一、一體化污水處理設備工藝有哪些
一體化污水處理設備主要是(shi)為了(le)實現對污(wu)水的處理從(cong)集中(zhong)化走向(xiang)分散化,從(cong)大規模集中(zhong)式向(xiang)中(zhong)小(xiao)規模分散式的轉變(bian)而發展起來(lai)的,具有(you)基建投資小(xiao)、占地(di)面積(ji)小(xiao)、可(ke)減少管網(wang)的建設等特點,使用廣泛。一(yi)體化污(wu)水處理設備的工藝主要有(you)四種(zhong):
1、A/O工藝
A/O工藝是以(yi)活性(xing)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)作為生物(wu)載體(ti),通(tong)過(guo)風(feng)機供(gong)氧(yang)曝氣的(de)(de)(de)作用使污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)達到(dao)(dao)充氧(yang)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)。A池(chi)(chi)(chi)內設機械(xie)攪拌,從(cong)O池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)回(hui)流液回(hui)流至A池(chi)(chi)(chi),在A池(chi)(chi)(chi)進行(xing)反(fan)硝化反(fan)應,將(jiang)大(da)(da)部(bu)分硝酸鹽氮(dan)(dan)還原成氮(dan)(dan)氣,并通(tong)過(guo)攪拌使氮(dan)(dan)氣從(cong)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)溢出(chu),達到(dao)(dao)去除氨(an)氮(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de);A池(chi)(chi)(chi)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)至O池(chi)(chi)(chi),O池(chi)(chi)(chi)內設鼓風(feng)曝氣,去除大(da)(da)部(bu)分有機污(wu)(wu)染物(wu),并將(jiang)進水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)部(bu)分氨(an)氮(dan)(dan)轉化成硝酸鹽氮(dan)(dan);可以(yi)根據廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)需要,調整(zheng)O段池(chi)(chi)(chi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)活性(xing)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)濃度,通(tong)過(guo)活性(xing)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)菌膠團,吸附、氧(yang)化并分解廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)有機物(wu);有機物(wu)、氨(an)氮(dan)(dan)去除率高。然而(er)(er),由于沒有獨立的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)回(hui)流系統,從(cong)而(er)(er)不能培(pei)養出(chu)具有獨特功能的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni),難降(jiang)解物(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)降(jiang)解率較(jiao)低;同時(shi),若要提高脫(tuo)氮(dan)(dan)效率,必須(xu)加(jia)大(da)(da)內循環(huan)比,因而(er)(er)加(jia)大(da)(da)了運行(xing)費用。另(ling)外,內循環(huan)液來自(zi)曝氣池(chi)(chi)(chi),含有一定的(de)(de)(de)DO,使A段難以(yi)保持理想的(de)(de)(de)缺氧(yang)狀態,影響反(fan)硝化效果,脫(tuo)氮(dan)(dan)率很難達到(dao)(dao)90%。
2、SBR工藝
SBR工(gong)(gong)藝是近年發(fa)展(zhan)起來(lai)的(de)一種(zhong)較為先進(jin)的(de)活(huo)性(xing)污泥(ni)(ni)處理(li)法(fa),該處理(li)工(gong)(gong)藝集曝(pu)氣(qi)池、沉淀池為一體,連續進(jin)水,間歇曝(pu)氣(qi),停氣(qi)時污水沉淀撇(pie)除上清液(ye),成(cheng)為一個(ge)周期,周而(er)復(fu)始。SBR法(fa)不設沉淀池,無污泥(ni)(ni)回流(liu)設備(bei)(bei)(bei),但SBR工(gong)(gong)藝為間歇運(yun)行(xing),需設多(duo)個(ge)處理(li)單元,進(jin)水和曝(pu)氣(qi)相(xiang)互(hu)切換,造(zao)成(cheng)控制(zhi)較為復(fu)雜。為了保(bao)證溢流(liu)率,SBR工(gong)(gong)藝對潷水器設備(bei)(bei)(bei)制(zhi)造(zao)要求高(gao)(gao),制(zhi)作(zuo)時必須精(jing)益求精(jing),否則極易(yi)造(zao)成(cheng)最終(zhong)出(chu)水水質不達標。目(mu)前(qian)國(guo)內還沒有質量較好的(de)潷水設備(bei)(bei)(bei),進(jin)口設備(bei)(bei)(bei)采(cai)購麻(ma)煩,且(qie)價格昂貴,同時后期維修費用(yong)也高(gao)(gao)。SBR工(gong)(gong)藝池內污泥(ni)(ni)濃(nong)(nong)度由濃(nong)(nong)度儀測定以便控制(zhi)排出(chu)多(duo)余污泥(ni)(ni)量,目(mu)前(qian)國(guo)內濃(nong)(nong)度儀技術不成(cheng)熟等原因易(yi)造(zao)成(cheng)SBR污泥(ni)(ni)排放控制(zhi)困(kun)難(nan)等問題(ti)。
3、接觸氧化工藝
