一.產品介紹
張高水杏(xing)是指生長于山東(dong)省鄒平縣張高的水杏(xing),有(you)十多(duo)個水杏(xing)品(pin)種,為(wei)地方(fang)特產。
張高(gao)水杏(xing)是(shi)生長在特異自然環境(jing)的地方特產(chan),個大如桃,皮(pi)色鮮(xian)(xian)艷,脆而酸甜,香味濃(nong)郁(yu),清爽可(ke)口,營(ying)養豐(feng)富。鄒平(ping)縣(xian)張高(gao)水杏(xing)距今已(yi)有400多(duo)年的栽培(pei)歷史(shi),久負(fu)盛名。水杏(xing)除鮮(xian)(xian)食外(wai),還可(ke)加工(gong)成高(gao)級營(ying)養食品和點心(xin)佐料,杏(xing)仁(ren)是(shi)貴重(zhong)的中藥材。
張(zhang)(zhang)高水杏(xing)有(you)十幾個品種,其(qi)中最好的一俗稱“抽把子”,所結杏(xing)果個大、皮色(se)鮮(xian)艷(yan),如經造孽蘋(pin)果,使人觀之欲食(shi)。還(huan)有(you)當(dang)地人稱為“關爺臉”的品種,色(se)彩紅而有(you)洶(xiong)涌,食(shi)之甜脆(cui)。張(zhang)(zhang)高水杏(xing)成熟早(zao),上市早(zao),史有(you)“小(xiao)滿三日杏(xing)發黃”之說(shuo)。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
“張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)”生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)基(ji)地(di)(di),屬于北(bei)(bei)溫(wen)(wen)帶(dai)大陸(lu)性季(ji)風(feng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou),具有(you)明(ming)(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)季(ji)節變化和(he)(he)季(ji)風(feng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)特點,四(si)季(ji)分(fen)(fen)明(ming)(ming),雨熱同季(ji)。冬季(ji)多(duo)(duo)偏北(bei)(bei)風(feng),夏季(ji)多(duo)(duo)偏南(nan)風(feng),春秋風(feng)向多(duo)(duo)變。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)13.1℃,極(ji)端(duan)最(zui)低氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)-25.1℃,極(ji)端(duan)最(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)42.8℃。年(nian)(nian)無(wu)霜期一般(ban)為(wei)193天,≥0℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)溫(wen)(wen)4957.4℃,≥10℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)溫(wen)(wen)4466.9℃,年(nian)(nian)日照時數為(wei)2619.8h,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)日照率60%,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)太(tai)陽輻射總量(liang)(liang)5.29×105J/cm3,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理輻射總量(liang)(liang)2.65×105J/cm3。年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)633.5mm,年(nian)(nian)紀變化較大,有(you)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)象資料記錄最(zui)大1053.1㎜,最(zui)小366.3㎜,年(nian)(nian)內降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)分(fen)(fen)布不(bu)均(jun),夏季(ji)最(zui)多(duo)(duo),占(zhan)全(quan)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)62.1%,春秋兩季(ji)分(fen)(fen)別占(zhan)全(quan)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)13.7%和(he)(he)20.4%。這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)條(tiao)件,與張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度、濕度、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長期等要(yao)求(qiu)十(shi)分(fen)(fen)符(fu)合。“張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)”種(zhong)植區(qu)(qu)域屬魯中泰沂(yi)山(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)屬于褐(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),富(fu)(fu)含(han)(han)(han)(han)有(you)機質(zhi)和(he)(he)磷、鉀等各(ge)種(zhong)微(wei)量(liang)(liang)元(yuan)素(su)(su)。尤(you)其是(shi)水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)基(ji)地(di)(di)周圍獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)小氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)更是(shi)為(wei)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)良品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)奠定(ding)了(le)(le)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎。且張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)地(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)均(jun)為(wei)優(you)質(zhi)礦泉(quan)(quan)水(shui),確(que)保(bao)了(le)(le)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良好(hao)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)。 