基本介紹
半夏屬植(zhi)物全(quan)世(shi)界約有(you)(you)(you)9種(zhong),其(qi)中P. terfnate Breit.產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)于(yu)(yu)朝(chao)鮮, P. tripatita Schott產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)于(yu)(yu)日本(ben),中國產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)7種(zhong),除(chu)P. ternata (Thunb) Breit.外(wai),其(qi)余(yu)6種(zhong)均為(wei)中國特有(you)(you)(you)。《中華人民共(gong)和(he)國藥典》(2005版)收(shou)載(zai)的半夏其(qi)原植(zhi)物僅(jin)為(wei)半夏Pinellia ternate (Thunb) Breit.一種(zhong)。半夏在我國自然(ran)分布于(yu)(yu)東北、華北及長江流域各(ge)省(sheng)區(qu),主產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)于(yu)(yu)四川、湖北、河(he)(he)南、安徽、山東等省(sheng)。南陽作為(wei)半夏的主產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu),已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)悠久歷(li)史(shi),主要(yao)分布于(yu)(yu)南陽地區(qu)的唐河(he)(he)、鄧(deng)州(zhou)、社旗、桐柏、內鄉、方城(cheng)等丘陵、山地的陰濕環境,尤以(yi)唐河(he)(he)一帶蘊(yun)藏(zang)量最(zui)大,且(qie)以(yi)高產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)、質(zhi)優而久負(fu)盛名,商品(pin)稱"唐半夏",是一味著名的道地藥材。為(wei)了確認唐半夏的品(pin)種(zhong)優勢,保護(hu)優質(zhi)種(zhong)質(zhi)資源(yuan),便于(yu)(yu)進(jin)(jin)一步開發利用,我們特對唐半夏原植(zhi)物進(jin)(jin)行了本(ben)草考證和(he)資源(yuan)調查。
產地資源調查
半夏適(shi)(shi)生于海拔2500m以下的陰(yin)濕環境,不(bu)耐(nai)干(gan)旱,喜(xi)弱光怕強光,喜(xi)溫,塊莖株芽(ya)膨大(da)期地(di)(di)溫以18℃~20℃最(zui)為(wei)適(shi)(shi)宜(yi)。南陽位(wei)于東經110°58′~113°49′,北緯(wei)32°17′~33°48′,地(di)(di)處中國的腹心地(di)(di)帶(dai),北靠伏牛(niu)山(shan),東扶桐柏山(shan),西倚秦嶺,南臨漢江(jiang),為(wei)三面環山(shan),南面開口的盆(pen)(pen)地(di)(di),境內平原、丘(qiu)陵、山(shan)區各占1/3,年平均(jun)(jun)氣溫14.4℃~15.7℃,降雨量800~1200mm,屬亞熱(re)帶(dai)向暖溫帶(dai)過(guo)渡的季(ji)風大(da)陸半濕潤(run)氣候。唐河(he)縣位(wei)于南陽盆(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)東緣,地(di)(di)面以淺山(shan)和丘(qiu)陵為(wei)主(zhu),全(quan)縣年均(jun)(jun)日照(zhao)總時數為(wei)2188小(xiao)時,年平均(jun)(jun)氣溫為(wei)15.2℃,年均(jun)(jun)降水量為(wei)910mm。可見(jian),唐河(he)縣氣候溫和,雨量適(shi)(shi)宜(yi),光、熱(re)、水資源豐富,極(ji)適(shi)(shi)宜(yi)半夏藥材的生長。
歷史沿革
在歷史上,唐(tang)半夏(xia)(xia)資(zi)源曾遭受過嚴重破壞,其(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要原(yuan)因:一(yi)是由于機耕面積(ji)的(de)(de)擴大,破壞了(le)半夏(xia)(xia)珠芽繁殖,使其(qi)(qi)再生(sheng)能力大大降低;二是由于精耕細作,野生(sheng)資(zi)源枯竭。隨著南陽"張仲景醫藥工程"的(de)(de)深入(ru)實施,南陽市委、市政(zheng)府(fu)非常重視唐(tang)半夏(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)資(zi)源保(bao)護和(he)開發利用,目前唐(tang)河縣(xian)已建起了(le)唐(tang)半夏(xia)(xia)育種(zhong)基地200畝(mu),生(sheng)產(chan)基地2000畝(mu),劃定野生(sheng)撫育采收基地2萬畝(mu),年產(chan)唐(tang)半夏(xia)(xia)藥材400多噸,以強(qiang)勢銷往全國各地,成為(wei)全國最(zui)大的(de)(de)半夏(xia)(xia)生(sheng)產(chan)基地之一(yi)。
本草考證
根(gen)據《本(ben)(ben)(ben)草(cao)綱目》記載,半(ban)夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)始見(jian)于《禮記·月(yue)(yue)令》:"五月(yue)(yue)半(ban)夏(xia)(xia)生(sheng),蓋當夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)半(ban)也,故名(ming)"。漢《名(ming)醫(yi)別(bie)錄》曰(yue):"半(ban)夏(xia)(xia)生(sheng)槐里川(chuan)谷,五月(yue)(yue)、八月(yue)(yue)采根(gen),暴干"。《神(shen)農(nong)本(ben)(ben)(ben)草(cao)經》稱:"半(ban)夏(xia)(xia)生(sheng)川(chuan)谷"。《吳(wu)譜本(ben)(ben)(ben)草(cao)》云:"生(sheng)微(wei)丘或生(sheng)野中(zhong),二月(yue)(yue)始生(sheng)葉,三(san)三(san)相偶,白(bai)花圓上"。