生(sheng)(sheng)物接觸氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)法(fa)是(shi)傳統的生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處理方(fang)法(fa),生(sheng)(sheng)物填(tian)(tian)料(liao)為固定床上的半軟性(xing)填(tian)(tian)料(liao)。利用半軟性(xing)填(tian)(tian)料(liao)作為微生(sheng)(sheng)物的附著載(zai)體(ti),生(sheng)(sheng)物均(jun)勻分(fen)布在生(sheng)(sheng)物填(tian)(tian)料(liao)上,這樣就避免了微生(sheng)(sheng)物分(fen)布不(bu)(bu)均(jun)的現象,同時,生(sheng)(sheng)物附著在填(tian)(tian)料(liao)表面,不(bu)(bu)隨水(shui)流(liu)動,因生(sheng)(sheng)物膜直接受到上升氣流(liu)的強(qiang)烈攪動,不(bu)(bu)斷更新(xin),從而提高(gao)了凈化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)效(xiao)果(guo)。接觸氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)法(fa)具有(you)處理時間(jian)短、體(ti)積小、凈化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)效(xiao)果(guo)好(hao)、出水(shui)水(shui)質好(hao)而穩定、污泥不(bu)(bu)需回流(liu)也不(bu)(bu)膨脹、耗電(dian)小等優點。
4、MBR工藝
MBR是一種將高(gao)效膜(mo)分離技術(shu)與傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)活(huo)性污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥法(fa)相結(jie)(jie)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新型高(gao)效污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理工藝,它用(yong)具(ju)有(you)(you)獨特結(jie)(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)浸(jin)沒式膜(mo)組件(jian)置于曝(pu)氣池(chi)中(zhong),經過(guo)好(hao)氧曝(pu)氣和生(sheng)物處理后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),由泵(beng)通過(guo)膜(mo)過(guo)濾后(hou)抽出(chu)。它與傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理方法(fa)具(ju)有(you)(you)很大(da)區別,取代(dai)了(le)(le)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)化(hua)工藝中(zhong)二沉池(chi)和三(san)級處理工藝,由于膜(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在大(da)大(da)提(ti)高(gao)了(le)(le)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)固(gu)液分離的(de)(de)(de)(de)能力(li),從而(er)使系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)和容積負荷都得到大(da)幅度提(ti)高(gao),結(jie)(jie)合(he)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝,出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)可以(yi)達到景觀用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)或(huo)雜用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)標準(zhun)。由于膜(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)濾作用(yong),微生(sheng)物被完全截留(liu)在生(sheng)物反(fan)(fan)應器中(zhong),實現(xian)了(le)(le)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力(li)停(ting)留(liu)時間與活(huo)性污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥泥齡的(de)(de)(de)(de)徹底分離,消除了(le)(le)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)活(huo)性污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥法(fa)中(zhong)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥膨(peng)脹(zhang)問題。膜(mo)生(sheng)物反(fan)(fan)應器具(ju)有(you)(you)對污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物去除效率高(gao)、硝化(hua)能力(li)強,可同(tong)(tong)時進行(xing)硝化(hua)、反(fan)(fan)硝化(hua)、脫氮效果好(hao)、出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)穩定、剩余污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥產量(liang)低、設備(bei)緊湊、操作簡單(dan)等優(you)點。目前廣泛應用(yong)于生(sheng)活(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和各種可生(sheng)化(hua)工業(ye)廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)處理及回用(yong)中(zhong)。
二、污水一體化處理設備工藝流程
一體(ti)化(hua)污水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)設備處(chu)(chu)理(li)污水(shui)的(de)工藝流程(cheng)大(da)(da)致是:待處(chu)(chu)理(li)污水(shui)首先經(jing)格柵去除較大(da)(da)懸浮物后自流到(dao)調節池進行均(jun)質均(jun)量處(chu)(chu)理(li),然后經(jing)提升泵提升至一體(ti)化(hua)污水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)設備內,依次經(jing)過預(yu)脫硝(xiao)區,厭(yan)氧區,缺氧區和(he)好(hao)氧區的(de)生化(hua)處(chu)(chu)理(li)后經(jing)沉(chen)淀區實現泥(ni)水(shui)分(fen)離,沉(chen)淀出水(shui)最(zui)終通過紫外消毒(du)(du)器消毒(du)(du)后達(da)到(dao)排放(fang)。具體(ti)流程(cheng)如下(xia):