中華人民共和(he)(he)國農業部(bu) 公布 張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)以火山(shan)(shan)巖(yan)、侵入巖(yan)、沉(chen)積(ji)巖(yan)為(wei)主要(yao)成土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母(mu)巖(yan),全(quan)部(bu)為(wei)褐(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境優(you)良,爽水(shui)性好(hao),耕層較厚,保(bao)水(shui)保(bao)肥能(neng)(neng)力強,旱(han)能(neng)(neng)澆、澇能(neng)(neng)排,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)有(you)機質(zhi)含(han)(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)、無(wu)污(wu)染(ran),富(fu)(fu)含(han)(han)(han)(han)鉀、鈣、鎂等微(wei)量(liang)(liang)元(yuan)素(su)(su),各(ge)種(zhong)營(ying)養(yang)元(yuan)素(su)(su)比例協調。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)PH值6.8~7.2,是(shi)適合鄒(zou)平(ping)(ping)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)佳土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang),能(neng)(neng)使所產(chan)(chan)(chan)水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)富(fu)(fu)含(han)(han)(han)(han)人體(ti)所需(xu)(xu)多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)營(ying)養(yang)元(yuan)素(su)(su),富(fu)(fu)含(han)(han)(han)(han)鉀、鈣、鎂、磷等多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)礦物元(yuan)素(su)(su),維(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)C、維(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)B-17含(han)(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)尤(you)為(wei)豐(feng)富(fu)(fu),β-胡(hu)蘿卜素(su)(su)含(han)(han)(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)可達(da)到10mg/100g果肉。 張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)產(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)地(di)(di)表、地(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)資源(yuan)都十(shi)分(fen)(fen)豐(feng)富(fu)(fu),地(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)位8-15m,灌(guan)溉主要(yao)以當(dang)地(di)(di)山(shan)(shan)泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)和(he)(he)地(di)(di)下(xia)優(you)質(zhi)礦泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)灌(guan)溉為(wei)主,無(wu)任(ren)何污(wu)染(ran),PH值為(wei)弱堿性富(fu)(fu)氧(yang)水(shui),不(bu)僅(jin)能(neng)(neng)夠滿足(zu)灌(guan)溉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)要(yao),而且能(neng)(neng)夠確(que)保(bao)鄒(zou)平(ping)(ping)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)和(he)(he)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。 張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)產(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)資源(yuan)豐(feng)富(fu)(fu),森林覆(fu)蓋率高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),各(ge)種(zhong)病(bing)(bing)蟲害的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然天敵達(da)30余種(zhong),通過(guo)積(ji)極(ji)推廣生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)技術(shu),有(you)效防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)了(le)(le)水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)各(ge)種(zhong)病(bing)(bing)蟲害的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),也保(bao)證了(le)(le)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)綠色無(wu)公害的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點。
三.地域范圍
鄒平(ping)縣黛溪街道辦事處張高(gao)村緊鄰220國道,距濟(ji)南40公(gong)(gong)里(li),交通便利, 人口(kou)1000戶以上(shang),屬(shu)于行政大(da)村,民(min)風樸實,勞(lao)動(dong)力(li)豐富。 廣(guang)闊(kuo)的平(ping)原(yuan)和豐富的黃河(he)水(shui)系,使張高(gao)村農(nong)業發達,適合農(nong)場式發展。“張高(gao)水(shui)杏”主(zhu)要種植于鄒平(ping)縣張高(gao)村,地(di)理(li)坐標為東經(jing)117°39′4″~117°42′23″、北緯36°52′45″~36°54′15″,地(di)域保護面積80公(gong)(gong)頃,年總產量3000噸。
四.產品品質特性特征
(1)外在感(gan)官(guan)特征: 果實(shi)近圓形(xing)(xing),頂端圓,微凹;縫合(he)線(xian)淺,兩(liang)半(ban)部對稱;梗洼(wa)狹、中深(shen)。果皮黃色,陽面具(ju)紫紅(hong)色暈,薄,不易剝離(li)。果肉(rou)橘黃色,汁液較多,肉(rou)質(zhi)(zhi)細軟,纖維少(shao),含可(ke)(ke)溶性固形(xing)(xing)物10%~13%,總(zong)糖(tang)8.0%,可(ke)(ke)滴定酸(suan)0.9%,味甜(tian)微酸(suan),香氣濃(nong),品質(zhi)(zhi)上。離(li)核,苦仁。 (2)內在品質(zhi)(zhi)指標(biao)(biao): 項 目 指 標(biao)(biao) 可(ke)(ke)食率(以質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)計)/% ≥94.0 可(ke)(ke)滴定酸(suan)/% ≥1.2 可(ke)(ke)溶性固形(xing)(xing)物/% ≥12.0 蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)/% ≥1.1 總(zong)糖(tang)/% ≥10.0 維生素C/(mg/100g) ≥9.6 (3)安全(quan)要(yao)求(qiu): 水杏(xing)產(chan)地環境(jing)符(fu)合(he)GB/T18407.2-2001《農(nong)產(chan)品安全(quan)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)無(wu)公害水果產(chan)地環境(jing)要(yao)求(qiu)》的(de)(de)規定。 張高水杏(xing)產(chan)品符(fu)合(he)GB18406.2-2001《農(nong)產(chan)品安全(quan)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)無(wu)公害蔬菜安全(quan)要(yao)求(qiu)》的(de)(de)規定。
