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一.產品介紹

永(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)早(zao)熟(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)栽培歷史悠久，乾隆《永(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)縣(xian)志》記載(zai)“芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)：大(da)者(zhe)數斤，小者(zhe)如(ru)卵，呼之早(zao)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”。許多客家美食以(yi)早(zao)熟(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)作原料，如(ru)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)子包、芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)子粄等，1990年(nian)在永(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)峰市(shi)鄉泥角村(cun)發(fa)現變異株(zhu)(zhu)，經過多年(nian)選育實驗，1995年(nian)定(ding)(ding)名“六(liu)月(yue)紅”早(zao)熟(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)（閩認菜(cai)2004002），“六(liu)月(yue)紅”早(zao)熟(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)我(wo)國最早(zao)成(cheng)熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)子品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)，是(shi)永(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)獨具特色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)優良品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。 永(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)“六(liu)月(yue)紅”早(zao)熟(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)典型特點如(ru)下：該品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)屬多子芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)類型。株(zhu)(zhu)高100厘(li)米左右，全生(sheng)育期總葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片(pian)數16-17葉(xie)(xie)(xie)，葉(xie)(xie)(xie)為盾(dun)形，互生(sheng)，葉(xie)(xie)(xie)柄和(he)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)緣邊呈紫色(se)(se)，葉(xie)(xie)(xie)脈綠色(se)(se)，單(dan)株(zhu)(zhu)結芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)數一般8-12個，單(dan)子芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)重(zhong)60克左右，子芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)呈卵型，皮薄，白(bai)(bai)芽，肉(rou)乳白(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)，肉(rou)質細(xi)嫩(nen)(nen)、粘滑，品(pin)(pin)質優，商品(pin)(pin)性好。“六(liu)月(yue)紅”早(zao)熟(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)獨具風味，肉(rou)質細(xi)嫩(nen)(nen)、粘滑，富含(han)(han)維生(sheng)素(su)E，維生(sheng)素(su)E含(han)(han)量5.2mg/kg以(yi)上，淀粉(fen)含(han)(han)量6.5g/100g以(yi)上，蛋白(bai)(bai)質含(han)(han)量1g/100g以(yi)上。 永(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)“六(liu)月(yue)紅”早(zao)熟(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)永(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)具有地方(fang)特色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)優勢品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)，該產(chan)業能(neng)促進縣(xian)域經濟發(fa)展，帶動農民(min)增收的(de)(de)(de)優勢產(chan)業，永(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)縣(xian)政府十分重(zhong)視，出臺了(le)相關扶持政策，加大(da)品(pin)(pin)牌建設(she)力度，預計到2016年(nian)種(zhong)(zhong)植規(gui)模為4.5萬畝，直接帶動農戶每畝增收2500元。

二.自然生(sheng)態(tai)環境和人文(wen)歷史(shi)因素(su)

1、氣候情況：地(di)(di)處(chu)中亞(ya)熱帶向南(nan)(nan)亞(ya)熱帶過渡地(di)(di)段，屬亞(ya)熱帶海洋性季風氣候，夏(xia)無酷(ku)暑，冬無嚴(yan)寒。年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣溫20.1℃，極端最高(gao)溫為(wei)39.2℃，極端最低溫為(wei)-4.8℃，年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)雨(yu)量為(wei)1606.9mm，最多降(jiang)水量2479.8mm（1983年(nian)），最少年(nian)為(wei)1157.7mm（1958年(nian)），雨(yu)量充沛。永(yong)定縣(xian)全(quan)年(nian)日照總時數(shu)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)2024.6小時，日照百分率為(wei)46%。本縣(xian)南(nan)(nan)北緯(wei)度跨越不大，日出日沒時刻(ke)相差只1～2分鐘，年(nian)有(you)霜日數(shu)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)13天。環(huan)境空氣達到國家環(huan)境空氣質(zhi)量GB3095-1966二級(ji)以上(shang)標準。縣(xian)內(nei)地(di)(di)勢(shi)(shi)東北高(gao)、西南(nan)(nan)低，東南(nan)(nan)與西北部山巒(luan)重(zhong)疊，使全(quan)縣(xian)成為(wei)典型(xing)的(de)(de)丘陵山地(di)(di)。由于西北部多高(gao)山能阻擋北方寒流南(nan)(nan)下，東南(nan)(nan)部山脈可阻擋南(nan)(nan)部臺風侵襲，地(di)(di)勢(shi)(shi)由東北向西南(nan)(nan)逐步傾(qing)斜(xie)，有(you)利于冷空氣排泄和海洋暖流輸入，使永(yong)定縣(xian)有(you)優越的(de)(de)氣候條件(jian)。 

