一、壓力容器的危險性有哪些
壓力容器可提供一(yi)(yi)個能夠承裝介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)并且承受(shou)其壓(ya)力(li)(li)(li)的密閉空間(jian)。固(gu)定(ding)式壓(ya)力(li)(li)(li)容(rong)器的主要作用(yong)可分為四種：一(yi)(yi)是(shi)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)完成介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)的物理、化學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)；二是(shi)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)完成介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)的熱量交換；三(san)是(shi)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)完成介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)的流體(ti)壓(ya)力(li)(li)(li)平衡緩沖(chong)和氣(qi)體(ti)的凈化分離；四是(shi)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)儲存、盛裝氣(qi)體(ti)、液(ye)體(ti)、液(ye)化氣(qi)體(ti)等介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)。移(yi)動式壓(ya)力(li)(li)(li)容(rong)器和氣(qi)瓶主要用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)盛裝氣(qi)體(ti)、液(ye)體(ti)、液(ye)化氣(qi)體(ti)等介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)。氧(yang)艙是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種醫療(liao)用(yong)載(zai)人(ren)壓(ya)力(li)(li)(li)容(rong)器，為患(huan)者(zhe)提供一(yi)(yi)個富氧(yang)環境。
固定式(shi)壓(ya)力容器(qi)、移動式(shi)壓(ya)力容器(qi)和(he)氣瓶的(de)主要(yao)危(wei)險(xian)在于其(qi)易于失去(qu)密封介質(zhi)的(de)能力，表現形式(shi)分為爆炸和(he)泄漏兩(liang)大(da)類(lei)。壓(ya)力容器(qi)盛(sheng)(sheng)裝的(de)介質(zhi)比較復雜，如果(guo)(guo)是(shi)可(ke)燃介質(zhi)溢(yi)(yi)出，可(ke)造成氣體爆炸、火災(zai)；如果(guo)(guo)是(shi)有毒介質(zhi)溢(yi)(yi)出，可(ke)造成中毒以及(ji)環境污染。尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)壓(ya)力容器(qi)介質(zhi)盛(sheng)(sheng)裝量較大(da)的(de)時(shi)候，發(fa)生(sheng)事故的(de)后果(guo)(guo)會更為嚴重。氧艙的(de)主要(yao)危(wei)險(xian)是(shi)易發(fa)生(sheng)火災(zai)。
壓力容器常見事故有爆炸、泄漏(lou)、爆燃、火災(zai)、中毒(du)以及設備(bei)損(sun)壞等類型(xing)，事故造成(cheng)人(ren)員傷亡(wang)的因素主要有爆炸、爆燃、中毒(du)、火災(zai)、灼(zhuo)燙等。此外，檢修時進入壓力容器內部，還易出現缺氧窒息和中毒(du)。
二、壓力容器檢查哪些內容
為了(le)保障壓(ya)(ya)力(li)容(rong)器安全運轉(zhuan)，避免各類事故的產(chan)生，作(zuo)為壓(ya)(ya)力(li)容(rong)器的使用單位一定(ding)要(yao)認真執行(xing)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)容(rong)器定(ding)檢(jian)的制(zhi)度，而(er)每(mei)次定(ding)檢(jian)都要(yao)先將定(ding)檢(jian)計劃呈(cheng)送當地監管部門，讓(rang)相關(guan)部門負責監督(du)檢(jian)驗工作(zuo)。
1、外部檢查
亦(yi)稱運(yun)行中(zhong)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)，檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)的(de)主(zhu)要內容有(you)：壓力容器外表面(mian)有(you)無裂(lie)紋、變(bian)形、泄漏、局部過熱等(deng)(deng)不正常(chang)現(xian)象(xiang)；安全附件是(shi)(shi)否齊全、靈敏、可靠；緊(jin)(jin)固螺栓(shuan)是(shi)(shi)否完好、全部旋緊(jin)(jin)；基礎有(you)無下沉、傾(qing)斜以及(ji)防腐層有(you)無損壞等(deng)(deng)異常(chang)現(xian)象(xiang)。外部檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)既是(shi)(shi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)驗人(ren)員的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)操作(zuo)人(ren)員日常(chang)巡(xun)回檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)項目。發現(xian)危及(ji)安全現(xian)象(xiang)（如受壓元件產生裂(lie)紋、變(bian)形、嚴重(zhong)泄滲等(deng)(deng)）應予停運(yun)并(bing)及(ji)時報告有(you)關人(ren)員。
2、內外部檢驗