五.特定生產方式
(1)產(chan)(chan)地(di)選擇(ze):杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)園應選擇(ze)背風(feng)向(xiang)陽(yang)(yang)土質(zhi)(zhi)疏松、排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)通氣良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)塊,好(hao)是(shi)山(shan)坡中(zhong)(zhong)部,避免(mian)在谷底建園。遠離城區(qu)、車站、鬧市,避免(mian)了有(you)害物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)污染。灌溉用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)當地(di)山(shan)泉水(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)地(di)下(xia)優質(zhi)(zhi)礦泉水(shui)(shui)(shui)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境無(wu)污染,符合無(wu)公害鄒(zou)平(ping)水(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)產(chan)(chan)地(di)環(huan)境要(yao)求。 (2)品種(zhong)選擇(ze):影響鄒(zou)平(ping)水(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)因素是(shi)多方面的(de)(de)(de),環(huan)境因素中(zhong)(zhong)溫度(du)、光(guang)照是(shi)主要(yao)因素。溫度(du)主要(yao)決定杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)樹(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)休眠(mian)期,影響杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)樹(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)花(hua)與結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)樹(shu)(shu)是(shi)吸(xi)光(guang)性很強的(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong),光(guang)是(shi)植物(wu)光(guang)合作用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)能量(liang)(liang)源泉,光(guang)照對(dui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)樹(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)和(he)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)作用(yong)(yong)非常明(ming)顯。所以選用(yong)(yong)當地(di)優質(zhi)(zhi)、豐產(chan)(chan)、抗病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)品種(zhong),如金太陽(yang)(yang)、紅荷包(bao)、黃荷包(bao)、凱特、二紅杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等。 (3)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程管理(li)(li): 水(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程管理(li)(li)按無(wu)公害鄒(zou)平(ping)水(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標準化生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)技術(shu)規程進(jin)行。 (4)產(chan)(chan)品收獲及產(chan)(chan)后處(chu)理(li)(li) 杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)收期對(dui)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)和(he)品質(zhi)(zhi)有(you)密切關(guan)系。按杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)途(tu)可(ke)分為(wei)三個(ge)成熟(shu)(shu)度(du):一是(shi)可(ke)采(cai)(cai)成熟(shu)(shu)度(du),這時(shi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實大(da)小已定,杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)未能完 全成熟(shu)(shu),但這時(shi)可(ke)采(cai)(cai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后做商(shang)品出售;二是(shi)食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)成熟(shu)(shu)度(du),果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實已成熟(shu)(shu),表現出該品種(zhong)應有(you)的(de)(de)(de)色澤和(he)香(xiang)味(wei)(wei),營養成分含量(liang)(liang)達到最(zui)高點,風(feng)味(wei)(wei)最(zui)好(hao);三是(shi)勝利成熟(shu)(shu)度(du),這時(shi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實在生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理(li)(li)上已達到十成成熟(shu)(shu),果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實肉質(zhi)(zhi)松軟,風(feng)味(wei)(wei)變淡,不(bu)宜(yi)食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong),只能用(yong)(yong)作采(cai)(cai)種(zhong)或取仁。商(shang)品水(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)宜(yi)根據不(bu)同品種(zhong)在水(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)達到可(ke)采(cai)(cai)成熟(shu)(shu)度(du)時(shi)采(cai)(cai)收為(wei)最(zui)好(hao)。