2、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文(wen)情況：永定縣溪河(he)(he)均屬山區(qu)河(he)(he)流，分(fen)別(bie)屬于汀江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)、梅(mei)河(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)、梅(mei)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)、九龍江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)。有四大河(he)(he)：分(fen)別(bie)是永定河(he)(he)、金豐溪、黃潭(tan)河(he)(he)、汀江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)干流。地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄量充沛，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)達到國家農田(tian)灌溉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)標(biao)準GB 5084-92二級(ji)以上標(biao)準。 

3、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)和(he)植(zhi)被：全縣耕地(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)分旱地(di)(di)和(he)水(shui)(shui)田(tian)兩種(zhong)(zhong)，旱地(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)有(you)(you)(you)灰紅(hong)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)等五個(ge)類型，以(yi)紅(hong)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積最大，占(zhan)(zhan)耕地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積3.88%；水(shui)(shui)田(tian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)有(you)(you)(you)26個(ge)類型，以(yi)淺灰黃泥田(tian)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積最大，其(qi)次為(wei)黃泥田(tian)，共占(zhan)(zhan)耕地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積57.66%。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)質(zhi)含(han)量(liang)較(jiao)為(wei)豐(feng)富(fu)，根據(ju)對全縣的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)化驗(yan)分析：有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)質(zhi)含(han)量(liang)在6.6～75.0g／kg之(zhi)間(jian)，平均值為(wei)38.1 g／kg。有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)質(zhi)含(han)量(liang)豐(feng)富(fu)(>30g／kg)的(de)樣點數占(zhan)(zhan)86.6％，而有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)質(zhi)含(han)量(liang)缺乏(<20g／kg)的(de)樣點數僅占(zhan)(zhan)0.87％，說明本(ben)區土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)質(zhi)含(han)量(liang)是比較(jiao)豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)。在河(he)谷沖積地(di)(di)帶，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)肥沃(wo)、疏松，比較(jiao)適于(yu)永(yong)定“六(liu)月紅(hong)”早(zao)熟芋生長。 永(yong)定縣植(zhi)被完好，森林(lin)覆蓋率達7３％。植(zhi)物資(zi)源種(zhong)(zhong)類繁多，據(ju)調查(cha)，有(you)(you)(you)山地(di)(di)植(zhi)物162科1027種(zhong)(zhong)，栽培果(guo)樹２８種(zhong)(zhong)。 永(yong)定獨特(te)(te)的(de)地(di)(di)形(xing)地(di)(di)貌形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)獨特(te)(te)農(nong)田(tian)生態和(he)氣候(hou)條件，為(wei)永(yong)定“六(liu)月紅(hong)”早(zao)熟芋的(de)生長提供了(le)優越的(de)條件，造(zao)就了(le)永(yong)定“六(liu)月紅(hong)”早(zao)熟芋特(te)(te)性與獨特(te)(te)的(de)品質(zhi)。

三.地域范圍

永(yong)定縣位于福(fu)建省西(xi)南(nan)部(bu)，介于北緯(wei)24°23′～25°05′、東(dong)(dong)經116°25′～117°05′之間。東(dong)(dong)連南(nan)靖縣，東(dong)(dong)南(nan)與平(ping)和縣交界，西(xi)南(nan)與廣東(dong)(dong)省大埔縣、梅縣接壤，西(xi)北與上杭縣相連，東(dong)(dong)北與新羅區毗(pi)鄰。全(quan)境東(dong)(dong)西(xi)最寬(kuan)距(ju)離68公里，南(nan)北最長距(ju)離80公里，總面積2223平(ping)方公里。地域范圍(wei)包(bao)括(kuo)全(quan)縣轄10個鎮、14個鄉。永(yong)定六月紅早熟芋(yu)保護(hu)面積2223平(ping)方公里，生產(chan)面積2100公頃，年產(chan)量4.2萬噸，年銷售(shou)收入1億元。

