產地環境
永定縣位于(yu)福建省西南部,介于(yu)北緯24°23′~25°05′、東(dong)(dong)經116°25′~117°05′之(zhi)間(jian)。 東(dong)(dong)連(lian)南靖縣,東(dong)(dong)南與(yu)平和縣交界,西南與(yu)廣東(dong)(dong)省大埔縣、梅州市梅縣區接壤,西北與(yu)上杭縣相連(lian),東(dong)(dong)北與(yu)新羅區毗鄰。全境東(dong)(dong)西最寬距(ju)離(li)68公里(li),南北最長距(ju)離(li)80公里(li),總面積2223平方公里(li)。
縣內地勢東(dong)北高、西(xi)(xi)南低,地貌屬典型(xing)的中低山(shan)(shan)丘陵。全境群(qun)山(shan)(shan)起伏,大(da)致(zhi)以(yi)永(yong)定河為界,分東(dong)、西(xi)(xi)兩(liang)大(da)部分:東(dong)部是博平(ping)(ping)嶺山(shan)(shan)脈(mo)向西(xi)(xi)南延(yan)伸的中低山(shan)(shan),西(xi)(xi)部屬玳瑁山(shan)(shan)支(zhi)脈(mo)。縣內主要河流(liu)(liu)有永(yong)定河、金(jin)豐溪、黃潭河、汀(ting)江干流(liu)(liu)。永(yong)定地處北回歸線北側(ce)、中亞(ya)熱帶向南亞(ya)熱帶過渡地段,屬亞(ya)熱帶海(hai)洋性(xing)季風氣候,濕潤溫(wen)和,夏長而(er)不酷熱,冬短而(er)無嚴寒,年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣溫(wen)20.1℃,年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)相對(dui)濕度(du)81%。年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)霜期10天,年降雨量大(da)多在1400~1800毫(hao)米之間(jian),年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)日照時(shi)數1742.8小時(shi)。
巴(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)長在(zai)熱帶、南(nan)亞熱帶雨林(lin)的(de)藤本植(zhi)物(wu),對溫、濕、光、風等(deng)因素(su)有特定的(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu),因而形成了具有“前陰(yin)后(hou)陽、上(shang)陽下陰(yin)”的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態學特性。外界的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態條件(jian)必須符合這種(zhong)特定的(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu),才(cai)能(neng)(neng)有巴(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)自然生(sheng)(sheng)存的(de)可能(neng)(neng)性。巴(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)雨量(liang)較(jiao)充沛、土(tu)壤較(jiao)濕潤的(de)環(huan)境。但(dan)(dan)水(shui)分過多,往(wang)往(wang)引起根(gen)系腐爛甚至全(quan)株(zhu)死亡。有些產區(qu)(qu)在(zai)較(jiao)干旱的(de)山坡或山頂(ding)種(zhong)植(zhi),雖能(neng)(neng)生(sheng)(sheng)長,但(dan)(dan)產量(liang)不(bu)高。在(zai)年(nian)平均降(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)1600毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)左右(you)、相對濕度80%左右(you)的(de)地區(qu)(qu),生(sheng)(sheng)長發育(yu)良好。干燥度適宜在(zai)1以(yi)下,不(bu)能(neng)(neng)超過1.23。巴(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)是(shi)深根(gen)性的(de)作(zuo)物(wu),肉質根(gen)可深達土(tu)中1米(mi)(mi)以(yi)上(shang),故(gu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)上(shang)層厚(hou)度80-100厘(li)米(mi)(mi)以(yi)上(shang)方(fang)能(neng)(neng)滿(man)(man)足其根(gen)系生(sheng)(sheng)長的(de)需要(yao)(yao)。永(yong)定縣得天(tian)(tian)獨(du)厚(hou)的(de)氣候條件(jian)和豐富的(de)山地資源(yuan)較(jiao)好的(de)滿(man)(man)足了這些要(yao)(yao)求(qiu),是(shi)巴(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)的(de)適生(sheng)(sheng)區(qu)(qu)域。
品種特性
巴戟(ji)天(tian)為茜草科植物的干燥根(gen)莖(jing),又名(ming)巴戟(ji)、雞腸風等(deng),中藥(yao)名(ming)巴戟(ji)天(tian),是中醫(yi)常用的補腎壯(zhuang)陽、強(qiang)筋壯(zhuang)骨藥(yao)。其(qi)性微溫,味(wei)甘、辛(xin),歸腎、肝經。具補腎陽、益精血、強(qiang)筋骨、祛風濕等(deng)功能。
巴戟天(tian)主產福建、廣東、廣西(xi)、海南(nan)等(deng)省(區(qu))。福建省的巴戟天(tian)自1963年就(jiu)開(kai)始進行(xing)野(ye)生(sheng)轉家種(zhong),以(yi)南(nan)靖(jing)、平和。武平、永定等(deng)地為主要產地,以(yi)家種(zhong)為主。
由于巴(ba)戟(ji)天種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)山坡地,因此,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)巴(ba)戟(ji)天時應(ying)注(zhu)意防(fang)(fang)止水(shui)土流失,在(zai)山坡地種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)時多與松樹套種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。福建省在(zai)20世紀70年(nian)代(dai)邀請科研(yan)單位和大專院(yuan)校的(de)專家、教授(shou)先后對巴(ba)戟(ji)天進(jin)行(xing)了(le)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鑒定、快速育苗、高產(chan)栽培(pei)、病蟲害防(fang)(fang)治等技術的(de)研(yan)究,基本上(shang)解決了(le)發展(zhan)巴(ba)戟(ji)天的(de)一(yi)些(xie)難題,使巴(ba)戟(ji)天的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)得到了(le)發展(zhan)。到20世紀80年(nian)代(dai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)面積達38公頃,1981年(nian)產(chan)量(liang)達91噸。
