一、壓力容器的危險性有哪些
壓力容器可(ke)提供一個(ge)能夠承(cheng)(cheng)裝介(jie)質(zhi)并且承(cheng)(cheng)受其壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)的(de)密閉空間(jian)。固定(ding)式壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)容器(qi)的(de)主要(yao)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)可(ke)分為(wei)四種：一是(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)完(wan)成(cheng)介(jie)質(zhi)的(de)物理、化學(xue)反應；二是(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)完(wan)成(cheng)介(jie)質(zhi)的(de)熱量(liang)交換；三是(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)完(wan)成(cheng)介(jie)質(zhi)的(de)流體(ti)(ti)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)平(ping)衡緩(huan)沖和氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)的(de)凈化分離；四是(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)儲存、盛裝氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)、液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)、液(ye)(ye)化氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)等介(jie)質(zhi)。移動(dong)式壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)容器(qi)和氣(qi)瓶主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)盛裝氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)、液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)、液(ye)(ye)化氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)等介(jie)質(zhi)。氧艙是(shi)一種醫療用(yong)(yong)載人壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)容器(qi)，為(wei)患者提供一個(ge)富氧環境。
固(gu)定式(shi)(shi)壓力(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)、移動式(shi)(shi)壓力(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)和(he)氣(qi)瓶的(de)主要(yao)危險(xian)在于(yu)其(qi)易于(yu)失去(qu)密封介(jie)(jie)(jie)質的(de)能力(li)(li)，表現形式(shi)(shi)分為(wei)爆炸(zha)和(he)泄漏(lou)兩大類。壓力(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)盛裝(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)介(jie)(jie)(jie)質比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)復雜，如(ru)果(guo)(guo)是可(ke)燃介(jie)(jie)(jie)質溢出，可(ke)造(zao)成氣(qi)體爆炸(zha)、火(huo)災；如(ru)果(guo)(guo)是有毒(du)介(jie)(jie)(jie)質溢出，可(ke)造(zao)成中毒(du)以及環境污染。尤其(qi)是壓力(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)介(jie)(jie)(jie)質盛裝(zhuang)(zhuang)量較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)時候，發生(sheng)事故的(de)后果(guo)(guo)會更(geng)為(wei)嚴重(zhong)。氧(yang)艙的(de)主要(yao)危險(xian)是易發生(sheng)火(huo)災。
壓力容器常見事(shi)(shi)故(gu)有(you)爆炸、泄漏(lou)、爆燃、火(huo)災(zai)、中(zhong)毒(du)以及(ji)設備損壞等類型，事(shi)(shi)故(gu)造(zao)成人員傷(shang)亡的(de)因素主要有(you)爆炸、爆燃、中(zhong)毒(du)、火(huo)災(zai)、灼燙等。此外，檢修時進(jin)入壓力容器內(nei)部，還易出現缺氧窒息(xi)和中(zhong)毒(du)。
二、壓力容器檢查哪些內容
為(wei)了保障壓力容器(qi)安全運轉，避(bi)免(mian)各類事故的產生，作為(wei)壓力容器(qi)的使用單位一定(ding)要(yao)認真執行壓力容器(qi)定(ding)檢(jian)(jian)的制度(du)，而(er)每次定(ding)檢(jian)(jian)都要(yao)先將定(ding)檢(jian)(jian)計劃呈(cheng)送當地(di)監管部門(men)，讓相(xiang)關部門(men)負(fu)責監督檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)工作。
1、外部檢查
亦稱(cheng)運行(xing)中(zhong)檢查(cha)(cha)，檢查(cha)(cha)的(de)主要(yao)內容有(you)：壓(ya)力(li)容器外表面有(you)無(wu)(wu)裂(lie)紋、變(bian)形(xing)、泄漏、局部過熱等(deng)(deng)不正常現象(xiang)(xiang)；安全(quan)(quan)附(fu)件是否(fou)齊全(quan)(quan)、靈敏、可靠(kao)；緊固螺栓是否(fou)完好、全(quan)(quan)部旋(xuan)緊；基礎有(you)無(wu)(wu)下沉(chen)、傾斜以(yi)及(ji)防腐層有(you)無(wu)(wu)損壞等(deng)(deng)異常現象(xiang)(xiang)。外部檢查(cha)(cha)既是檢驗人(ren)員的(de)工(gong)作，也是操(cao)作人(ren)員日常巡回檢查(cha)(cha)項(xiang)目。發(fa)現危及(ji)安全(quan)(quan)現象(xiang)(xiang)（如(ru)受壓(ya)元件產生裂(lie)紋、變(bian)形(xing)、嚴重泄滲等(deng)(deng)）應予(yu)停運并(bing)及(ji)時(shi)報告有(you)關人(ren)員。
