一.產品介紹
永(yong)(yong)定(ding)早(zao)熟(shu)(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)栽培歷(li)史悠(you)久,乾隆《永(yong)(yong)定(ding)縣(xian)志》記(ji)載“芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu):大(da)(da)者數(shu)斤,小(xiao)者如(ru)卵,呼之(zhi)早(zao)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”。許多(duo)客家美食(shi)以早(zao)熟(shu)(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)作原料,如(ru)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)子(zi)包、芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)子(zi)粄(ban)等,1990年(nian)在永(yong)(yong)定(ding)峰市(shi)鄉泥角村發現變異(yi)株(zhu),經過多(duo)年(nian)選育實驗,1995年(nian)定(ding)名“六(liu)月(yue)(yue)紅”早(zao)熟(shu)(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(閩認菜2004002),“六(liu)月(yue)(yue)紅”早(zao)熟(shu)(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是我國最早(zao)成熟(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)子(zi)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong),是永(yong)(yong)定(ding)獨(du)(du)具(ju)特色的(de)(de)地方優(you)良品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)。 永(yong)(yong)定(ding)“六(liu)月(yue)(yue)紅”早(zao)熟(shu)(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)典型(xing)(xing)特點如(ru)下:該(gai)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)屬多(duo)子(zi)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)類型(xing)(xing)。株(zhu)高(gao)100厘(li)米左右(you),全(quan)生育期總葉片(pian)數(shu)16-17葉,葉為盾形(xing),互生,葉柄和葉緣邊呈紫(zi)色,葉脈綠(lv)色,單(dan)(dan)株(zhu)結芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)數(shu)一(yi)般(ban)8-12個(ge),單(dan)(dan)子(zi)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)重60克(ke)左右(you),子(zi)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)呈卵型(xing)(xing),皮薄,白芽,肉(rou)乳白色,肉(rou)質(zhi)(zhi)細(xi)嫩、粘滑,品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)優(you),商品(pin)(pin)性(xing)好。“六(liu)月(yue)(yue)紅”早(zao)熟(shu)(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)獨(du)(du)具(ju)風(feng)味,肉(rou)質(zhi)(zhi)細(xi)嫩、粘滑,富含維生素(su)E,維生素(su)E含量(liang)5.2mg/kg以上(shang),淀粉含量(liang)6.5g/100g以上(shang),蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)含量(liang)1g/100g以上(shang)。 永(yong)(yong)定(ding)“六(liu)月(yue)(yue)紅”早(zao)熟(shu)(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是永(yong)(yong)定(ding)具(ju)有地方特色的(de)(de)優(you)勢(shi)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong),該(gai)產業(ye)能促進縣(xian)域經濟發展,帶動農民(min)增收的(de)(de)優(you)勢(shi)產業(ye),永(yong)(yong)定(ding)縣(xian)政府十分重視,出臺了相關(guan)扶持政策,加大(da)(da)品(pin)(pin)牌建設力(li)度,預(yu)計到2016年(nian)種(zhong)植規(gui)模(mo)為4.5萬畝(mu),直接帶動農戶每畝(mu)增收2500元。
二(er).自(zi)然生態環(huan)境和人文歷史因素(su)
1、氣(qi)候(hou)情(qing)況:地(di)處中亞(ya)熱(re)帶向南(nan)(nan)(nan)亞(ya)熱(re)帶過渡地(di)段,屬(shu)亞(ya)熱(re)帶海(hai)洋(yang)性(xing)季風氣(qi)候(hou),夏無酷暑,冬無嚴寒(han)(han)。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫20.1℃,極端最(zui)高(gao)溫為(wei)(wei)(wei)39.2℃,極端最(zui)低(di)溫為(wei)(wei)(wei)-4.8℃,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)降雨(yu)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1606.9mm,最(zui)多降水量(liang)(liang)2479.8mm(1983年(nian)(nian)),最(zui)少年(nian)(nian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1157.7mm(1958年(nian)(nian)),雨(yu)量(liang)(liang)充沛。永定縣全(quan)年(nian)(nian)日(ri)照總(zong)時數平(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)2024.6小時,日(ri)照百(bai)分率(lv)為(wei)(wei)(wei)46%。本縣南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)緯度跨越不(bu)大,日(ri)出日(ri)沒(mei)時刻相(xiang)差只(zhi)1~2分鐘,年(nian)(nian)有(you)霜日(ri)數平(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)13天。