一、電子簽名是什么意思
電子簽名是指數(shu)據電(dian)(dian)文中以電(dian)(dian)子(zi)形(xing)式(shi)所含(han)、所附用于(yu)識別簽(qian)名人(ren)身份并表(biao)明簽(qian)名人(ren)認可其中內容的數(shu)據。通(tong)俗點說(shuo),電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名就(jiu)是通(tong)過密碼技術(shu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)文檔的電(dian)(dian)子(zi)形(xing)式(shi)的簽(qian)名,并非是書面(mian)簽(qian)名的數(shu)字圖像化,它(ta)類似(si)于(yu)手寫簽(qian)名或印(yin)章,也可以說(shuo)它(ta)就(jiu)是電(dian)(dian)子(zi)印(yin)章。電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名的用途:在(zai)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)版的中秋(qiu)賀卡,結婚請帖,建筑(zhu)合同(tong)上簽(qian)名。
電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)是現代認(ren)證(zheng)技術的(de)(de)泛(fan)(fan)稱,美國《統一電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)交(jiao)易法(fa)》規(gui)定,“電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)”泛(fan)(fan)指(zhi)(zhi)“與電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)記錄(lu)相(xiang)聯的(de)(de)或在(zai)邏(luo)輯(ji)上(shang)(shang)相(xiang)聯的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)聲音、符(fu)號或程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu),而該電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)聲音、符(fu)號或程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)是某(mou)人為簽(qian)署電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)記錄(lu)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)而簽(qian)訂或采用的(de)(de)”;聯合(he)國《電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)商務示范法(fa)》中規(gui)定,電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)是包含、附加在(zai)某(mou)一數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)文(wen)內,或邏(luo)輯(ji)上(shang)(shang)與某(mou)一數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)文(wen)相(xiang)聯系(xi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)形式(shi)的(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju),它(ta)能(neng)被用來證(zheng)實與此(ci)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)文(wen)有關的(de)(de)簽(qian)名(ming)人的(de)(de)身份,并(bing)表明該簽(qian)名(ming)人認(ren)可該數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)文(wen)所載信(xin)息;歐盟(meng)的(de)(de)《電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)指(zhi)(zhi)令》規(gui)定,“電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)”泛(fan)(fan)指(zhi)(zhi)“與其(qi)他電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)記錄(lu)相(xiang)連(lian)的(de)(de)或在(zai)邏(luo)輯(ji)上(shang)(shang)相(xiang)連(lian)并(bing)以此(ci)作為認(ren)證(zheng)方(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)形式(shi)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)。”
從上述定義來看,凡(fan)是(shi)(shi)能(neng)在電子(zi)(zi)通訊中,起到證(zheng)明當事人的身(shen)份、證(zheng)明當事人對文件內容的認(ren)可(ke)的電子(zi)(zi)技(ji)術(shu)手段(duan),都可(ke)被稱為電子(zi)(zi)簽名,電子(zi)(zi)簽名即現代(dai)認(ren)證(zheng)技(ji)術(shu)的一(yi)般性(xing)概(gai)念,它是(shi)(shi)電子(zi)(zi)商務(wu)安全(quan)的重(zhong)要保障(zhang)手段(duan)。
二、電子簽名和手寫簽名的區別
1、含義不同
手寫簽名在(zai)日常生活中隨處(chu)可見,簡單來說就是(shi)親(qin)筆書寫自(zi)己(ji)的名字(zi),在(zai)紙質文檔(dang)上(shang)使用手寫簽名主要用以確定簽字(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)的身份,并表(biao)示簽字(zi)者(zhe)(zhe)同(tong)意所簽署(shu)文檔(dang)中規定的內容(rong),對(dui)文檔(dang)的真實性負(fu)責(ze),且(qie)具有法律效力。
而電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名通俗來講,就(jiu)是(shi)通過(guo)密碼技術在(zai)電(dian)子(zi)文(wen)檔上加載的(de)(de)電(dian)子(zi)形式的(de)(de)簽(qian)名,可以輕松驗證簽(qian)約主體的(de)(de)身份(fen)信息和(he)簽(qian)名信息,以及原文(wen)在(zai)傳輸過(guo)程中(zhong)是(shi)否發生過(guo)改動。值得(de)一提的(de)(de)是(shi),根據《電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名法(fa)(fa)》規定,可靠的(de)(de)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名與手寫簽(qian)名或(huo)者(zhe)蓋章具有同等的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律效力。
2、適用范圍不同
電(dian)子(zi)簽名(ming)文件的適用(yong)范圍(wei)稍(shao)有局限,目前還不能適用(yong)于涉(she)及婚姻、收(shou)養、繼承(cheng)等人(ren)身(shen)關系;涉(she)及停止供水、供熱(re)、供氣、供電(dian)等公用(yong)事業(ye)服務(wu);以(yi)及法(fa)律、行政法(fa)規規定的不適用(yong)電(dian)子(zi)文書的其他情形(xing)。而(er)手(shou)寫簽名(ming)文件適用(yong)范圍(wei)不限。
3、簽署方式不同
在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子文件上簽(qian)署電(dian)(dian)(dian)子簽(qian)名,就是(shi)用私(si)鑰對電(dian)(dian)(dian)子文件及與其一起(qi)存儲的電(dian)(dian)(dian)子文件消息摘要數據進行加(jia)密,包(bao)括自動簽(qian)署、點擊簽(qian)署、短信簽(qian)署、視(shi)頻(pin)簽(qian)署等多種方式。而(er)手寫(xie)簽(qian)名在(zai)各種紙質文件上書寫(xie)的簽(qian)名具有明(ming)顯的個性特征。
4、簽署樣式不同
電(dian)子簽名一般常用(yong)的(de)(de)是(shi)圖(tu)(tu)形(xing)/圖(tu)(tu)像(xiang)式,即(ji)有個體(ti)特征(zheng)的(de)(de)手寫簽名文字構成的(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)形(xing)或印章(zhang)圖(tu)(tu)像(xiang)(但電(dian)子簽名的(de)(de)效力并非(fei)基于(yu)圖(tu)(tu)形(xing)或圖(tu)(tu)像(xiang)本身,而在于(yu)背(bei)后的(de)(de)數(shu)字證書)。而手寫簽名就是(shi)有個體(ti)特征(zheng)的(de)(de)手寫體(ti)文字。
5、驗證方式不同
電子簽名驗證(zheng)人擁有或可(ke)以(yi)直接訪(fang)問電子簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)人的(de)(de)數字證(zheng)書(shu)(內含公鑰),以(yi)驗證(zheng)電子文件(jian)中簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)的(de)(de)真偽及(ji)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)人的(de)(de)身份(fen)。經(jing)CA機構頒發的(de)(de)數字證(zheng)書(shu),可(ke)作為網(wang)上(shang)身份(fen)證(zheng)明的(de)(de)依(yi)據,具有不可(ke)否認性(xing)(xing)。而手(shou)寫(xie)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)是通過目(mu)視(shi)比較(jiao)、識別手(shou)寫(xie)體簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)的(de)(de)個體特征信息及(ji)其筆(bi)跡,從而確認手(shou)寫(xie)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)的(de)(de)真偽。為增強(qiang)手(shou)寫(xie)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)的(de)(de)可(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)及(ji)不可(ke)否認性(xing)(xing),需要辦理公證(zheng),產生額外的(de)(de)成(cheng)本。