一、壓力容器的危險性有哪些
壓力容器可提供一(yi)個(ge)能夠承(cheng)裝(zhuang)介質(zhi)并且承(cheng)受(shou)其壓力的(de)(de)密(mi)閉空間。固定式(shi)壓力容(rong)器(qi)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)作用(yong)可分(fen)為(wei)四種：一(yi)是(shi)用(yong)于(yu)完(wan)成介質(zhi)的(de)(de)物理、化學反應；二是(shi)用(yong)于(yu)完(wan)成介質(zhi)的(de)(de)熱量(liang)交換(huan)；三(san)是(shi)用(yong)于(yu)完(wan)成介質(zhi)的(de)(de)流體(ti)(ti)壓力平(ping)衡緩(huan)沖和(he)(he)氣體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)凈化分(fen)離；四是(shi)用(yong)于(yu)儲存(cun)、盛裝(zhuang)氣體(ti)(ti)、液體(ti)(ti)、液化氣體(ti)(ti)等介質(zhi)。移動式(shi)壓力容(rong)器(qi)和(he)(he)氣瓶主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)于(yu)盛裝(zhuang)氣體(ti)(ti)、液體(ti)(ti)、液化氣體(ti)(ti)等介質(zhi)。氧艙是(shi)一(yi)種醫(yi)療用(yong)載人壓力容(rong)器(qi)，為(wei)患者提供一(yi)個(ge)富(fu)氧環境。
固定式壓(ya)力(li)容器(qi)、移動式壓(ya)力(li)容器(qi)和(he)(he)氣瓶的主要(yao)危險在(zai)于其易于失(shi)去密封介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)的能力(li)，表現形式分為爆炸和(he)(he)泄漏兩大類。壓(ya)力(li)容器(qi)盛裝的介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)比較復雜，如果是可燃介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)溢出，可造成氣體(ti)爆炸、火(huo)災；如果是有毒(du)介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)溢出，可造成中毒(du)以及環境污(wu)染。尤其是壓(ya)力(li)容器(qi)介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)盛裝量較大的時(shi)候，發生事故的后果會更(geng)為嚴重。氧艙的主要(yao)危險是易發生火(huo)災。
壓(ya)力容器(qi)常見事故有(you)爆(bao)炸、泄漏、爆(bao)燃、火災、中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)以及設備損壞(huai)等類型，事故造成人員傷亡的因素主要有(you)爆(bao)炸、爆(bao)燃、中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)、火災、灼燙等。此外，檢(jian)修(xiu)時進入壓(ya)力容器(qi)內(nei)部，還易(yi)出(chu)現缺氧窒息(xi)和中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)。
二、壓力容器檢查哪些內容
為了保障(zhang)壓力(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)安(an)全運轉，避免各類(lei)事故(gu)的(de)產(chan)生，作為壓力(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)的(de)使用單位一定要(yao)認真(zhen)執行壓力(li)(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)定檢(jian)的(de)制度，而(er)每次定檢(jian)都要(yao)先將定檢(jian)計劃(hua)呈送當地監(jian)管部門，讓相(xiang)關部門負責監(jian)督(du)檢(jian)驗工作。
1、外部檢查
亦(yi)稱運行中檢查(cha)，檢查(cha)的主要(yao)內(nei)容(rong)有(you)：壓力(li)容(rong)器外表面有(you)無(wu)裂紋、變(bian)形、泄漏、局部過(guo)熱等不(bu)正常(chang)現象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)；安全附件是(shi)否齊全、靈敏(min)、可靠；緊固螺栓是(shi)否完好、全部旋緊；基(ji)礎有(you)無(wu)下沉、傾斜(xie)以及防腐層有(you)無(wu)損(sun)壞(huai)等異常(chang)現象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。外部檢查(cha)既是(shi)檢驗人員(yuan)的工作，也(ye)是(shi)操作人員(yuan)日常(chang)巡回檢查(cha)項(xiang)目。發現危及安全現象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)（如受壓元件產生裂紋、變(bian)形、嚴重泄滲等）應予停運并及時報告有(you)關人員(yuan)。
2、內外部檢驗
壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)外部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)這(zhe)種檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)必(bi)須(xu)在(zai)停車和容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)清洗干凈(jing)后(hou)才能(neng)(neng)進(jin)行。檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)除包括外部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全部(bu)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)外，還要(yao)(yao)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)內(nei)(nei)外表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)腐蝕磨損現(xian)象；用(yong)肉(rou)眼(yan)和放大鏡(jing)對(dui)(dui)(dui)所有(you)焊(han)縫、封頭(tou)過渡區及其他(ta)應(ying)(ying)力(li)集中部(bu)位檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)有(you)無裂(lie)紋，必(bi)要(yao)(yao)時采用(yong)超(chao)聲波或(huo)射線探傷檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)焊(han)縫內(nei)(nei)部(bu)質(zhi)量(liang)；測量(liang)壁(bi)厚(hou)(hou)。若測得壁(bi)厚(hou)(hou)小于(yu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)最小壁(bi)厚(hou)(hou)時，應(ying)(ying)重(zhong)新進(jin)行強度校核(he)，提出(chu)降壓(ya)使用(yong)或(huo)修理措施；對(dui)(dui)(dui)可能(neng)(neng)引起金(jin)屬材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)相(xiang)組(zu)織變(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，必(bi)要(yao)(yao)時應(ying)(ying)進(jin)行金(jin)相(xiang)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)；高(gao)壓(ya)、超(chao)高(gao)壓(ya)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)螺栓應(ying)(ying)利用(yong)磁粉或(huo)著(zhu)色進(jin)行有(you)無裂(lie)紋的(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)等。通(tong)過內(nei)(nei)外部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷(xian)要(yao)(yao)分析原因并(bing)提出(chu)處(chu)理意見(jian)。修理后(hou)要(yao)(yao)進(jin)行復驗(yan)(yan)(yan)。壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)外部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)周(zhou)期(qi)為每三年一次，但對(dui)(dui)(dui)強烈腐蝕性介質(zhi)、劇毒介質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)周(zhou)期(qi)應(ying)(ying)予縮(suo)短。運行中發現(xian)有(you)嚴(yan)重(zhong)缺陷(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和焊(han)接質(zhi)量(liang)差、材質(zhi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)介質(zhi)抗腐蝕能(neng)(neng)力(li)不明的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)也均應(ying)(ying)縮(suo)短檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)周(zhou)期(qi)。
3、全面檢驗
壓力容器全(quan)面檢(jian)驗除了上述(shu)檢(jian)驗項目外，還要(yao)進(jin)(jin)行耐(nai)壓試驗（一(yi)(yi)般進(jin)(jin)行水壓試驗）。對(dui)(dui)主要(yao)焊(han)縫(feng)進(jin)(jin)行無(wu)(wu)損探傷(shang)抽(chou)查或(huo)全(quan)部(bu)焊(han)縫(feng)檢(jian)查。但對(dui)(dui)壓力很低、非易燃或(huo)無(wu)(wu)毒、無(wu)(wu)腐(fu)蝕性介質的容(rong)器，若沒有(you)發現缺陷，取得一(yi)(yi)定使(shi)(shi)用經驗后，可不作無(wu)(wu)損探傷(shang)檢(jian)查。容(rong)器的全(quan)面檢(jian)驗周(zhou)期，一(yi)(yi)般為每(mei)六(liu)年至(zhi)少進(jin)(jin)行一(yi)(yi)次(ci)。對(dui)(dui)盛(sheng)裝(zhuang)空氣和(he)惰性氣體的制造合格容(rong)器，在取得使(shi)(shi)用經驗和(he)一(yi)(yi)兩次(ci)內外檢(jian)驗確(que)認無(wu)(wu)腐(fu)蝕后，全(quan)面檢(jian)驗周(zhou)期可適(shi)當(dang)延長(chang)。