環境空(kong)氣(qi)達到(dao)國家環境空(kong)氣(qi)質量(liang)(liang)GB3095-1966二級以上標(biao)準。縣內地(di)勢東北(bei)高(gao)、西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)低(di),東南(nan)(nan)(nan)與西(xi)(xi)北(bei)部山(shan)巒(luan)重疊,使全(quan)縣成為(wei)(wei)(wei)典型(xing)的(de)丘(qiu)陵山(shan)地(di)。由于(yu)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)部多高(gao)山(shan)能阻擋北(bei)方寒(han)(han)流南(nan)(nan)(nan)下,東南(nan)(nan)(nan)部山(shan)脈可阻擋南(nan)(nan)(nan)部臺風侵襲(xi),地(di)勢由東北(bei)向西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)逐步傾斜,有(you)利于(yu)冷空(kong)氣(qi)排泄和海(hai)洋(yang)暖流輸入,使永定縣有(you)優越的(de)氣(qi)候(hou)條件。
2、水(shui)文情況:永定(ding)縣溪河均屬(shu)山區河流(liu),分別屬(shu)于(yu)汀江(jiang)水(shui)系(xi)、梅河水(shui)系(xi)、梅江(jiang)水(shui)系(xi)、九龍(long)江(jiang)水(shui)系(xi)。有四大河:分別是(shi)永定(ding)河、金(jin)豐溪、黃潭河、汀江(jiang)干(gan)流(liu)。地(di)下水(shui)蓄量充(chong)沛(pei),水(shui)質達到國家(jia)農田灌溉水(shui)質標準GB 5084-92二級以上標準。
3、土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)和(he)植(zhi)被:全(quan)(quan)縣耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)分旱地(di)(di)(di)(di)和(he)水田(tian)兩種(zhong),旱地(di)(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)有(you)(you)灰紅(hong)(hong)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)等五個類型,以紅(hong)(hong)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)最(zui)大,占(zhan)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)3.88%;水田(tian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)有(you)(you)26個類型,以淺灰黃(huang)泥田(tian)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)最(zui)大,其次為黃(huang)泥田(tian),共(gong)占(zhan)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)57.66%。土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)質(zhi)含(han)量較為豐(feng)富,根據(ju)對全(quan)(quan)縣的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)化(hua)驗分析:有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)質(zhi)含(han)量在6.6~75.0g/kg之間,平均值為38.1 g/kg。有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)質(zhi)含(han)量豐(feng)富(>30g/kg)的(de)(de)(de)樣點數占(zhan)86.6%,而有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)質(zhi)含(han)量缺(que)乏(fa)(<20g/kg)的(de)(de)(de)樣點數僅占(zhan)0.87%,說明本(ben)區土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)質(zhi)含(han)量是比(bi)較豐(feng)富的(de)(de)(de)。在河谷沖積(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai),土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)肥沃、疏松,比(bi)較適于永(yong)(yong)定“六月紅(hong)(hong)”早(zao)熟(shu)芋生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)。 永(yong)(yong)定縣植(zhi)被完好,森林覆(fu)蓋率達73%。植(zhi)物資源種(zhong)類繁多(duo),據(ju)調查,有(you)(you)山地(di)(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)物162科1027種(zhong),栽培果(guo)樹28種(zhong)。 永(yong)(yong)定獨特的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)形地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌形成了獨特農(nong)田(tian)生(sheng)態和(he)氣候條(tiao)(tiao)件,為永(yong)(yong)定“六月紅(hong)(hong)”早(zao)熟(shu)芋的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)提供了優越的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)件,造就了永(yong)(yong)定“六月紅(hong)(hong)”早(zao)熟(shu)芋特性與獨特的(de)(de)(de)品質(zhi)。
三.地域范圍
永定(ding)縣(xian)位于(yu)福建省西(xi)南部,介(jie)于(yu)北(bei)緯(wei)24°23′~25°05′、東(dong)經116°25′~117°05′之間。東(dong)連南靖縣(xian),東(dong)南與(yu)(yu)平(ping)和縣(xian)交(jiao)界,西(xi)南與(yu)(yu)廣東(dong)省大埔縣(xian)、梅縣(xian)接壤,西(xi)北(bei)與(yu)(yu)上杭(hang)縣(xian)相連,東(dong)北(bei)與(yu)(yu)新羅區毗鄰。全境(jing)東(dong)西(xi)最寬距(ju)離68公里,南北(bei)最長距(ju)離80公里,總面(mian)積2223平(ping)方公里。地域范圍(wei)包括(kuo)全縣(xian)轄(xia)10個鎮、14個鄉。永定(ding)六(liu)月(yue)紅早熟芋(yu)保護面(mian)積2223平(ping)方公里,生產面(mian)積2100公頃,年產量4.2萬(wan)噸,年銷售(shou)收入1億元。