壓力(li)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)這種檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)必(bi)須在停車和(he)(he)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)清(qing)洗干凈后才能進行(xing)(xing)。檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)的(de)主要(yao)(yao)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)除(chu)包括外(wai)部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)的(de)全部(bu)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)外(wai)，還要(yao)(yao)檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)表面的(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)磨損(sun)現象(xiang)；用(yong)(yong)肉眼和(he)(he)放大鏡對(dui)所有焊(han)縫、封頭過渡區及其他應(ying)(ying)力(li)集(ji)中(zhong)部(bu)位(wei)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)有無(wu)裂(lie)紋(wen)，必(bi)要(yao)(yao)時采(cai)用(yong)(yong)超(chao)聲波或(huo)射(she)線探傷檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)焊(han)縫內(nei)(nei)部(bu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)；測量(liang)(liang)壁厚。若測得壁厚小(xiao)于容(rong)器(qi)(qi)最(zui)小(xiao)壁厚時，應(ying)(ying)重(zhong)新進行(xing)(xing)強度校核，提出降壓使(shi)用(yong)(yong)或(huo)修(xiu)理措施；對(dui)可能引起金(jin)(jin)屬材料的(de)金(jin)(jin)相(xiang)組織變化(hua)的(de)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)，必(bi)要(yao)(yao)時應(ying)(ying)進行(xing)(xing)金(jin)(jin)相(xiang)檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)；高壓、超(chao)高壓容(rong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)主要(yao)(yao)螺栓應(ying)(ying)利(li)用(yong)(yong)磁粉或(huo)著色進行(xing)(xing)有無(wu)裂(lie)紋(wen)的(de)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)等。通過內(nei)(nei)外(wai)部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)，對(dui)檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)出的(de)缺陷(xian)要(yao)(yao)分(fen)析(xi)原因(yin)并提出處理意見。修(xiu)理后要(yao)(yao)進行(xing)(xing)復驗(yan)(yan)。壓力(li)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)周期為每三年(nian)一次(ci)，但對(dui)強烈(lie)腐(fu)蝕(shi)性介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、劇毒介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)周期應(ying)(ying)予縮短。運行(xing)(xing)中(zhong)發(fa)現有嚴重(zhong)缺陷(xian)的(de)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)焊(han)接質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)差、材質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)抗(kang)腐(fu)蝕(shi)能力(li)不明的(de)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)也均(jun)應(ying)(ying)縮短檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)周期。
3、全面檢驗
壓力容器全(quan)(quan)面檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)除了上述檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)項目外(wai)，還要進(jin)(jin)行(xing)耐壓(ya)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)（一(yi)般進(jin)(jin)行(xing)水壓(ya)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)）。對主(zhu)要焊(han)縫進(jin)(jin)行(xing)無(wu)(wu)損(sun)探傷抽查或全(quan)(quan)部焊(han)縫檢(jian)(jian)查。但對壓(ya)力很低、非易燃或無(wu)(wu)毒、無(wu)(wu)腐蝕性(xing)介質(zhi)的(de)容(rong)(rong)器，若沒(mei)有(you)發現缺陷，取得一(yi)定使用經驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)后，可(ke)(ke)不作(zuo)無(wu)(wu)損(sun)探傷檢(jian)(jian)查。容(rong)(rong)器的(de)全(quan)(quan)面檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)周(zhou)期(qi)，一(yi)般為(wei)每六年(nian)至(zhi)少進(jin)(jin)行(xing)一(yi)次(ci)。對盛裝空氣和(he)惰性(xing)氣體的(de)制造合格容(rong)(rong)器，在(zai)取得使用經驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)和(he)一(yi)兩次(ci)內外(wai)檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)確(que)認無(wu)(wu)腐蝕后，全(quan)(quan)面檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)周(zhou)期(qi)可(ke)(ke)適當延(yan)長。