2、內外部檢驗
壓力容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)這種檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)必(bi)須(xu)在停車和(he)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)清洗干(gan)凈后才(cai)能(neng)(neng)進(jin)行。檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)除包括外(wai)部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)的(de)全部(bu)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)外(wai)，還要(yao)(yao)(yao)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)表面(mian)的(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕磨(mo)損現(xian)象；用(yong)(yong)肉眼和(he)放大(da)鏡對所有(you)焊(han)縫、封頭(tou)過渡區及其他應(ying)力集(ji)中部(bu)位檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)有(you)無裂紋，必(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)時采用(yong)(yong)超聲波(bo)或射(she)線探傷檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)焊(han)縫內(nei)(nei)部(bu)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)；測量(liang)(liang)壁(bi)厚。若(ruo)測得壁(bi)厚小(xiao)于容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)最小(xiao)壁(bi)厚時，應(ying)重(zhong)新進(jin)行強度校核，提出(chu)降壓使用(yong)(yong)或修理(li)措施；對可能(neng)(neng)引起金屬材料的(de)金相組織變化的(de)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)，必(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)時應(ying)進(jin)行金相檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)；高壓、超高壓容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)螺栓應(ying)利用(yong)(yong)磁粉(fen)或著色進(jin)行有(you)無裂紋的(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)等。通過內(nei)(nei)外(wai)部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，對檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)出(chu)的(de)缺陷(xian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)分析原(yuan)因(yin)并提出(chu)處理(li)意見。修理(li)后要(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)行復(fu)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。壓力容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)周期(qi)(qi)為(wei)每三年一次，但對強烈腐(fu)(fu)蝕性介質(zhi)、劇毒介質(zhi)的(de)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)周期(qi)(qi)應(ying)予縮短。運行中發現(xian)有(you)嚴(yan)重(zhong)缺陷(xian)的(de)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)和(he)焊(han)接質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)差、材質(zhi)對介質(zhi)抗腐(fu)(fu)蝕能(neng)(neng)力不明的(de)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)也(ye)均應(ying)縮短檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)周期(qi)(qi)。
3、全面檢驗
壓力容器全面(mian)(mian)檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)除了(le)上述檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)項目外，還(huan)要進(jin)行(xing)耐(nai)壓(ya)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)（一般進(jin)行(xing)水壓(ya)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)）。對主要焊(han)縫進(jin)行(xing)無損(sun)探(tan)傷(shang)抽查(cha)或全部(bu)焊(han)縫檢查(cha)。但對壓(ya)力很(hen)低、非易燃或無毒、無腐蝕性介(jie)質的容(rong)器(qi)，若沒有發現缺陷，取得(de)一定(ding)使用(yong)經驗(yan)(yan)(yan)后(hou)，可不作無損(sun)探(tan)傷(shang)檢查(cha)。容(rong)器(qi)的全面(mian)(mian)檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)周期，一般為(wei)每六年至少進(jin)行(xing)一次。對盛(sheng)裝空氣和惰性氣體的制造合格容(rong)器(qi)，在取得(de)使用(yong)經驗(yan)(yan)(yan)和一兩次內外檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)確(que)認(ren)無腐蝕后(hou)，全面(mian)(mian)檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)周期可適(shi)當延長。