四.產品品質特性特征(zheng)
1、外在(zai)感官特征:永(yong)定六月紅早熟芋屬多子(zi)芋類型。株(zhu)高100厘(li)米左(zuo)右,全生育期(qi)總葉片(pian)數16-17葉,葉為盾形(xing),互生,葉柄和葉緣邊呈紫色,葉脈綠色,單株(zhu)結(jie)芋數一般(ban)8-12個,單子(zi)芋重(zhong)60克左(zuo)右,子(zi)芋呈卵型,皮薄,白芽(ya),肉乳白色。
2、內在(zai)品質指標:永定六月紅早(zao)(zao)熟芋(yu)獨具風味,肉(rou)質細嫩(nen)、粘滑(hua)。六月紅早(zao)(zao)熟芋(yu)富含(han)維生素(su)E,維生素(su)E含(han)量(liang)5.2mg/kg以(yi)上,淀粉含(han)量(liang)6.5g/100g以(yi)上,蛋白(bai)質含(han)量(liang)1g/100g以(yi)上。
3、安(an)全要求:永定六月(yue)紅早熟芋執行《NY5221-2005無(wu)公害食品薯芋類蔬菜(cai)》標(biao)準。
五(wu).特(te)定生產方式
1、種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)準(zhun)備 整地(di)作畦(qi):芋(yu)田(tian)(tian)應選擇(ze)土壤肥沃、透水性好的水田(tian)(tian)或者旱地(di)。芋(yu)田(tian)(tian)應進行深翻(fan)、曬白(bai),整畦(qi)前(qian)每(mei)畝施消石灰50~75kg,作畦(qi)規格為畦(qi)帶(dai)溝130cm ,畦(qi)高(gao)25cm以上(shang)。基(ji)肥每(mei)畝用腐熟有機(ji)肥1500kg,硫(liu)酸(suan)鎂3~5kg,硼(peng)砂1kg,硫(liu)酸(suan)鉀10kg,過磷酸(suan)鈣50kg,拌勻堆漚7~10天(tian),采取穴施。每(mei)畝種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)3000株(zhu),即株(zhu)距為35 cm,行距為65cm。定植(zhi)(zhi)時間為11月上(shang)旬至(zhi)1月上(shang)旬。
2、種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技術(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)求 種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前種(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)曬2~4天,并去(qu)除(chu)(chu)芽(ya)頂部的鱗片(pian)毛。剔除(chu)(chu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲危害(hai)或機(ji)械傷的種(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),種(zhong)芽(ya)大小分級種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。種(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)殺蟲、滅菌處理:將種(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)放入40%樂果(guo)乳劑(ji)一(yi)份(fen)加50%多菌靈可濕(shi)性粉劑(ji)一(yi)份(fen)配(pei)成800倍藥(yao)液中,浸(jin)泡5~8分鐘撈起晾干即可種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。種(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深度8~10cm。種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后種(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)蓋土(tu)(tu)至芽(ya)頂2cm。芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)田(tian)全(quan)園噴灑除(chu)(chu)草(cao)劑(ji),每(mei)畝用(yong)(yong)50%丁(ding)草(cao)胺乳油(you)100ml加水噴霧,畦(qi)面過干應加大用(yong)(yong)水量。芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)田(tian)畦(qi)連(lian)邊地膜(mo)覆(fu)蓋。 科學管水:采用(yong)(yong)獨(du)特的水肥(fei)(fei)(fei)促控(kong)技術(shu)(shu)。5葉(xie)前保(bao)持土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)表(biao)土(tu)(tu)干,3cm以下見濕(shi)。結芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)及(ji)子(zi)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)膨(peng)大期保(bao)持畦(qi)面見黑不(bu)見白(bai)。子(zi)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)成熟期保(bao)持土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)表(biao)土(tu)(tu)見白(bai)不(bu)見黑,溝(gou)底見黑不(bu)見白(bai)。 中耕、除(chu)(chu)草(cao)、培土(tu)(tu):第8~9葉(xie)期,結合(he)追施(shi)(shi)結芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei),中耕除(chu)(chu)草(cao)清(qing)除(chu)(chu)地膜(mo),填(tian)平種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴。第11~13葉(xie)期,結合(he)施(shi)(shi)子(zi)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)膨(peng)大肥(fei)(fei)(fei),中耕除(chu)(chu)草(cao),培土(tu)(tu)高度5cm。第11~15葉(xie)期,中耕除(chu)(chu)草(cao),除(chu)(chu)壓側(ce)芽(ya),培土(tu)(tu)高至10cm。 病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)防(fang)治:從無病(bing)(bing)(bing)、健壯芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)田(tian)中選留種(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。要(yao)(yao)求水旱輪作,旱地要(yao)(yao)求隔年(nian)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。