“蘇仙傳說”是以敘述郴州草藥(yao)郎中蘇耽(dan)神奇出生、
神鹿哺乳、孝順母親(qin)、種(zhong)橘驅疫、得道(dao)成仙等(deng)核心母題(ti)為主要內容的(de)傳說(shuo)故事群(qun),晉葛(ge)洪《神仙傳》就有(you)記(ji)述,此后(hou)道(dao)教典籍、筆記(ji)小說(shuo)中(zhong)均有(you)記(ji)載。
“蘇(su)(su)仙傳說”是(shi)西(xi)漢(han)發(fa)生在(zai)桂陽(yang)郡治(zhi)所(suo)郴縣(現湖南郴州市蘇(su)(su)仙區(qu))的(de)民(min)間故事:郴縣少年(nian)(nian)草藥郎中蘇(su)(su)耽(dan)(dan),早年(nian)(nian)喪父成孤(gu)兒,他事母至孝,親(qin)和鄰里,治(zhi)病救(jiu)人(ren)。后(hou)人(ren)傳為(wei):潘姑娘(niang)未婚先孕,老娘(niang)逼女(nv)棄子(zi),女(nv)藏子(zi)于山洞(dong),鶴護鹿乳;孤(gu)兒蘇(su)(su)耽(dan)(dan)放(fang)牛砍(kan)柴(chai)、種橘(ju)采藥,孝養娘(niang)親(qin);遂得(de)道(dao)升(sheng)仙。行前告母:來年(nian)(nian)天下將爆發(fa)瘟疫(yi),請(qing)母親(qin)用庭(ting)院井(jing)泉熬橘(ju)樹(shu)葉藥湯,可救(jiu)治(zhi)郡民(min)。第二年(nian)(nian)果如蘇(su)(su)耽(dan)(dan)預測,瘟疫(yi)肆(si)虐(nve);蘇(su)(su)母按蘇(su)(su)耽(dan)(dan)所(suo)囑(zhu)法子(zi),日夜熬藥,救(jiu)人(ren)無(wu)數。故事傳至唐宋(song)(song),開元二十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(741年(nian)(nian))唐玄(xuan)宗詔(zhao)令“發(fa)揮聲華,嚴飾祠宇(yu)。”蘇(su)(su)耽(dan)(dan)出(chu)生、采藥的(de)馬(ma)嶺山被道(dao)教列(lie)為(wei)72福地(di)的(de)“天下第十(shi)(shi)八福地(di)”,山被百(bai)姓改稱蘇(su)(su)仙嶺,井(jing)被稱作“橘(ju)井(jing)”。杜甫、元結、秦觀、徐霞客、蒲(pu)松齡等撰(zhuan)寫相關詩(shi)文。宋(song)(song)代先后(hou)有四(si)位皇帝(di)赦封蘇(su)(su)耽(dan)(dan)為(wei)“真(zhen)人(ren)”、“真(zhen)君”,宋(song)(song)真(zhen)宗詩(shi)作有“橘(ju)井(jing)甘泉透膽香”句,國中遂形(xing)成“橘(ju)井(jing)泉香” 的(de)醫林典故。 歷史久(jiu)遠,傳承脈絡清晰。
蘇仙傳(chuan)說地域性特征顯(xian)著,承載(zai)了獨具特色的孝道、道教(jiao)及中醫(yi)文化意蘊,影響深(shen)遠,深(shen)受民眾喜愛,在(zai)現今郴州(zhou)民眾中依(yi)然有活(huo)態傳(chuan)承。
蘇(su)(su)(su)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)流傳(chuan)(chuan)地域以(yi)郴州為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)心向省內外擴散(san),傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)中(zhong)(zhong)蘇(su)(su)(su)耽出生(sheng)(sheng)地郴州馬嶺山被道教(jiao)列為(wei)福地,并(bing)在宋(song)朝后形成“橘(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)井(jing)(jing)(jing)泉香”、“龍(long)(long)蟠橘(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)井(jing)(jing)(jing)”的醫(yi)林(lin)典(dian)(dian)故。傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)中(zhong)(zhong)的仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)桃(tao)嶺、白鹿洞(dong)、跨鶴臺、蘇(su)(su)(su)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)橋、蘇(su)(su)(su)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)觀(guan)、飛升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)亭(ting)等景觀(guan)保存完整。蘇(su)(su)(su)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)觀(guan)每年(nian)農歷(li)五月十(shi)五蘇(su)(su)(su)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)天日(ri)(ri)舉行抬蘇(su)(su)(su)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)銅像等民(min)(min)俗事項豐富的祭(ji)祀祈福廟會,民(min)(min)眾參與熱情高。