一.產品介紹
永(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)早(zao)(zao)(zao)熟(shu)(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)栽培歷史悠久,乾隆《永(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)縣(xian)(xian)志(zhi)》記載“芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu):大者數斤,小者如卵,呼之早(zao)(zao)(zao)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)”。許多客家(jia)美食以早(zao)(zao)(zao)熟(shu)(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)作原料(liao),如芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)子(zi)包、芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)子(zi)粄等,1990年在(zai)永(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)峰市(shi)鄉泥角村(cun)發現變(bian)異(yi)株(zhu),經過(guo)多年選育(yu)實驗,1995年定(ding)(ding)(ding)名“六(liu)月(yue)紅”早(zao)(zao)(zao)熟(shu)(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(閩認(ren)菜2004002),“六(liu)月(yue)紅”早(zao)(zao)(zao)熟(shu)(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)我國最早(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)的(de)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)子(zi)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong),是(shi)永(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)獨具特色(se)的(de)地方優良品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)。 永(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)“六(liu)月(yue)紅”早(zao)(zao)(zao)熟(shu)(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)典型(xing)特點(dian)如下:該(gai)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)屬多子(zi)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)類型(xing)。株(zhu)高100厘米左右(you),全生(sheng)育(yu)期總葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片(pian)數16-17葉(xie)(xie)(xie),葉(xie)(xie)(xie)為盾(dun)形,互(hu)生(sheng),葉(xie)(xie)(xie)柄和葉(xie)(xie)(xie)緣邊(bian)呈(cheng)紫色(se),葉(xie)(xie)(xie)脈綠色(se),單(dan)株(zhu)結(jie)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)數一般(ban)8-12個,單(dan)子(zi)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)重(zhong)60克左右(you),子(zi)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)呈(cheng)卵型(xing),皮薄,白(bai)芽,肉乳白(bai)色(se),肉質(zhi)細嫩(nen)、粘滑,品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)優,商品(pin)(pin)性好。“六(liu)月(yue)紅”早(zao)(zao)(zao)熟(shu)(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)獨具風味,肉質(zhi)細嫩(nen)、粘滑,富含維生(sheng)素(su)(su)E,維生(sheng)素(su)(su)E含量5.2mg/kg以上,淀粉(fen)含量6.5g/100g以上,蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)含量1g/100g以上。 永(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)“六(liu)月(yue)紅”早(zao)(zao)(zao)熟(shu)(shu)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)永(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)具有(you)地方特色(se)的(de)優勢品(pin)(pin)種(zhong),該(gai)產業能(neng)促進縣(xian)(xian)域經濟發展(zhan),帶動(dong)農(nong)民增收的(de)優勢產業,永(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)縣(xian)(xian)政府(fu)十分重(zhong)視,出臺了相關扶持政策,加大品(pin)(pin)牌建設力度,預計到2016年種(zhong)植規模為4.5萬畝,直(zhi)接帶動(dong)農(nong)戶(hu)每畝增收2500元。
二.自然生態環(huan)境和(he)人文(wen)歷史因(yin)素
1、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)情(qing)況(kuang):地(di)處中(zhong)亞(ya)熱(re)帶向南(nan)(nan)亞(ya)熱(re)帶過渡(du)地(di)段,屬(shu)亞(ya)熱(re)帶海洋性季風(feng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou),夏無(wu)酷暑(shu),冬無(wu)嚴寒。年(nian)(nian)平均氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)20.1℃,極(ji)端(duan)最高溫(wen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)39.2℃,極(ji)端(duan)最低溫(wen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)-4.8℃,年(nian)(nian)平均降雨量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1606.9mm,最多(duo)降水量(liang)2479.8mm(1983年(nian)(nian)),最少(shao)年(nian)(nian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1157.7mm(1958年(nian)(nian)),雨量(liang)充(chong)沛(pei)。