《本(ben)(ben)(ben)草(cao)經集注》曰(yue):"槐里屬扶(fu)風,今第一(yi)出青州,吳(wu)中(zhong)亦有(you)"。《唐(tang)本(ben)(ben)(ben)草(cao)》曰(yue):"半(ban)夏(xia)(xia)所(suo)(suo)在皆有(you),生(sheng)平澤(ze)中(zhong)者,名(ming)羊眼半(ban)夏(xia)(xia)"。宋《圖經本(ben)(ben)(ben)草(cao)》曰(yue):"在處有(you)之(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)齊州為(wei)佳"。《中(zhong)國(guo)道地(di)(di)藥(yao)材(cai)》一(yi)書認為(wei)"半(ban)夏(xia)(xia)歷史上以(yi)齊州、湖北所(suo)(suo)產為(wei)地(di)(di)道,近代以(yi)河南、山東(dong)(dong)所(suo)(suo)產為(wei)地(di)(di)道。"可見(jian),隨著歷史的變(bian)(bian)遷,皇權的更(geng)迭(die)和(he)用藥(yao)經驗(yan)的不斷積(ji)累(lei),道地(di)(di)藥(yao)材(cai)主(zhu)產地(di)(di)也經歷著由(you)西至東(dong)(dong),又由(you)東(dong)(dong)而西的歷史變(bian)(bian)遷過程。
唐(tang)河縣生長的(de)半夏(xia)為(wei)闊(kuo)葉型(xing)旱半夏(xia)。由于氣候溫和,雨量適中(zhong),野生半夏(xia)遍地皆有(you)。這里的(de)人們自古就有(you)采挖(wa)"藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)狗(gou)蛋(dan)"加工(gong)成藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材出(chu)售,以補貼(tie)家用的(de)傳統(tong)習慣,至今農村還流傳著一名俗語:"吃鹽靠三蛋(dan),雞(ji)蛋(dan)鴨蛋(dan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)狗(gou)蛋(dan)",足見半夏(xia)在(zai)群(qun)眾(zhong)經(jing)濟生活中(zhong)的(de)傳統(tong)地位(wei)和歷史(shi)淵源。由于所產半夏(xia)個(ge)大質優,藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效顯(xian)著,被歷代知名中(zhong)醫、中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)師、中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)商稱譽為(wei)"唐(tang)半夏(xia)"而聞名全(quan)國(guo),產品(pin)暢(chang)銷全(quan)國(guo)各地,并出(chu)口國(guo)外。
《唐(tang)河縣志》載:半(ban)(ban)夏,俗稱藥(yao)狗(gou)蛋,以(yi)其個大、色白(bai)、粉性足(zu)而(er)聞名省內外(wai),素有"唐(tang)半(ban)(ban)夏"之稱。上個世(shi)紀50年代開(kai)始,河南省和南陽地(di)(di)區醫藥(yao)公司(si)多次撥款(kuan)研究半(ban)(ban)夏變(bian)野生(sheng)為家種(zhong)。1976年,國家衛生(sheng)部領導親臨唐(tang)河考(kao)察半(ban)(ban)夏生(sheng)產,對(dui)唐(tang)半(ban)(ban)夏藥(yao)材的(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)和道地(di)(di)性給予(yu)了充分肯定。1979年,南陽地(di)(di)區醫藥(yao)公司(si)撥專(zhuan)款(kuan)再唐(tang)河建(jian)立半(ban)(ban)夏研究所,開(kai)展人工種(zhong)植技(ji)術研究,并獲得大面積成功。半(ban)(ban)個世(shi)紀以(yi)來,這里(li)農民種(zhong)植唐(tang)半(ban)(ban)夏的(de)(de)傳統從未(wei)間斷,產量(liang)(liang)不斷提(ti)高。
另(ling)據《圖(tu)經本(ben)草(cao)》、《植(zhi)物名實圖(tu)考》、《中國高等植(zhi)物圖(tu)鑒》的(de)記述,江蘇(su)、山東、山西所產(chan)半(ban)(ban)(ban)夏多為(wei)竹(zhu)葉(xie)半(ban)(ban)(ban)夏,江南(nan)各地和河(he)南(nan)禹(yu)州所產(chan)為(wei)虎掌半(ban)(ban)(ban)夏。而唐(tang)河(he)生(sheng)長的(de)闊(kuo)(kuo)葉(xie)半(ban)(ban)(ban)夏,葉(xie)柄著生(sheng)珠(zhu)芽,繁殖系數成倍(bei)增加(其它有些品種則不生(sheng)珠(zhu)芽)。從現代(dai)中醫藥(yao)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)學者(zhe)收(shou)集的(de)半(ban)(ban)(ban)夏植(zhi)物標本(ben)觀察分析,今山西侯馬一帶、湖北(bei)襄(xiang)樊一帶、安徽亳州一帶、河(he)南(nan)各地人工種植(zhi)的(de)闊(kuo)(kuo)葉(xie)半(ban)(ban)(ban)夏均系上個世紀70年代(dai)以(yi)來陸(lu)續從原產(chan)地唐(tang)河(he)縣(xian)引入(ru)的(de)種子,但(dan)經醫藥(yao)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)和老中醫鑒定(ding)評價,其麻舌感不大,藥(yao)效(xiao)大打折扣。