歷(li)代(dai)郴州民(min)(min)眾口口相傳(chuan)(chuan)蘇(su)(su)(su)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo),道教(jiao)典(dian)(dian)籍、筆記(ji)小說(shuo)(shuo)、醫(yi)書、類書等關于蘇(su)(su)(su)耽傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)都有(you)較(jiao)為(wei)詳盡著錄(lu),杜(du)甫等眾多(duo)名(ming)人詩詠(yong)橘(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)井(jing)(jing)(jing),宋(song)代(dai)四位皇帝(di)赦封蘇(su)(su)(su)耽為(wei)“真(zhen)人、真(zhen)君”,宋(song)真(zhen)宗(zong)詩作有(you)“橘(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)井(jing)(jing)(jing)甘泉透(tou)膽香”句,遂形成“橘(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)井(jing)(jing)(jing)泉香”“龍(long)(long)蟠橘(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)井(jing)(jing)(jing)”的醫(yi)林(lin)典(dian)(dian)故。從歷(li)代(dai)文(wen)(wen)獻記(ji)載、民(min)(min)間故事集成資(zi)料、最近口頭(tou)采錄(lu)的蘇(su)(su)(su)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)來看,蘇(su)(su)(su)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)在長期的歷(li)史演(yan)進中(zhong)(zhong)衍(yan)生(sheng)(sheng)出感孕出生(sheng)(sheng)型(xing)(xing)、種橘(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)驅疫型(xing)(xing)、孝(xiao)子尋母型(xing)(xing)、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人斗法(fa)型(xing)(xing)等諸多(duo)型(xing)(xing)式,異文(wen)(wen)數(shu)量豐富。蘇(su)(su)(su)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)蘊含了(le)孝(xiao)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)、懸壺濟世的醫(yi)家理念、人與自然(ran)和諧相處(chu)的道教(jiao)思想,體(ti)現南(nan)嶺地域民(min)(min)眾的民(min)(min)間智(zhi)慧與文(wen)(wen)化(hua)創造(zao)力。歷(li)代(dai)郴州民(min)(min)眾津津樂道蘇(su)(su)(su)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo),蘇(su)(su)(su)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)天地——蘇(su)(su)(su)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)嶺已(yi)成為(wei)國家級風景名(ming)勝區,每年(nian)有(you)眾多(duo)游(you)客通(tong)過(guo)口傳(chuan)(chuan)、圖像、文(wen)(wen)字等方式領(ling)略蘇(su)(su)(su)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)的魅(mei)力;傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)中(zhong)(zhong)的“橘(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)井(jing)(jing)(jing)”已(yi)成為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)的標志(zhi)物,由傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)形成的橘(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)井(jing)(jing)(jing)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)不(bu)僅傳(chuan)(chuan)遍(bian)中(zhong)(zhong)國大江(jiang)南(nan)北,并(bing)輻射影響日(ri)(ri)、韓(han)、越等國,海外華人在唐人街設“橘(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)井(jing)(jing)(jing)診所”,柬埔寨有(you)“桔井(jing)(jing)(jing)省”,法(fa)、奧、俄、日(ri)(ri)等國圖書館均收藏“蘇(su)(su)(su)耽橘(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)井(jing)(jing)(jing)”相關資(zi)料;明代(dai)意大利(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)教(jiao)士利(li)瑪竇著《西國記(ji)法(fa)》中(zhong)(zhong)談及中(zhong)(zhong)國“記(ji)醫(yi)以(yi)橘(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)井(jing)(jing)(jing)、以(yi)杏林(lin)”。 蘇(su)(su)(su)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)具有(you)重(zhong)要的民(min)(min)俗、宗(zong)教(jiao)、醫(yi)學、文(wen)(wen)學藝術、旅游(you)...
2014年11月11日,“蘇仙(xian)傳說”被載入中國第四批“國家級非物質文化遺產代表性項(xiang)目名錄”。