永(yong)定縣(xian)全(quan)(quan)年(nian)(nian)日照總時(shi)數平均為(wei)(wei)(wei)2024.6小(xiao)時(shi),日照百分率為(wei)(wei)(wei)46%。本縣(xian)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)緯度跨越(yue)不大,日出日沒時(shi)刻(ke)相差只1~2分鐘,年(nian)(nian)有霜日數平均為(wei)(wei)(wei)13天。環境空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)達到(dao)國家環境空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)量(liang)GB3095-1966二級(ji)以上標準。縣(xian)內(nei)地(di)勢(shi)東(dong)北(bei)高、西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)低,東(dong)南(nan)(nan)與西(xi)(xi)北(bei)部(bu)山(shan)巒(luan)重疊,使全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)典型的丘(qiu)陵山(shan)地(di)。由(you)(you)于西(xi)(xi)北(bei)部(bu)多(duo)高山(shan)能(neng)阻擋北(bei)方(fang)寒流(liu)南(nan)(nan)下,東(dong)南(nan)(nan)部(bu)山(shan)脈可阻擋南(nan)(nan)部(bu)臺風(feng)侵襲(xi),地(di)勢(shi)由(you)(you)東(dong)北(bei)向西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)逐步傾斜,有利于冷空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)排泄和(he)海洋暖流(liu)輸入,使永(yong)定縣(xian)有優越(yue)的氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)條件(jian)。
2、水(shui)文情況:永(yong)定縣溪河(he)均屬(shu)山區河(he)流,分別屬(shu)于汀江(jiang)水(shui)系(xi)、梅河(he)水(shui)系(xi)、梅江(jiang)水(shui)系(xi)、九龍江(jiang)水(shui)系(xi)。有四大河(he):分別是永(yong)定河(he)、金豐溪、黃潭河(he)、汀江(jiang)干(gan)流。地下水(shui)蓄量充沛,水(shui)質達到(dao)國家農(nong)田灌溉水(shui)質標(biao)準GB 5084-92二級以上標(biao)準。
3、土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)和植(zhi)(zhi)被:全縣(xian)(xian)耕地(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)分旱(han)地(di)(di)和水田(tian)兩種(zhong),旱(han)地(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)有(you)灰紅(hong)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)等五個(ge)類型,以(yi)(yi)紅(hong)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)面積(ji)最大(da),占(zhan)耕地(di)(di)面積(ji)3.88%;水田(tian)土(tu)(tu)有(you)26個(ge)類型,以(yi)(yi)淺灰黃(huang)泥(ni)田(tian)面積(ji)最大(da),其次為黃(huang)泥(ni)田(tian),共占(zhan)耕地(di)(di)面積(ji)57.66%。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)質(zhi)含(han)(han)量(liang)較為豐(feng)富,根據對全縣(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)化驗分析:有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)質(zhi)含(han)(han)量(liang)在(zai)6.6~75.0g/kg之間,平均值為38.1 g/kg。有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)質(zhi)含(han)(han)量(liang)豐(feng)富(>30g/kg)的(de)(de)樣點數占(zhan)86.6%,而有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)質(zhi)含(han)(han)量(liang)缺乏(fa)(<20g/kg)的(de)(de)樣點數僅(jin)占(zhan)0.87%,說明本區土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)質(zhi)含(han)(han)量(liang)是比較豐(feng)富的(de)(de)。在(zai)河谷沖積(ji)地(di)(di)帶,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)肥沃、疏(shu)松,比較適于(yu)永(yong)定(ding)“六月(yue)紅(hong)”早熟芋生長。 永(yong)定(ding)縣(xian)(xian)植(zhi)(zhi)被完(wan)好(hao),森林覆蓋率達73%。植(zhi)(zhi)物資源種(zhong)類繁(fan)多,據調查,有(you)山地(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)物162科1027種(zhong),栽培果(guo)樹(shu)28種(zhong)。 永(yong)定(ding)獨特(te)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)形地(di)(di)貌形成了獨特(te)農(nong)田(tian)生態和氣(qi)候條件,為永(yong)定(ding)“六月(yue)紅(hong)”早熟芋的(de)(de)生長提供(gong)了優越(yue)的(de)(de)條件,造就了永(yong)定(ding)“六月(yue)紅(hong)”早熟芋特(te)性與獨特(te)的(de)(de)品(pin)質(zhi)。
三.地域范圍
