一、壓力容器的危險性有哪些
壓力容器可提供(gong)一個能夠承裝介質(zhi)并且承受其壓(ya)力(li)的(de)(de)密(mi)閉空間。固定式壓(ya)力(li)容器的(de)(de)主要(yao)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)四(si)(si)種：一是(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)完(wan)成(cheng)介質(zhi)的(de)(de)物理、化學反應；二(er)是(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)完(wan)成(cheng)介質(zhi)的(de)(de)熱量交換；三是(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)完(wan)成(cheng)介質(zhi)的(de)(de)流(liu)體壓(ya)力(li)平衡緩(huan)沖和氣體的(de)(de)凈化分(fen)(fen)離；四(si)(si)是(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)儲存、盛(sheng)裝氣體、液體、液化氣體等介質(zhi)。移動式壓(ya)力(li)容器和氣瓶主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)盛(sheng)裝氣體、液體、液化氣體等介質(zhi)。氧艙是(shi)一種醫療用(yong)(yong)(yong)載人壓(ya)力(li)容器，為(wei)患者提供(gong)一個富氧環境(jing)。
固定式(shi)壓(ya)力(li)容器、移(yi)動式(shi)壓(ya)力(li)容器和(he)氣(qi)瓶的主(zhu)要危(wei)險在于其(qi)易(yi)(yi)于失去密封(feng)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)的能力(li)，表現形式(shi)分(fen)為爆炸(zha)和(he)泄漏兩(liang)大類。壓(ya)力(li)容器盛(sheng)裝的介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)比較復雜，如果是(shi)可燃介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)溢出(chu)，可造成(cheng)氣(qi)體爆炸(zha)、火災；如果是(shi)有毒(du)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)溢出(chu)，可造成(cheng)中(zhong)毒(du)以及(ji)環境污染(ran)。尤其(qi)是(shi)壓(ya)力(li)容器介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)盛(sheng)裝量較大的時候(hou)，發(fa)生事故(gu)的后果會更為嚴重。氧(yang)艙(cang)的主(zhu)要危(wei)險是(shi)易(yi)(yi)發(fa)生火災。
壓力(li)容器(qi)常(chang)見事故有(you)(you)爆(bao)炸、泄漏、爆(bao)燃、火(huo)災、中毒以(yi)及設備損壞等類型，事故造成人員傷亡的因素主要有(you)(you)爆(bao)炸、爆(bao)燃、中毒、火(huo)災、灼燙等。此外，檢修(xiu)時進入壓力(li)容器(qi)內部，還易出現(xian)缺氧(yang)窒息(xi)和中毒。
二、壓力容器檢查哪些內容
為了保障壓力容器安(an)全(quan)運轉，避免各(ge)類事故的產生，作為壓力容器的使用單位一(yi)定(ding)要認(ren)真(zhen)執行壓力容器定(ding)檢(jian)的制度，而(er)每次定(ding)檢(jian)都(dou)要先將(jiang)定(ding)檢(jian)計劃(hua)呈送當地監管部門，讓(rang)相關部門負責監督檢(jian)驗(yan)工(gong)作。
1、外部檢查
亦稱運(yun)行中檢查(cha)，檢查(cha)的主要內容有(you)(you)：壓力(li)容器外表面有(you)(you)無裂(lie)紋、變(bian)形(xing)、泄漏、局部(bu)(bu)過熱等(deng)不正常現象；安全附(fu)件是(shi)否齊(qi)全、靈敏、可靠(kao)；緊固螺栓是(shi)否完好、全部(bu)(bu)旋緊；基礎有(you)(you)無下沉、傾斜以及(ji)(ji)防腐層有(you)(you)無損壞等(deng)異(yi)常現象。外部(bu)(bu)檢查(cha)既是(shi)檢驗(yan)人(ren)員(yuan)的工作，也(ye)是(shi)操作人(ren)員(yuan)日常巡(xun)回檢查(cha)項(xiang)目。發(fa)現危及(ji)(ji)安全現象（如受壓元件產生裂(lie)紋、變(bian)形(xing)、嚴重泄滲等(deng)）應予停運(yun)并及(ji)(ji)時報(bao)告有(you)(you)關人(ren)員(yuan)。
2、內外部檢驗
