【柴油發電機(ji)】柴油發(fa)電機工作原理 柴油發(fa)電機操作規(gui)程
柴油發電機工作原理
1、基本結構
柴油發電機的基本結構(gou)是由柴(chai)油機(ji)(ji)和發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)組成,柴(chai)油機(ji)(ji)作動(dong)力(li)帶動(dong)發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)發(fa)電。
柴油機的(de)(de)(de)基本結(jie)構:由(you)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸、活塞(sai)(sai)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸蓋、進氣(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)、排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)、活塞(sai)(sai)銷(xiao)、連桿、曲軸(zhou)(zhou)、軸(zhou)(zhou)承和(he)飛(fei)輪等構件構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)發電(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)機一般是單(dan)缸或多缸四行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)機,下(xia)(xia)面我只(zhi)說說單(dan)缸四行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)機的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)基本原理:柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)機起動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)是通(tong)過(guo)人力(li)或其它動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)機曲軸(zhou)(zhou)使活塞(sai)(sai)在(zai)(zai)頂(ding)部密(mi)閉(bi)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸中作(zuo)上下(xia)(xia)往復運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。活塞(sai)(sai)在(zai)(zai)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)中完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)四個(ge)(ge)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng):進氣(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)、壓(ya)縮(suo)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)、燃(ran)燒和(he)作(zuo)功(膨(peng)脹)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)及排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)。當活塞(sai)(sai)由(you)上向(xiang)下(xia)(xia)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)進氣(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)打開,經空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)濾(lv)清(qing)器(qi)過(guo)濾(lv)的(de)(de)(de)新鮮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)進入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進氣(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)。活塞(sai)(sai)由(you)下(xia)(xia)向(xiang)上運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),進排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)都關閉(bi),空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)被壓(ya)縮(suo),溫(wen)度和(he)壓(ya)力(li)增高(gao)(gao),完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)壓(ya)縮(suo)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。活塞(sai)(sai)將(jiang)要到達最(zui)頂(ding)點時(shi),噴油(you)(you)(you)(you)器(qi)把經過(guo)濾(lv)的(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)以霧狀噴入燃(ran)燒室中與高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)混合立即自行(xing)(xing)(xing)著火燃(ran)燒,形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)活塞(sai)(sai)向(xiang)下(xia)(xia)作(zuo)功,推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)曲軸(zhou)(zhou)旋轉(zhuan),完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)作(zuo)功行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)。作(zuo)功行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)完(wan)(wan)了(le)后,活塞(sai)(sai)由(you)下(xia)(xia)向(xiang)上移動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)打開排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)。每個(ge)(ge)行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)曲軸(zhou)(zhou)旋轉(zhuan)半圈。經若干工作(zuo)循環后,柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)機在(zai)(zai)飛(fei)輪的(de)(de)(de)慣性(xing)下(xia)(xia)逐漸加速進入工作(zuo)。
柴油機(ji)曲軸旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)便(bian)帶動(dong)發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)發(fa)(fa)電,發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)有(you)直流(liu)發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)和交流(liu)發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)。
直流發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)主要由(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)殼、磁(ci)極(ji)鐵芯、磁(ci)場(chang)線(xian)圈(quan)、電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)和炭(tan)(tan)刷等組成。工作(zuo)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)原(yuan)理(li):當柴油(you)機(ji)帶(dai)動發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)旋轉時,由(you)(you)于發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的磁(ci)極(ji)鐵芯存在剩磁(ci),所以電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)線(xian)圈(quan)便在磁(ci)場(chang)中切(qie)割磁(ci)力線(xian),根據電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)應原(yuan)理(li),由(you)(you)磁(ci)感(gan)應產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)流并經炭(tan)(tan)刷輸出電(dian)(dian)流。