永定縣(xian)位于福建省西(xi)(xi)南(nan)部(bu),介于北緯24°23′~25°05′、東(dong)經116°25′~117°05′之間(jian)。東(dong)連南(nan)靖縣(xian),東(dong)南(nan)與(yu)(yu)平和縣(xian)交界,西(xi)(xi)南(nan)與(yu)(yu)廣東(dong)省大埔縣(xian)、梅縣(xian)接壤,西(xi)(xi)北與(yu)(yu)上杭縣(xian)相連,東(dong)北與(yu)(yu)新羅區毗鄰。全境東(dong)西(xi)(xi)最(zui)寬距離(li)68公(gong)里,南(nan)北最(zui)長距離(li)80公(gong)里,總面積(ji)2223平方(fang)公(gong)里。地域范圍包括全縣(xian)轄(xia)10個鎮、14個鄉。永定六月(yue)紅早熟芋保護面積(ji)2223平方(fang)公(gong)里,生產面積(ji)2100公(gong)頃,年產量4.2萬噸,年銷售收入1億元。
四.產品品質特性特征
1、外在感官(guan)特征:永定六月紅早熟芋(yu)(yu)屬多子芋(yu)(yu)類型。株高100厘(li)米左(zuo)右(you),全生(sheng)育期(qi)總葉(xie)(xie)片數(shu)16-17葉(xie)(xie),葉(xie)(xie)為盾形,互生(sheng),葉(xie)(xie)柄和葉(xie)(xie)緣邊呈(cheng)(cheng)紫色(se),葉(xie)(xie)脈綠色(se),單(dan)(dan)株結芋(yu)(yu)數(shu)一般(ban)8-12個,單(dan)(dan)子芋(yu)(yu)重60克(ke)左(zuo)右(you),子芋(yu)(yu)呈(cheng)(cheng)卵型,皮薄,白(bai)芽(ya),肉乳白(bai)色(se)。
2、內在(zai)品(pin)質指標:永(yong)定六月紅早(zao)熟芋(yu)獨具(ju)風味(wei),肉質細嫩、粘滑(hua)。六月紅早(zao)熟芋(yu)富含維生素E,維生素E含量(liang)5.2mg/kg以(yi)上(shang)(shang),淀粉含量(liang)6.5g/100g以(yi)上(shang)(shang),蛋白(bai)質含量(liang)1g/100g以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。
3、安全要(yao)求:永(yong)定六月紅(hong)早熟芋執行《NY5221-2005無(wu)公害食品(pin)薯芋類蔬菜》標準(zhun)。
五.特定生產方式
1、種(zhong)植準備 整(zheng)地作(zuo)畦(qi):芋田(tian)應選擇(ze)土壤(rang)肥沃、透水性好的水田(tian)或者旱地。芋田(tian)應進行深翻(fan)、曬白,整(zheng)畦(qi)前每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)施(shi)消(xiao)石灰50~75kg,作(zuo)畦(qi)規格為畦(qi)帶溝130cm ,畦(qi)高(gao)25cm以上。基(ji)肥每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)用腐熟有機肥1500kg,硫酸(suan)鎂3~5kg,硼砂1kg,硫酸(suan)鉀10kg,過(guo)磷酸(suan)鈣(gai)50kg,拌勻堆漚7~10天(tian),采(cai)取穴(xue)施(shi)。每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)種(zhong)植3000株,即(ji)株距為35 cm,行距為65cm。定植時間(jian)為11月(yue)(yue)上旬(xun)至1月(yue)(yue)上旬(xun)。
2、種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)技術要(yao)(yao)求(qiu) 種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)種(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)曬(shai)2~4天,并(bing)去除(chu)芽頂部的鱗片毛。剔除(chu)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)危害(hai)或機械(xie)傷的種(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu),種(zhong)(zhong)芽大小分級種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)。種(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)殺蟲(chong)(chong)、滅菌處理(li):將種(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)放(fang)入(ru)40%樂果乳劑一份加(jia)50%多菌靈可濕(shi)性粉劑一份配成800倍藥液中(zhong),浸(jin)泡5~8分鐘撈起晾干即(ji)(ji)可種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)。種(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)深度8~10cm。種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)后種(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)蓋土(tu)(tu)至芽頂2cm。芋(yu)(yu)(yu)田(tian)(tian)全園噴灑除(chu)草(cao)劑,每(mei)畝(mu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)50%丁(ding)草(cao)胺乳油(you)100ml加(jia)水噴霧,畦(qi)(qi)(qi)面過干應加(jia)大用(yong)(yong)(yong)水量(liang)。芋(yu)(yu)(yu)田(tian)(tian)畦(qi)(qi)(qi)連邊(bian)地膜(mo)覆蓋。 科學管(guan)水:采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)獨特的水肥(fei)促控技術。5葉(xie)前(qian)保(bao)持(chi)土(tu)(tu)壤表土(tu)(tu)干,3cm以下見濕(shi)。結芋(yu)(yu)(yu)及子(zi)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)膨(peng)大期(qi)保(bao)持(chi)畦(qi)(qi)(qi)面見黑(hei)不見白(bai)(bai)。子(zi)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)成熟期(qi)保(bao)持(chi)土(tu)(tu)壤表土(tu)(tu)見白(bai)(bai)不見黑(hei),溝底見黑(hei)不見白(bai)(bai)。 中(zhong)耕、除(chu)草(cao)、培土(tu)(tu):第8~9葉(xie)期(qi),結合追(zhui)施(shi)結芋(yu)(yu)(yu)肥(fei),中(zhong)耕除(chu)草(cao)清(qing)除(chu)地膜(mo),填平(ping)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue)。第11~13葉(xie)期(qi),結合施(shi)子(zi)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)膨(peng)大肥(fei),中(zhong)耕除(chu)草(cao),培土(tu)(tu)高(gao)度5cm。