當前(qian)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)(股(gu)息、利息)和(he)資本(ben)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(證(zheng)券買(mai)賣差價收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi))兩部分。它包(bao)括當前(qian)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)(如股息)和證券價(jia)格的增值(zhi)(或貶值)所帶來的資本(ben)利得(或損失)兩部分,可根據不同(tong)的(de)計算(suan)方法形成不同(tong)的(de)收益(yi)率(lv);
(2) 證(zheng)券(quan)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),指影響證(zheng)券(quan)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)收益的各種不(bu)確定性(xing)。一般分為系統(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和非系統(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),兩者之(zhi)和稱(cheng)為總風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。系指由各種因素影響,導致證(zheng)券(quan)行市暴跌,使投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)人可能蒙受損(sun)失的可能性(xing)。證(zheng)券(quan)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)的風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)主要有(you):公(gong)司(si)經營風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、公(gong)司(si)信(xin)用風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、市場利率風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、貨幣購買力風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)以及(ji)證(zheng)券(quan)價格風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等。前兩種風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),是證(zheng)券(quan)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)的局(ju)部性(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),即在證(zheng)券(quan)市場中所有(you)的證(zheng)券(quan)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)者須面臨的風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),亦稱(cheng)系統(tong)性(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);
(3)證(zheng)(zheng)券(quan)(quan)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)時間(jian)(jian)(jian),系指投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)作出投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)決(jue)策并(bing)進行投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)。在(zai)證(zheng)(zheng)券(quan)(quan)市場上,證(zheng)(zheng)券(quan)(quan)買(mai)賣時間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)選擇是(shi)(shi)交易成(cheng)功與(yu)否的(de)(de)(de)關鍵,爭取在(zai)最有利的(de)(de)(de)時機買(mai)進或賣出證(zheng)(zheng)券(quan)(quan),是(shi)(shi)證(zheng)(zheng)券(quan)(quan)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)成(cheng)功的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)訣。此外,投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)者(zhe)還需考慮(lv)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)(chang)短(duan)(duan),投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)(chang)短(duan)(duan)取決(jue)于(yu)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)時期證(zheng)(zheng)券(quan)(quan)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)收益、風(feng)險(xian)及其評價。時間(jian)(jian)(jian)要(yao)(yao)素(su)對(dui)于(yu)中(zhong)長(chang)(chang)期證(zheng)(zheng)券(quan)(quan)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)來(lai)說,并(bing)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)制約因素(su),但對(dui)于(yu)短(duan)(duan)期證(zheng)(zheng)券(quan)(quan)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi),情況(kuang)則會大不(bu)(bu)一(yi)樣,從(cong)事短(duan)(duan)期證(zheng)(zheng)券(quan)(quan)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)必須(xu)具(ju)備充裕的(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)。
證券投資工具
證(zheng)券投資工具指在(zai)投資活(huo)動中以書面證(zheng)明所有權或債(zhai)權債(zhai)務關系的(de)憑證(zheng),是一種(zhong)具有法律效(xiao)力的(de)合法金融契約。
證券投資關系的構成
所謂證券投資關系(xi)是指(zhi)證券投資全過程中所涉及的各(ge)個主體。
證券投(tou)資關系主要由三(san)方面構成:發行(xing)者(zhe)、中介人(ren)和投(tou)資者(zhe)。
證券投資的作用
1.證券投資為社會提供了籌集資金的重要渠道;
2.證券(quan)投(tou)資(zi)有利于調(diao)節(jie)資(zi)金(jin)投(tou)向(xiang),提高資(zi)金(jin)使(shi)用效率,從而(er)引(yin)導資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)合理流動,實(shi)現資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的優化配置;
3.證券投資有利于改善企業經營(ying)管理,提高企業經濟效益和社會知名度,促(cu)進企業的行為合(he)理化;
4.證券(quan)投資為(wei)中央銀行進行金融(rong)宏觀調控(kong)提(ti)供了重要手(shou)段,對國民(min)經濟的持續、高效發展具有重要意義;
5.證券投(tou)資可以促進國際經(jing)濟交流。
證券投資的目標
1、取(qu)得收益——將剩余資金(jin)靈活的運用
2、降低風險——證券(quan)投資(zi)的靈(ling)活性(xing),多(duo)樣性(xing)
3、補(bu)充資產流動性——第(di)一(yi)儲備與第(di)二儲備
證券投資對象
1、標準---可以在市場(chang)銷售;必須是債權債務憑證
2、種(zhong)類:政府公債(zhai)(國債(zhai)與國庫券)、公司債(zhai)券、公司股(gu)票(piao)
證券投資的原則
1、效益與風險(xian)最佳組合原則
效益與風險(xian)(xian)最佳組(zu)合:風險(xian)(xian)一定的前(qian)提下,盡可能使收益最大化;或(huo)收益一定的前(qian)提下,風險(xian)(xian)最小化
2、分散投資原(yuan)則:證(zheng)券(quan)的多(duo)樣化,建立科學的有效(xiao)證(zheng)券(quan)組合。
3、理(li)智投(tou)資(zi)原則(ze):證券投(tou)資(zi)在分析(xi)、比較后審慎地投(tou)資(zi)
4、投(tou)資程序:確定投(tou)資方(fang)案、選擇(ze)證券(quan)(quan)經紀商、辦理證券(quan)(quan)交割、辦理證券(quan)(quan)過戶(hu)
證券投資的方式
1、證(zheng)券套(tao)利:利用證(zheng)券的(de)(de)現(xian)貨價格和(he)期(qi)貨價格的(de)(de)差(cha)價進行套(tao)買套(tao)賣,從中獲取差(cha)額收益的(de)(de)活動,基于現(xian)貨與(yu)期(qi)貨的(de)(de)價格不一致。
2、證券(quan)包銷:對于新發行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)證券(quan),按一(yi)定(ding)的(de)價(jia)格全(quan)部予以承(cheng)購,即在證券(quan)發行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)前(qian)線安(an)全(quan)價(jia)給發行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe),再由銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)向市場公開(kai)發售;發行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)按規定(ding)付給銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)包銷費用。
3、代理(li)證(zheng)券發(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing):銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)利用其機構網(wang)點(dian)和人員等(deng)優勢,代理(li)發(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)證(zheng)券的(de)的(de)單(dan)位(wei)在證(zheng)券市場(chang)上以較(jiao)有利的(de)條件發(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)股票(piao)、債券和其他證(zheng)券,從中(zhong)收取代理(li)發(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)手(shou)續費的(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為。
證券投資決策
為了實現證券投資的有效組(zu)合(降低(di)風險和收益最大化(hua)),銀行要有正確的投(tou)資決策:
1、時(shi)機決策(ce)(國(guo)(guo)際、國(guo)(guo)內形勢、行(xing)市態勢、經(jing)濟發展)
2、種類選擇(ze)——質量(liang)高、收益豐(feng)厚、期限短(duan)、變現能力(li)強(qiang);
3、數量(liang)決(jue)定