發(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)初期,發(fa)現病(bing)(bing)(bing)株立即拔掉病(bing)(bing)(bing)株,集中燒毀,并用(yong)(yong)石灰對病(bing)(bing)(bing)穴及(ji)周圍土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)進(jin)行清(qing)毒。施(shi)(shi)足(zu)基肥(fei)(fei)(fei),施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)充分腐熟有有機(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei),避免偏施(shi)(shi)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei),加強(qiang)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)水管理,采用(yong)(yong)高畦(qi)栽培,清(qing)溝(gou)排漬。主要(yao)(yao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)有芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)疫病(bing)(bing)(bing)、芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)污斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)、芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)軟腐病(bing)(bing)(bing)、芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)炭疽病(bing)(bing)(bing)、蚜蟲、芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)單線天蛾、蠐螬。農藥(yao)不(bu)得使用(yong)(yong)無公害(hai)蔬菜(cai)禁(jin)用(yong)(yong)農藥(yao)。
3、芋(yu)田管理 破膜(mo)引苗:芋(yu)出(chu)苗后在每株芽頂的膜(mo)上用(yong)(yong)小刀(dao)劃開(kai)一個小口引苗伸出(chu),并隨即用(yong)(yong)泥土封嚴揭口。 肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料施(shi)用(yong)(yong):全(quan)期肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料參考用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)即尿素(su)26kg,過磷酸(suan)鈣50kg,硫酸(suan)鉀24kg。第(di)1~2葉(xie)展開(kai)時,施(shi)提苗肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),施(shi)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)占氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)總量(liang)(liang)的20%,水(shui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)澆施(shi)。第(di)5~6葉(xie)期施(shi)發棵肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),施(shi)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)占氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)總量(liang)(liang)30%水(shui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)澆施(shi)。第(di)8~9葉(xie)期施(shi)結(jie)芋(yu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),施(shi)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)占氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)總量(liang)(liang)50%,芋(yu)株外9cm二邊開(kai)溝施(shi)。第(di)11~13葉(xie)期施(shi)子芋(yu)膨(peng)大肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),以(yi)鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主(zhu),除基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)外,其余鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)全(quan)部(bu)施(shi)下,在芋(yu)株外12~15cm 二邊開(kai)溝施(shi)。
4、產品收(shou)獲及(ji)產后處理:根(gen)據子芋(yu)產量及(ji)市場行情(qing)和(he)顧客對產品的(de)要(yao)求進行適時采收(shou)。芋(yu)葉全部變黃衰敗,母芋(yu)、子芋(yu)根(gen)系枯萎是(shi)子芋(yu)成(cheng)熟(shu)的(de)標志。選擇晴天采收(shou),除(chu)去殘(can)根(gen)、須根(gen)和(he)泥土,晾干表面(mian)水分。同(tong)批產品可按大(每(mei)顆100g以上(shang))、中(50~100g)、小(小于50g)分級,或按購銷合同(tong)定級。
5、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)記(ji)錄:永定(ding)“六月紅”早熟芋的生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)全過程,要建立(li)田(tian)間生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)檔案(an),全面記(ji)載并妥善保存,以(yi)備查閱。不得施用(yong)國家明令禁止使(shi)用(yong)的高(gao)毒、高(gao)殘留(liu)和(he)淘汰的農業投入品(pin)(pin),嚴禁任(ren)何單(dan)位(wei)和(he)個人(ren)在生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)基地推廣未經國家審定(ding)、登記(ji)、批準生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的農業投入品(pin)(pin),以(yi)確保產(chan)品(pin)(pin)的衛生(sheng)(sheng)與質量安全。