壓(ya)(ya)力容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)內外部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)這種檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)必(bi)須在停車和(he)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)內部(bu)清洗干(gan)凈后(hou)才能進(jin)行(xing)(xing)。檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)主要內容(rong)(rong)(rong)除包括外部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)的(de)(de)全部(bu)內容(rong)(rong)(rong)外，還(huan)要檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)內外表面的(de)(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)磨損現(xian)象；用(yong)(yong)肉眼(yan)和(he)放大(da)鏡對(dui)所(suo)有(you)焊縫、封頭過(guo)渡區(qu)及其他應(ying)力集中部(bu)位檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)有(you)無裂(lie)紋(wen)，必(bi)要時(shi)(shi)(shi)采用(yong)(yong)超聲(sheng)波或射線(xian)探傷檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)焊縫內部(bu)質(zhi)(zhi)量；測量壁厚。若測得壁厚小于容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)最小壁厚時(shi)(shi)(shi)，應(ying)重(zhong)新進(jin)行(xing)(xing)強度(du)校核，提(ti)出降壓(ya)(ya)使用(yong)(yong)或修理措施；對(dui)可能引起(qi)金(jin)屬材料的(de)(de)金(jin)相(xiang)組織(zhi)變化(hua)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)，必(bi)要時(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)金(jin)相(xiang)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)；高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)、超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)的(de)(de)主要螺栓應(ying)利用(yong)(yong)磁(ci)粉或著(zhu)色進(jin)行(xing)(xing)有(you)無裂(lie)紋(wen)的(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)等。通過(guo)內外部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，對(dui)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)出的(de)(de)缺陷要分析原因并(bing)提(ti)出處理意(yi)見。修理后(hou)要進(jin)行(xing)(xing)復驗(yan)(yan)(yan)。壓(ya)(ya)力容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)內外部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)周期為每三年一(yi)次，但對(dui)強烈(lie)腐(fu)蝕(shi)性介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)、劇毒(du)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)周期應(ying)予縮(suo)短。運(yun)行(xing)(xing)中發(fa)現(xian)有(you)嚴重(zhong)缺陷的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)和(he)焊接(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)量差、材質(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)抗腐(fu)蝕(shi)能力不明的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)也(ye)均應(ying)縮(suo)短檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)周期。
3、全面檢驗
壓力容器全面(mian)檢驗(yan)除了上述檢驗(yan)項目(mu)外，還要進(jin)行(xing)(xing)耐壓(ya)試(shi)驗(yan)（一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)水壓(ya)試(shi)驗(yan)）。對主要焊縫(feng)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)無(wu)損(sun)探(tan)傷抽查(cha)或全部焊縫(feng)檢查(cha)。但對壓(ya)力很低、非(fei)易燃或無(wu)毒、無(wu)腐蝕性(xing)介質的容器(qi)，若沒有發現缺(que)陷(xian)，取得(de)一(yi)(yi)定使(shi)用經驗(yan)后，可不作無(wu)損(sun)探(tan)傷檢查(cha)。容器(qi)的全面(mian)檢驗(yan)周(zhou)期(qi)，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)為每六年至(zhi)少進(jin)行(xing)(xing)一(yi)(yi)次。對盛裝空氣和惰性(xing)氣體的制造合格容器(qi)，在取得(de)使(shi)用經驗(yan)和一(yi)(yi)兩(liang)次內外檢驗(yan)確認無(wu)腐蝕后，全面(mian)檢驗(yan)周(zhou)期(qi)可適(shi)當延長。