交流發電機(ji)主要(yao)由磁(ci)(ci)性材(cai)料制造(zao)多個(ge)南(nan)北極交替(ti)排列的(de)(de)永磁(ci)(ci)鐵(稱(cheng)為轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi))和硅(gui)鑄鐵制造(zao)并繞有多組串聯線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)的(de)(de)電樞線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(稱(cheng)為定子(zi))組成。工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)發電原理(li):轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)由柴油機(ji)帶(dai)動軸向(xiang)切割磁(ci)(ci)力線(xian)(xian),定子(zi)中交替(ti)排列的(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)極在線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)鐵芯中形成交替(ti)的(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang),轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)一圈(quan),磁(ci)(ci)通的(de)(de)方向(xiang)和大小變(bian)換(huan)多次,由于磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)的(de)(de)變(bian)換(huan)作(zuo)(zuo)用,在線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)中將產生大小和方向(xiang)都變(bian)化的(de)(de)感(gan)應電流并由定子(zi)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)輸送出電流。
為了保護用電設備,并維(wei)持其正常工作,發電機發出的電流還(huan)需要調節(jie)器進行調節(jie)控制等等。
2、原理
簡而(er)言(yan)之,就(jiu)是柴(chai)油(you)發電(dian)機驅動發電(dian)機運(yun)轉。
在汽缸(gang)內(nei),經過空氣濾清器過濾后(hou)的(de)潔凈空氣與噴(pen)(pen)油(you)嘴噴(pen)(pen)射(she)出(chu)的(de)高壓(ya)霧化(hua)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)充分混合,在活塞上(shang)行的(de)擠壓(ya)下(xia),體積縮小(xiao),溫度迅速(su)升高,達(da)到柴(chai)(chai)油(you)的(de)燃(ran)(ran)點。柴(chai)(chai)油(you)被點燃(ran)(ran),混合氣體劇(ju)烈(lie)燃(ran)(ran)燒,體積迅速(su)膨脹,推動(dong)(dong)活塞下(xia)行,稱為(wei)‘作功(gong)’。各汽缸(gang)按一定順(shun)序依次作功(gong),作用在活塞上(shang)的(de)推力經過連(lian)桿變成了(le)推動(dong)(dong)曲(qu)軸(zhou)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)的(de)力量,從而帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)曲(qu)軸(zhou)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)。將無刷同步交(jiao)流發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)與柴(chai)(chai)油(you)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)曲(qu)軸(zhou)同軸(zhou)安(an)裝,就可以(yi)利(li)用柴(chai)(chai)油(you)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子,利(li)用‘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁感應(ying)’原理,發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)就會輸出(chu)感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢(shi),經閉合的(de)負載回路就能(neng)產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。
這里(li)只描述(shu)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)組最(zui)基本的工作原理。要想得(de)到可使(shi)用的、穩定(ding)的電(dian)力輸出,還需要一系列的柴油(you)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)和(he)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)控制、保護器件和(he)回路(lu)。
柴油發電機操作規程
在沒(mei)有(you)連接到電網的(de)情況下(xia)操作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)一個(ge)或多(duo)個(ge)柴油發電機(ji)被稱為(wei)孤島操作(zuo)(zuo)模式。并(bing)聯的(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)發電機(ji)可以(yi)在部分負載(zai)下(xia)獲得更(geng)好的(de)效率。用于孤立(li)社區的(de)主電源(yuan)的(de)孤島電廠通常(chang)將具有(you)至少三個(ge)柴油發電機(ji),其(qi)中任意兩個(ge)均被額定承載(zai)所需的(de)負載(zai)。
發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)可(ke)以通過同步(bu)(bu)(bu)過程電(dian)連(lian)接在(zai)一起。同步(bu)(bu)(bu)涉及在(zai)將發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)連(lian)接到系統(tong)之(zhi)前匹配電(dian)壓(ya),頻(pin)率和(he)相位。在(zai)連(lian)接之(zhi)前無法同步(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)能會(hui)導致高短路電(dian)流或(huo)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)或(huo)其開關設備的磨損。同步(bu)(bu)(bu)過程可(ke)以由(you)自動(dong)同步(bu)(bu)(bu)模塊自動(dong)完(wan)成,或(huo)由(you)指導的操作員手動(dong)完(wan)成。自動(dong)同步(bu)(bu)(bu)器(qi)將從發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)和(he)母線電(dian)壓(ya)讀取電(dian)壓(ya),頻(pin)率和(he)相位參數,同時通過發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)調速(su)器(qi)或(huo)ECM(發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)控(kong)制模塊)調節速(su)度(du)。
負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)可以(yi)通過負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)共享(xiang)(xiang)在(zai)并(bing)聯(lian)運行的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)電機之間共享(xiang)(xiang)。負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)共享(xiang)(xiang)可以(yi)通過使用由(you)發(fa)(fa)電機頻率(lv)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)下降(jiang)速度控(kong)制(zhi)來實(shi)現,同時(shi)其不斷(duan)地調節發(fa)(fa)動機燃(ran)料控(kong)制(zhi)以(yi)將負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)移到剩余(yu)電源(yuan)或從剩余(yu)電源(yuan)轉(zhuan)移負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)。當向其燃(ran)燒系統的(de)(de)燃(ran)料供應增加時(shi),柴油(you)發(fa)(fa)電機將承擔更多(duo)的(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai),而如果(guo)燃(ran)料供應減(jian)少,則釋放負(fu)(fu)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)。