四(si).產品(pin)品(pin)質特性特征

1、外在感官特征：永定六月(yue)紅早熟芋(yu)(yu)屬多子芋(yu)(yu)類型。株高100厘米左右，全生育期(qi)總葉片數(shu)16-17葉，葉為盾形(xing)，互生，葉柄和葉緣邊呈(cheng)紫色(se)，葉脈(mo)綠色(se)，單株結(jie)芋(yu)(yu)數(shu)一般8-12個(ge)，單子芋(yu)(yu)重60克左右，子芋(yu)(yu)呈(cheng)卵型，皮薄，白(bai)(bai)芽(ya)，肉乳白(bai)(bai)色(se)。 

2、內在品質指標：永定(ding)六月紅早熟芋獨具(ju)風味，肉質細(xi)嫩(nen)、粘滑。六月紅早熟芋富含(han)維生素E，維生素E含(han)量5.2mg/kg以上，淀粉含(han)量6.5g/100g以上，蛋白(bai)質含(han)量1g/100g以上。 

3、安全(quan)要求(qiu)：永(yong)定六月紅早熟(shu)芋執(zhi)行《NY5221-2005無公(gong)害食品(pin)薯芋類(lei)蔬(shu)菜》標準。

五.特定(ding)生產方式

1、種植準備 整地(di)作畦：芋田(tian)應(ying)選擇(ze)土壤肥沃、透水性好的水田(tian)或者旱(han)地(di)。芋田(tian)應(ying)進行(xing)深(shen)翻、曬白，整畦前每(mei)畝施消(xiao)石(shi)灰50～75kg，作畦規格為(wei)(wei)畦帶溝130cm ，畦高25cm以(yi)上。基肥每(mei)畝用腐熟有機肥1500kg，硫(liu)酸鎂(mei)3～5kg，硼(peng)砂(sha)1kg，硫(liu)酸鉀10kg，過磷酸鈣(gai)50kg，拌(ban)勻堆漚7～10天，采(cai)取穴施。每(mei)畝種植3000株，即株距為(wei)(wei)35 cm，行(xing)距為(wei)(wei)65cm。定植時間為(wei)(wei)11月上旬(xun)至1月上旬(xun)。 

2、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)技術要(yao)求(qiu) 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)前(qian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)曬(shai)2～4天，并去除芽(ya)頂部的鱗(lin)片毛。剔除病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲危害(hai)或機械(xie)傷(shang)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芽(ya)大(da)小(xiao)分(fen)級種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)殺蟲、滅菌(jun)處理(li)(li)：將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)放入40%樂果(guo)乳劑一份(fen)加50%多菌(jun)靈可濕性粉劑一份(fen)配成800倍藥液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)，浸泡(pao)5～8分(fen)鐘撈起(qi)晾干即可種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)深度8～10cm。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)后種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)蓋土(tu)(tu)(tu)至芽(ya)頂2cm。芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)田全(quan)園噴灑除草劑，每畝用(yong)50%丁草胺乳油100ml加水(shui)噴霧，畦面過干應(ying)加大(da)用(yong)水(shui)量。芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)田畦連邊(bian)地膜(mo)覆蓋。 科學管水(shui)：采(cai)用(yong)獨特的水(shui)肥(fei)促控技術。5葉前(qian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)表(biao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)干，3cm以下見(jian)濕。結芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)及子芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)膨大(da)期(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)畦面見(jian)黑(hei)不見(jian)白。子芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)成熟(shu)(shu)期(qi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)表(biao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)見(jian)白不見(jian)黑(hei)，溝底見(jian)黑(hei)不見(jian)白。 中(zhong)(zhong)耕、除草、培土(tu)(tu)(tu)：第8～9葉期(qi)，結合追施(shi)結芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)肥(fei)，中(zhong)(zhong)耕除草清除地膜(mo)，填平種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)穴。第11～13葉期(qi)，結合施(shi)子芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)膨大(da)肥(fei)，中(zhong)(zhong)耕除草，培土(tu)(tu)(tu)高(gao)度5cm。第11～15葉期(qi)，中(zhong)(zhong)耕除草，除壓側芽(ya)，培土(tu)(tu)(tu)高(gao)至10cm。 病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)防治：從無(wu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、健壯芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)田中(zhong)(zhong)選留種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。要(yao)求(qiu)水(shui)旱輪作(zuo)，旱地要(yao)求(qiu)隔年種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)。發病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)初期(qi)，發現病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)株立即拔掉病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)株，集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)燒毀，并用(yong)石灰對病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)穴及周圍土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)進行(xing)清毒。施(shi)足基(ji)肥(fei)，施(shi)用(yong)充分(fen)腐(fu)熟(shu)(shu)有有機肥(fei)，避免(mian)偏施(shi)氮(dan)肥(fei)，加強(qiang)肥(fei)水(shui)管理(li)(li)，采(cai)用(yong)高(gao)畦栽培，清溝排漬(zi)。主要(yao)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)有芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)疫病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)污斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)軟(ruan)腐(fu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)炭疽病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、蚜蟲、芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)單線天蛾、蠐螬。農(nong)藥不得使用(yong)無(wu)公害(hai)蔬菜禁用(yong)農(nong)藥。 

