一、壓力容器的危險性有哪些
壓力容器可提供一個能(neng)夠(gou)承(cheng)裝介(jie)質(zhi)并且(qie)承(cheng)受(shou)其壓力(li)的(de)密閉空間。固(gu)定(ding)式壓力(li)容(rong)器(qi)的(de)主要作用(yong)可分為四(si)種(zhong)：一是用(yong)于(yu)完成介(jie)質(zhi)的(de)物理、化(hua)(hua)學反應；二是用(yong)于(yu)完成介(jie)質(zhi)的(de)熱量交換；三是用(yong)于(yu)完成介(jie)質(zhi)的(de)流體壓力(li)平(ping)衡緩沖和氣(qi)(qi)體的(de)凈化(hua)(hua)分離(li)；四(si)是用(yong)于(yu)儲存、盛(sheng)裝氣(qi)(qi)體、液(ye)體、液(ye)化(hua)(hua)氣(qi)(qi)體等(deng)介(jie)質(zhi)。移動式壓力(li)容(rong)器(qi)和氣(qi)(qi)瓶主要用(yong)于(yu)盛(sheng)裝氣(qi)(qi)體、液(ye)體、液(ye)化(hua)(hua)氣(qi)(qi)體等(deng)介(jie)質(zhi)。氧(yang)艙是一種(zhong)醫療用(yong)載人壓力(li)容(rong)器(qi)，為患者提供一個富氧(yang)環境。
固定式(shi)壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)器、移動式(shi)壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)器和氣瓶的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要危險(xian)在于其(qi)易于失去密封介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能力(li)，表現(xian)形式(shi)分為爆炸和泄(xie)漏兩大類。壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)器盛裝的(de)(de)(de)(de)介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比較(jiao)復(fu)雜(za)，如果是(shi)可燃(ran)介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)溢(yi)出，可造(zao)成(cheng)氣體(ti)爆炸、火(huo)災；如果是(shi)有(you)毒介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)溢(yi)出，可造(zao)成(cheng)中毒以及環(huan)境污(wu)染。尤其(qi)是(shi)壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)器介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盛裝量(liang)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，發生事故的(de)(de)(de)(de)后果會(hui)更為嚴(yan)重。氧艙(cang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要危險(xian)是(shi)易發生火(huo)災。
壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)常見事(shi)故(gu)有爆(bao)(bao)炸、泄漏、爆(bao)(bao)燃、火(huo)災(zai)、中毒(du)以及(ji)設備損壞等類型，事(shi)故(gu)造成人員(yuan)傷(shang)亡的因(yin)素主要有爆(bao)(bao)炸、爆(bao)(bao)燃、中毒(du)、火(huo)災(zai)、灼燙等。此外，檢修時進入壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)內部(bu)，還易出現缺(que)氧窒(zhi)息和(he)中毒(du)。
二、壓力容器檢查哪些內容
為(wei)(wei)了保(bao)障壓(ya)力容(rong)器安全(quan)運轉，避免各類事故的產生(sheng)，作為(wei)(wei)壓(ya)力容(rong)器的使用單位一定(ding)(ding)要認真執行(xing)壓(ya)力容(rong)器定(ding)(ding)檢的制度，而每次定(ding)(ding)檢都要先將定(ding)(ding)檢計劃(hua)呈送當(dang)地(di)監管部門，讓相關(guan)部門負責(ze)監督(du)檢驗工作。
1、外部檢查
亦稱(cheng)運(yun)行中(zhong)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)，檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)的(de)主要內(nei)容(rong)有(you)(you)：壓(ya)(ya)力容(rong)器外(wai)表面有(you)(you)無(wu)裂(lie)紋、變形、泄漏、局部過熱等不正(zheng)常(chang)現象(xiang)；安全附件是(shi)否齊全、靈敏、可(ke)靠；緊固螺(luo)栓是(shi)否完好、全部旋緊；基礎有(you)(you)無(wu)下沉、傾斜以及防腐(fu)層有(you)(you)無(wu)損壞(huai)等異常(chang)現象(xiang)。外(wai)部檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)既是(shi)檢(jian)驗人員的(de)工作(zuo)，也是(shi)操作(zuo)人員日常(chang)巡回檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)項目。發現危及安全現象(xiang)（如(ru)受壓(ya)(ya)元(yuan)件產生裂(lie)紋、變形、嚴重泄滲等）應予停運(yun)并及時報告有(you)(you)關人員。
2、內外部檢驗
壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)這(zhe)種檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)必(bi)須在(zai)停車和容(rong)(rong)器(qi)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)清洗干凈后(hou)才能(neng)進行(xing)(xing)。檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)的(de)主要內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)除包(bao)括外(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)的(de)全部(bu)(bu)(bu)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)外(wai)(wai)，還要檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)表面的(de)腐蝕(shi)磨損現象；用肉眼和放大鏡對(dui)(dui)所有(you)焊(han)縫(feng)、封頭過(guo)(guo)渡區及其他應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)集中部(bu)(bu)(bu)位檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)有(you)無裂紋(wen)，必(bi)要時(shi)采用超聲(sheng)波或射線(xian)探傷檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)焊(han)縫(feng)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)質(zhi)量；測量壁(bi)厚(hou)(hou)。若測得壁(bi)厚(hou)(hou)小于容(rong)(rong)器(qi)最(zui)小壁(bi)厚(hou)(hou)時(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)重(zhong)新進行(xing)(xing)強度校核，提出(chu)降(jiang)壓(ya)使用或修(xiu)理措施(shi)；對(dui)(dui)可能(neng)引(yin)起金(jin)屬(shu)材料的(de)金(jin)相組(zu)織變化的(de)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)，必(bi)要時(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)進行(xing)(xing)金(jin)相檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)；高壓(ya)、超高壓(ya)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)的(de)主要螺栓應(ying)(ying)(ying)利用磁粉或著色進行(xing)(xing)有(you)無裂紋(wen)的(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)等(deng)。通過(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)，對(dui)(dui)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)出(chu)的(de)缺(que)(que)陷要分析(xi)原(yuan)因并提出(chu)處理意見。修(xiu)理后(hou)要進行(xing)(xing)復驗(yan)。壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)部(bu)(bu)(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)周期(qi)為每三年一次，但對(dui)(dui)強烈腐蝕(shi)性介(jie)質(zhi)、劇(ju)毒介(jie)質(zhi)的(de)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)周期(qi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)予縮短。運行(xing)(xing)中發現有(you)嚴重(zhong)缺(que)(que)陷的(de)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)和焊(han)接質(zhi)量差、材質(zhi)對(dui)(dui)介(jie)質(zhi)抗腐蝕(shi)能(neng)力(li)不明的(de)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)也均(jun)應(ying)(ying)(ying)縮短檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)周期(qi)。
3、全面檢驗
壓力容器全(quan)(quan)面(mian)檢驗(yan)(yan)除了上(shang)述(shu)檢驗(yan)(yan)項(xiang)目外，還要(yao)進(jin)(jin)行耐壓(ya)試驗(yan)(yan)（一(yi)般(ban)進(jin)(jin)行水壓(ya)試驗(yan)(yan)）。對主要(yao)焊縫進(jin)(jin)行無(wu)損探傷抽查(cha)(cha)或(huo)全(quan)(quan)部焊縫檢查(cha)(cha)。但對壓(ya)力很低、非易燃或(huo)無(wu)毒(du)、無(wu)腐(fu)蝕性(xing)介質的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器，若沒有發現缺(que)陷，取得(de)一(yi)定使用經(jing)(jing)驗(yan)(yan)后，可(ke)不作無(wu)損探傷檢查(cha)(cha)。容(rong)(rong)(rong)器的(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)面(mian)檢驗(yan)(yan)周(zhou)期(qi)，一(yi)般(ban)為每六(liu)年至少進(jin)(jin)行一(yi)次。對盛裝空氣和惰性(xing)氣體的(de)(de)制造合格容(rong)(rong)(rong)器，在取得(de)使用經(jing)(jing)驗(yan)(yan)和一(yi)兩次內外檢驗(yan)(yan)確認無(wu)腐(fu)蝕后，全(quan)(quan)面(mian)檢驗(yan)(yan)周(zhou)期(qi)可(ke)適當(dang)延長。