南(nan)陽(yang)是(shi)醫(yi)(yi)圣(sheng)張(zhang)仲景(jing)的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)鄉,這里自古就是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)研究(jiu)應(ying)用的(de)(de)(de)策源地,積淀著豐富的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文化(hua)和社會傳統(tong)。醫(yi)(yi)圣(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)《傷寒雜(za)病論(lun)》對(dui)半(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)理作用早就做了(le)詳細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)闡述(shu),并記載有(you)(you)上幾十(shi)種(zhong)半(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)成方。名(ming)醫(yi)(yi)用名(ming)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),名(ming)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)濟名(ming)醫(yi)(yi)。南(nan)陽(yang)盆(pen)地醫(yi)(yi)家(jia)之中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)處方常書以"唐半(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)",以強調其重要的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性。唐河作為(wei)優質(zhi)半(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)原產(chan)(chan)地,有(you)(you)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)歷史,有(you)(you)歷代(dai)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)名(ming)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)記述(shu)、研究(jiu)和廣泛應(ying)用,從而積淀了(le)深(shen)厚的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)文化(hua)底蘊,形成了(le)優質(zhi)地道中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材經(jing)久不衰(shuai)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)歷史。唐河縣委(wei)、縣政府在(zai)調整農業(ye)(ye)(ye)結構上,充分發(fa)(fa)揮自然與人文的(de)(de)(de)優勢,把中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)作為(wei)農村(cun)支柱產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)大力(li)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),半(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)由過(guo)去(qu)野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)變家(jia)種(zhong)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)到(dao)有(you)(you)組織、有(you)(you)規(gui)劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)模開發(fa)(fa)。在(zai)繼承傳統(tong)經(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)基礎上,制(zhi)訂實施了(le)一(yi)系列(lie)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)管理技術標準,規(gui)范(fan)了(le)半(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)、加工(gong)、銷售各環節,有(you)(you)效控制(zhi)了(le)重金屬、農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、化(hua)肥(fei)等(deng)有(you)(you)毒、有(you)(you)害物質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)使用,實現了(le)無公害生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan),進一(yi)步提高了(le)市場信譽和占有(you)(you)率。
歷代醫書
歷代(dai)(dai)本草對(dui)半(ban)夏(xia)(xia)植(zhi)物形態和藥材(cai)性狀(zhuang)的(de)描述較多,如《吳普本草》云(yun):半(ban)夏(xia)(xia)"生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)微丘或生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)野中(zhong),二月(yue)始生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)葉(xie),三三相偶,白(bai)花圓上(shang)(shang)。"《本草經(jing)集注》曰:"今第一(yi)(yi)出青(qing)州,吳中(zhong)亦有。以肉白(bai)者(zhe)為佳。"《新(xin)修本草》言:"生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)平澤中(zhong)者(zhe),名羊(yang)眼半(ban)夏(xia)(xia),圓白(bai)為勝(sheng)。"《蜀(shu)本草》謂:"苗一(yi)(yi)莖(jing)(jing),莖(jing)(jing)端三葉(xie),有二根相重,上(shang)(shang)大(da)下小,五月(yue)采(cai)則虛小,八月(yue)采(cai)實大(da)。"