巴戟(ji)天為多年生(sheng)(sheng)藤狀(zhuang)(zhuang)草本(ben)植物,根肥厚(hou),圓柱(zhu)形,呈結節(jie)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),直徑1-2厘米,分支(zhi)。外表灰黃色(se),具有不規則橫(heng)紋,常因皮(pi)部縊(yi)縮而(er)更為明顯(xian)。質地堅韌,不易折斷(duan),橫(heng)切面的皮(pi)部厚(hou),淡(dan)白(bai)(bai)色(se),干時(shi)(shi)淡(dan)紫色(se),內(nei)有一個小(xiao)而(er)圓的呈圓柱(zhu)形木心,有縱(zong)棱,灰色(se)或(huo)暗褐(he)色(se)。小(xiao)枝初時(shi)(shi)褐(he)色(se),有小(xiao)粗(cu)毛(mao),后脫(tuo)落、單葉對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng),葉片呈長橢圓形,大小(xiao)變異較大,長3-14厘米,寬2-6厘米;先(xian)(xian)端(duan)急(ji)短(duan)失(shi)或(huo)短(duan)漸失(shi),基部鈍形或(huo)渾圓;表面深綠,嫩時(shi)(shi)被粗(cu)毛(mao),后脫(tuo)落,葉緣有稀疏小(xiao)睫毛(mao);葉柄短(duan),被毛(mao);托(tuo)葉膜質鞘狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。4-6月開花(hua)(hua)。頭狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)序呈傘狀(zhuang)(zhuang)排列,每一花(hua)(hua)序上(shang)有2-10朵花(hua)(hua),排列于枝端(duan),花(hua)(hua)序梗被黃色(se)短(duan)粗(cu)毛(mao);花(hua)(hua)萼倒(dao)圓錐狀(zhuang)(zhuang),先(xian)(xian)端(duan)有不規則的齒裂或(huo)平截;花(hua)(hua)冠肉質,白(bai)(bai)色(se),通常4裂,少3裂,花(hua)(hua)冠管喉部收縮,內(nei)面密生(sheng)(sheng)短(duan)粗(cu)毛(mao);雄蕊與花(hua)(hua)冠片等數;子房下位(wei),4室,花(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)短(duan)而(er)纖(xian)細。
生產情況
巴(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)是永定(ding)縣(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)統中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材,其中(zhong)“湖(hu)山(shan)(shan)巴(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”為(wei)(wei)該縣(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)統名產(chan)中(zhong)成(cheng)藥(yao)(yao)。永定(ding)縣(xian)(xian)具有(you)(you)栽培巴(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)得天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)獨厚的(de)(de)(de)氣候條(tiao)件和豐富的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)地(di)資(zi)源(yuan),永定(ding)巴(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)歷(li)史比(bi)較(jiao)悠(you)久,湖(hu)山(shan)(shan)鄉(xiang)是永定(ding)縣(xian)(xian)巴(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)原產(chan)地(di)。早(zao)在(zai)(zai)20世(shi)紀七十(shi)年(nian)代就已有(you)(you)巴(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)野生轉家(jia)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)功經(jing)(jing)驗,藥(yao)(yao)效成(cheng)份也得到(dao)了(le)有(you)(you)關中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材專家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)首(shou)肯(ken)。1986年(nian)3月,永定(ding)縣(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)湖(hu)山(shan)(shan)鄉(xiang)開(kai)辟了(le)200畝的(de)(de)(de)巴(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)生產(chan)基(ji)地(di)。經(jing)(jing)過多年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)努力,巴(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)覆蓋全鄉(xiang)9個(ge)(ge)建制村、34個(ge)(ge)自然村。永定(ding)縣(xian)(xian)首(shou)先合(he)(he)理布局(ju),選擇以湖(hu)山(shan)(shan)鄉(xiang)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),輻射(she)帶動金豐片的(de)(de)(de)下(xia)洋(yang)、岐嶺、大溪、湖(hu)坑(keng)、古竹(zhu)、高頭、陳東(dong)等(deng)鄉(xiang)鎮及虎崗、堂堡、合(he)(he)溪等(deng)10個(ge)(ge)山(shan)(shan)地(di)資(zi)源(yuan)豐富且屬中(zhong)、高海拔地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)鄉(xiang)鎮種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)巴(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)。充分利用湖(hu)山(shan)(shan)鄉(xiang)優(you)良(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)巴(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)條(tiao)件,采用現(xian)代化組培技術繁育苗木,建立優(you)良(liang)(liang)苗木繁育基(ji)地(di)。規劃湖(hu)山(shan)(shan)鄉(xiang)三萊、桂平兩村的(de)(de)(de)唐背(bei)芨-上平-萬(wan)安(an)(an)一帶、賽華泥溪子(zi)、黃坑(keng)雙子(zi)崠為(wei)(wei)巴(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)重(zhong)點示范基(ji)地(di)。為(wei)(wei)確保(bao)巴(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)產(chan)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)健康穩步(bu)發展,永定(ding)縣(xian)(xian)出臺了(le)一系列優(you)惠政策:每年(nian)安(an)(an)排培訓經(jing)(jing)費(fei)5萬(wan)元,培訓各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技術力量1000人。免費(fei)提供優(you)良(liang)(liang)苗木種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)巴(ba)戟(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)產(chan)業(ye)化提供了(le)保(bao)障。