1、格柵
污水(shui)經(jing)管網收集輸送至污水(shui)處理站,首先經(jing)格(ge)柵清除污水(shui)中含(han)有(you)的大顆(ke)粒(li)固體物(wu)(wu)或漂(piao)浮物(wu)(wu),保(bao)證后續處理裝置穩定(ding)運(yun)行,柵渣(zha)定(ding)期外運(yun)處置。
2、調節池
整個調節(jie)(jie)系統由調節(jie)(jie)池(chi)、提(ti)升泵(beng)、液位計等輔助系統組(zu)成。污(wu)水(shui)在(zai)此進(jin)(jin)(jin)行流(liu)量及濃(nong)度(du)的緩沖和(he)調節(jie)(jie),調節(jie)(jie)水(shui)量、水(shui)質對進(jin)(jin)(jin)入(ru)后續(xu)生化處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)系統的污(wu)水(shui)各項指(zhi)標有較(jiao)好的穩定性,促進(jin)(jin)(jin)系統處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)效率。污(wu)水(shui)經調節(jie)(jie)池(chi)提(ti)升泵(beng)提(ti)升進(jin)(jin)(jin)入(ru)一體(ti)化污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)設備(bei)。
包(bao)含厭氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、缺(que)(que)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、MBBR好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、二沉(chen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、絮(xu)凝反(fan)應池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、高(gao)效沉(chen)淀池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、設備(bei)間及配套輔助等單元。厭氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、缺(que)(que)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)填(tian)(tian)充(chong)組合填(tian)(tian)料(liao);MBBR池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內填(tian)(tian)充(chong)MBBR懸浮填(tian)(tian)料(liao),從而(er)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宏觀和(he)微觀兩種A/A/O環境;MBBR好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)末(mo)端硝(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)液通(tong)過泵(beng)回(hui)(hui)流至缺(que)(que)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),二沉(chen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)污(wu)(wu)泥通(tong)過污(wu)(wu)泥泵(beng)回(hui)(hui)流至厭氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。在(zai)MBBR好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),污(wu)(wu)水(shui)中(zhong)的有機氮經過氨化(hua)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)、生(sheng)物硝(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),轉化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)硝(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)鹽;在(zai)缺(que)(que)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),反(fan)硝(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)細菌將(jiang)內回(hui)(hui)流帶入(ru)的硝(xiao)(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)鹽通(tong)過生(sheng)物反(fan)硝(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),轉化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氮氣逸入(ru)到大氣中(zhong),從而(er)達到徹(che)底(di)脫氮的目的。在(zai)厭氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),回(hui)(hui)流污(wu)(wu)泥中(zhong)的聚(ju)磷菌釋(shi)放(fang)磷,并(bing)吸(xi)收低級脂肪酸(suan)(suan)等易降解的有機物;而(er)在(zai)MBBR好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),活性污(wu)(wu)泥中(zhong)的聚(ju)磷菌超量吸(xi)收磷,并(bing)通(tong)過二沉(chen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)沉(chen)淀將(jiang)剩余(yu)污(wu)(wu)泥排(pai)放(fang),將(jiang)磷除去。
4、消毒
沉淀出水經紫外線(xian)消毒器消毒后即(ji)可達標排(pai)放。
5、污泥池
一體化污水處理設備(bei)中(zhong)產(chan)生的少量(liang)剩余污泥先排入污泥濃縮(suo)池濃縮(suo),濃縮(suo)后上清(qing)液回流至(zhi)調節池,濃縮(suo)污泥定期(qi)處置外運(yun)。