第11~15葉(xie)期(qi),中(zhong)耕除(chu)草(cao),除(chu)壓側(ce)芽,培土(tu)(tu)高(gao)至10cm。 病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)防治(zhi):從無(wu)病(bing)、健壯芋(yu)(yu)(yu)田(tian)(tian)中(zhong)選留種(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)。要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)水旱(han)輪(lun)作,旱(han)地要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)隔年(nian)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)。發病(bing)初(chu)期(qi),發現病(bing)株立(li)即(ji)(ji)拔掉(diao)病(bing)株,集中(zhong)燒(shao)毀,并(bing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)石(shi)灰對病(bing)穴(xue)及周(zhou)圍(wei)土(tu)(tu)壤進行清(qing)毒。施(shi)足基肥(fei),施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)充分腐熟有(you)有(you)機肥(fei),避免偏施(shi)氮肥(fei),加(jia)強肥(fei)水管(guan)理(li),采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)高(gao)畦(qi)(qi)(qi)栽培,清(qing)溝排漬(zi)。主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)有(you)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)疫病(bing)、芋(yu)(yu)(yu)污斑病(bing)、芋(yu)(yu)(yu)軟腐病(bing)、芋(yu)(yu)(yu)炭疽病(bing)、蚜蟲(chong)(chong)、芋(yu)(yu)(yu)單線天蛾、蠐(qi)螬。農藥不得使用(yong)(yong)(yong)無(wu)公害(hai)蔬菜禁用(yong)(yong)(yong)農藥。
3、芋(yu)田管(guan)理 破(po)膜引(yin)苗(miao):芋(yu)出苗(miao)后在每株(zhu)芽頂的膜上用小刀劃開(kai)一個(ge)小口(kou)引(yin)苗(miao)伸出,并隨即(ji)用泥(ni)土(tu)封嚴揭口(kou)。 肥(fei)料施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用:全期(qi)肥(fei)料參考用量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)即(ji)尿(niao)素26kg,過磷酸(suan)鈣50kg,硫酸(suan)鉀(jia)24kg。第(di)1~2葉(xie)展開(kai)時,施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)提苗(miao)肥(fei),施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)占(zhan)氮(dan)(dan)肥(fei)總(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的20%,水(shui)肥(fei)澆(jiao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。第(di)5~6葉(xie)期(qi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)發棵(ke)肥(fei),施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)占(zhan)氮(dan)(dan)肥(fei)總(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)30%水(shui)肥(fei)澆(jiao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。第(di)8~9葉(xie)期(qi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結芋(yu)肥(fei),施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)占(zhan)氮(dan)(dan)肥(fei)總(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)50%,芋(yu)株(zhu)外(wai)9cm二(er)邊(bian)開(kai)溝施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。第(di)11~13葉(xie)期(qi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)子(zi)芋(yu)膨大肥(fei),以鉀(jia)肥(fei)為主,除基肥(fei)外(wai),其余鉀(jia)肥(fei)全部施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)下(xia),在芋(yu)株(zhu)外(wai)12~15cm 二(er)邊(bian)開(kai)溝施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。
4、產(chan)(chan)品(pin)收(shou)獲(huo)及產(chan)(chan)后處理:根據(ju)子(zi)芋(yu)(yu)產(chan)(chan)量及市(shi)場行(xing)情和顧(gu)客(ke)對產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的要求(qiu)進行(xing)適時(shi)采(cai)收(shou)。芋(yu)(yu)葉全部變黃衰敗,母芋(yu)(yu)、子(zi)芋(yu)(yu)根系枯萎(wei)是子(zi)芋(yu)(yu)成熟的標志(zhi)。選擇晴(qing)天采(cai)收(shou),除去(qu)殘根、須根和泥土,晾(liang)干(gan)表(biao)面水分(fen)。同(tong)批產(chan)(chan)品(pin)可按(an)大(每顆100g以(yi)上)、中(50~100g)、小(小于50g)分(fen)級,或按(an)購銷合(he)同(tong)定級。
5、生產(chan)(chan)記(ji)錄(lu):永定(ding)(ding)“六月紅”早(zao)熟芋的生產(chan)(chan)全過程,要建(jian)立田間生產(chan)(chan)檔案,全面(mian)記(ji)載并妥善(shan)保存,以備查閱。不得施用國家明(ming)令(ling)禁止使用的高毒、高殘留和淘汰的農業投入(ru)品(pin)(pin),嚴禁任(ren)何單位和個人在生產(chan)(chan)基地推廣未經(jing)國家審(shen)定(ding)(ding)、登記(ji)、批準生產(chan)(chan)的農業投入(ru)品(pin)(pin),以確保產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)的衛生與質(zhi)量安全。