車子是怎么啟動的
開車之前下意識地要發動車子,好了,那車子怎么發動?所有人都知道的是,坐進車里扭扭鑰匙(現在很多車直接按按鍵就行),車子抖三(san)抖,好了,發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)就(jiu)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)了。再(zai)深入一點,很(hen)多人也都知道,起動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)旋轉,然后就(jiu)好了。這貌(mao)似是(shi)極簡單的問題(ti),但,你是(shi)否知道,發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)到底是(shi)怎么(me)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的呢?
確實,發動機(ji)是通過起動機(ji)帶動旋轉啟(qi)動。但這(zhe)個(ge)過程(cheng)并沒有那么簡單,我們以無鑰匙啟(qi)動的(de)車(che)型來(lai)說,分幾(ji)個(ge)步驟(zou),詳細分析一下,就在發動機(ji)啟(qi)動的(de)幾(ji)秒鐘內,車(che)子的(de)引擎艙到(dao)底都發生了什么。
1、啟動前
你(ni)坐(zuo)上車(che)(che),你(ni)的(de)車(che)(che)不需要先插入鑰(yao)匙再點火。但(dan)車(che)(che)內(nei)的(de)射頻接收器已經收到了車(che)(che)鑰(yao)匙的(de)RFID射頻信號,車(che)(che)內(nei)低壓電(dian)路(lu)通電(dian),為你(ni)提供諸如照明、音響等設(she)備使用(yong)。這時候,你(ni)看了看啟動按(an)鈕,伸出手(shou)按(an)下它。
就在你按下啟動按鈕后,汽車電腦接收到啟動的信號后,接通ECU(發動機管理電腦)供(gong)電(dian)(dian),ECU開(kai)始(shi)對行駛系(xi)(xi)統(包(bao)括(kuo)發動機、變速箱和(he)諸如(ru)ESP、安全氣囊等基礎安全系(xi)(xi)統)所(suo)有(you)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)系(xi)(xi)統進(jin)(jin)行自檢,在車子(zi)(zi)的儀表(biao)板上(shang),所(suo)有(you)燈光會全部(bu)亮起。很快(kuai),電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)系(xi)(xi)統自檢完成,儀表(biao)板燈光熄滅。這(zhe)時,ECU開(kai)始(shi)進(jin)(jin)行以下操作。
2、啟動中
在電(dian)子系(xi)統自檢通過(guo)后,行(xing)車電(dian)腦發(fa)送(song)一(yi)個“可(ke)以執行(xing)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)程序”的指(zhi)令給ECU。ECU接(jie)通起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)機電(dian)路,同時接(jie)通起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)機繼電(dian)器,繼電(dian)器接(jie)合(he),高壓電(dian)流輸送(song)到起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)機的定子內,起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)機電(dian)機開始(shi)加速(su),帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)齒(chi)(chi)輪旋轉(zhuan)。而在啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)齒(chi)(chi)輪的前方,就(jiu)是發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機的啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)齒(chi)(chi)輪,這(zhe)個齒(chi)(chi)輪直(zhi)接(jie)和(he)曲軸(zhou)連接(jie),啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)齒(chi)(chi)輪的目的,就(jiu)是要帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)曲軸(zhou)旋轉(zhuan)。
在啟(qi)動(dong)齒(chi)輪(lun)開始(shi)旋轉(zhuan)的(de)幾乎(hu)同時,起動(dong)機電(dian)路內另外一個繼(ji)電(dian)器接(jie)通(tong),在起動(dong)機主電(dian)機上方(fang)的(de)一個電(dian)磁離(li)合(he)器結合(he),這個電(dian)磁離(li)合(he)器控制著一個推桿(gan),電(dian)磁離(li)合(he)器的(de)往后(hou)結合(he)會(hui)推動(dong)拉桿(gan)向前推,拉桿(gan)連接(jie)著啟(qi)動(dong)齒(chi)輪(lun),把啟(qi)動(dong)齒(chi)輪(lun)往前推到和發動(dong)機啟(qi)動(dong)齒(chi)輪(lun)結合(he)為止。
這(zhe)時,起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)齒(chi)輪已(yi)經和發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)齒(chi)輪連接,功率巨大的(de)起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)帶著發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)曲(qu)軸開始旋轉(zhuan)。而在發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)這(zhe)邊,曲(qu)軸傳感器檢測(ce)到的(de)曲(qu)軸旋轉(zhuan)信(xin)號(hao),讓(rang)ECU開始對發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)實現(xian)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)過程,在濃混合氣(qi)下,發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)轉(zhuan)速(su)開始快速(su)上升。
3、啟動結束
當(dang)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)速(su)上升到(dao)足以(yi)依靠(kao)自(zi)身力量完成啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)后,ECU控制起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的電磁離(li)合器斷開連接,把啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)齒輪與發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)齒輪斷開(避免過(guo)高的發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)速(su)損壞起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji))。隨(sui)后,起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)斷電,起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)停(ting)轉(zhuan),發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)依靠(kao)自(zi)身力量完成啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。
最后一個問題
說完了啟動過程之后,大家可能會有個疑問,啟動機的每一次使用都會造成一些機械磨損,那么現在標配自動啟停的車子,頻繁啟動發動機(ji)會不會導(dao)致起動機(ji)過快掛掉?
其(qi)實(shi),搭(da)載這種(zhong)系統的車子,它的起(qi)動機(ji)都是特(te)別設計的,比(bi)普通起(qi)動機(ji)有高得(de)多的壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命,但確實(shi),頻繁啟動發動機(ji)確實(shi)會對起(qi)動機(ji)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命帶來不利(li)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang),甚至(zhi)會影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang) 到發動機(ji)的壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命。但至(zhi)于能(neng)有多大(da)的影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang),由(you)于教授也沒有權威的實(shi)驗數(shu)據(ju),無法量化分析,但既然廠家能(neng)搭(da)載這樣的功能(neng),相信(xin)對壽(shou)(shou)(shou)命方面影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)應該是不大(da)的。