《本草圖(tu)(tu)經(jing)》載:"二月(yue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)苗,一(yi)(yi)莖(jing)(jing),莖(jing)(jing)端出三葉(xie),淺(qian)綠(lv)色,頗似竹葉(xie)。……根下相重生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),上(shang)(shang)大(da)下小,皮黃肉白(bai)。"《本草綱目》除引載上(shang)(shang)述本草外,還載有半(ban)夏(xia)(xia)圖(tu)(tu)。綜(zong)上(shang)(shang)所述,歷代(dai)(dai)本草對(dui)半(ban)夏(xia)(xia)的(de)描述及附(fu)圖(tu)(tu),與現(xian)代(dai)(dai)《藥用植(zhi)物學》對(dui)半(ban)夏(xia)(xia)的(de)描述基本相符(fu),說明(ming)古今所用半(ban)夏(xia)(xia)均為天(tian)南星科多年生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)草本植(zhi)物半(ban)夏(xia)(xia)的(de)塊(kuai)莖(jing)(jing)。
常見制劑
目前,半(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)常(chang)見的(de)混用品(pin)有(you)水(shui)半(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)和掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)葉半(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)(xia),三者功(gong)(gong)效(xiao)(xiao)不(bu)同(tong),不(bu)能混用。其中(zhong)(zhong),半(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)為天(tian)南(nan)(nan)星(xing)(xing)科植物(wu)(wu)半(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)塊(kuai)莖(jing),屬《藥(yao)(yao)典》所載正(zheng)(zheng)品(pin)半(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)(xia),又叫旱半(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)(xia);水(shui)半(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)為同(tong)科植物(wu)(wu)鞭檐犁頭尖(jian)的(de)塊(kuai)莖(jing),又叫土半(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)(xia),只(zhi)有(you)化痰止(zhi)咳之(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)(gong),而(er)無降逆(ni)止(zhi)嘔(ou)之(zhi)(zhi)效(xiao)(xiao);掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)葉半(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)為天(tian)南(nan)(nan)星(xing)(xing)科植物(wu)(wu)掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)葉半(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)塊(kuai)莖(jing),是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)天(tian)南(nan)(nan)星(xing)(xing)的(de)主要來源之(zhi)(zhi)一,即虎掌(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)南(nan)(nan)星(xing)(xing),具有(you)祛風(feng)定驚(jing)、化痰散(san)結(jie)的(de)功(gong)(gong)能。1985年國家第(di)三次對(dui)南(nan)(nan)陽中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)資(zi)源進(jin)行普查時,經醫、藥(yao)(yao)、農、林等有(you)關(guan)部(bu)門專家考察和鑒定,認為唐半(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)既屬于歷代本草記載的(de)正(zheng)(zheng)品(pin)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai),又符合當(dang)今《藥(yao)(yao)典》收載的(de)半(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)基原(yuan)。其塊(kuai)莖(jing)加工后呈類球形,有(you)的(de)稍偏(pian)斜,直徑約(yue)1~1.5cm;表面(mian)白(bai)色或(huo)淺黃色,頂(ding)端有(you)凹(ao)陷的(de)莖(jing)痕(hen),周圍(wei)密布麻點狀根痕(hen);下(xia)面(mian)鈍園,較光滑(hua)。質堅實(shi),斷面(mian)潔白(bai),富粉(fen)性。無臭,味辛辣,麻舌而(er)刺喉(hou)。2005年6月經河南(nan)(nan)中(zhong)(zhong)醫學(xue)院藥(yao)(yao)學(xue)院有(you)關(guan)專家鑒定后認為,唐河所產半(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)個大均勻、色純白(bai)、質地堅實(shi)、粉(fen)性足,質優。
以上本草(cao)考(kao)證表明,南陽(yang)自漢魏(wei)至今(jin)一直都是半夏(xia)的主(zhu)產區,唐半夏(xia)屬《藥典》收(shou)載的優質正品(pin)半夏(xia),堪稱(cheng)名(ming)優道地藥材(cai)。