3、芋(yu)田管理 破膜(mo)引(yin)苗(miao)：芋(yu)出(chu)(chu)苗(miao)后在每(mei)株芽頂的(de)膜(mo)上用(yong)(yong)(yong)小(xiao)刀劃(hua)開一個小(xiao)口(kou)引(yin)苗(miao)伸出(chu)(chu)，并隨即(ji)(ji)用(yong)(yong)(yong)泥土封(feng)嚴揭口(kou)。 肥(fei)(fei)料施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)：全期(qi)肥(fei)(fei)料參考用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)即(ji)(ji)尿素26kg，過磷酸鈣50kg，硫酸鉀24kg。第(di)(di)1～2葉展開時(shi)，施(shi)(shi)提(ti)苗(miao)肥(fei)(fei)，施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)占(zhan)氮肥(fei)(fei)總量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)20%，水肥(fei)(fei)澆施(shi)(shi)。第(di)(di)5～6葉期(qi)施(shi)(shi)發棵肥(fei)(fei)，施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)占(zhan)氮肥(fei)(fei)總量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)30%水肥(fei)(fei)澆施(shi)(shi)。第(di)(di)8～9葉期(qi)施(shi)(shi)結芋(yu)肥(fei)(fei)，施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)占(zhan)氮肥(fei)(fei)總量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)50%，芋(yu)株外9cm二(er)邊開溝施(shi)(shi)。第(di)(di)11～13葉期(qi)施(shi)(shi)子芋(yu)膨大肥(fei)(fei)，以鉀肥(fei)(fei)為主，除(chu)基肥(fei)(fei)外，其余(yu)鉀肥(fei)(fei)全部施(shi)(shi)下，在芋(yu)株外12～15cm 二(er)邊開溝施(shi)(shi)。 

4、產品(pin)收獲及產后處理(li)：根據子芋產量(liang)及市場行情(qing)和顧客對產品(pin)的要求進行適時采(cai)收。芋葉全(quan)部變黃衰敗，母芋、子芋根系枯(ku)萎是子芋成(cheng)熟的標志。選擇晴天采(cai)收，除去殘根、須根和泥(ni)土，晾干表面水分。同批(pi)產品(pin)可(ke)按(an)大(每顆(ke)100g以(yi)上(shang))、中(50～100g)、小(小于50g)分級，或按(an)購銷合同定級。 

5、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)記(ji)錄(lu)：永定“六月紅(hong)”早熟芋的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)全過(guo)程，要建立田間生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)檔案，全面記(ji)載并妥善保存，以備查閱。不(bu)得施用國(guo)家明令禁止使用的(de)高(gao)毒(du)、高(gao)殘留和淘汰(tai)的(de)農業投入(ru)品，嚴禁任何單位和個人在生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)基地推廣未經國(guo)家審定、登記(ji)、批準生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)農業投入(ru)品，以確保產(chan)品的(de)衛生(sheng)(sheng)與質量安全。