一、石墨電極是什么東西

石墨電極是一種耐高溫石墨質導(dao)電材料(liao)，是(shi)在電弧(hu)爐(lu)中以電弧(hu)形式釋放電能(neng)對爐(lu)料(liao)進行(xing)加(jia)熱熔化(hua)的(de)導(dao)體，作為(wei)銅電極的(de)代替品之一。

石墨(mo)電(dian)極主要有天然石墨(mo)電(dian)極和人(ren)造石墨(mo)電(dian)極兩種，其中應用比較(jiao)廣泛的(de)是(shi)人(ren)造石墨(mo)電(dian)極，是(shi)以石油(you)焦、瀝(li)青焦為骨料(liao)，煤瀝(li)青為黏結劑，經(jing)過原料(liao)煅燒、破(po)碎磨粉、配料(liao)、混(hun)捏、成型、焙燒、浸漬(zi)、石墨(mo)化和機械加工而制(zhi)成的(de)。

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二、石墨電極的用途和性能

石墨(mo)電(dian)(dian)極作為一(yi)種化(hua)學材料，其(qi)具體良好的(de)(de)性能，因此(ci)應(ying)用也比較廣(guang)泛，下面為大家介紹以(yi)下石墨(mo)電(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)用途(tu)和性能：

1、石墨電極的用途

（1）用(yong)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)煉鋼爐(lu)(lu)：電(dian)(dian)爐(lu)(lu)煉鋼是石墨(mo)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)的使(shi)用(yong)大(da)戶。我國電(dian)(dian)爐(lu)(lu)鋼產(chan)(chan)量約占(zhan)粗(cu)鋼產(chan)(chan)量的18%左右，煉鋼用(yong)石墨(mo)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)占(zhan)石墨(mo)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)總用(yong)量的70%～80%。電(dian)(dian)爐(lu)(lu)煉鋼是利(li)用(yong)石墨(mo)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)向爐(lu)(lu)內導入電(dian)(dian)流，利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)端部和爐(lu)(lu)料(liao)之(zhi)間引(yin)發電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)所產(chan)(chan)生的高溫熱源來進行冶(ye)煉。

（2）用于(yu)礦熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爐(lu)：礦熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爐(lu)主要用于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)工業(ye)硅(gui)和黃磷等，其特點是導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)下部埋在(zai)爐(lu)料中(zhong)(zhong)，在(zai)料層內形成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧，并利用爐(lu)料自身(shen)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻所發出的(de)熱(re)(re)能來(lai)加(jia)熱(re)(re)爐(lu)料，其中(zhong)(zhong)要求電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)礦熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爐(lu)需用石墨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極，例如每生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)1t硅(gui)需消(xiao)耗石墨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極約(yue)100kg，每生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)1t黃磷需消(xiao)耗石墨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極約(yue)40kg。

（3）用(yong)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)爐(lu)(lu)：生產石(shi)墨制品的(de)石(shi)墨化爐(lu)(lu)、熔化玻璃(li)的(de)熔窯和生產碳化硅(gui)用(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)爐(lu)(lu)等(deng)都屬于(yu)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)爐(lu)(lu)，爐(lu)(lu)內所裝物(wu)料既是(shi)發熱(re)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)又(you)是(shi)被(bei)加熱(re)對象，通常，導電(dian)(dian)用(yong)的(de)石(shi)墨電(dian)(dian)極嵌入電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)爐(lu)(lu)端(duan)部的(de)爐(lu)(lu)頭(tou)墻中，用(yong)于(yu)此(ci)處的(de)石(shi)墨電(dian)(dian)極不連續消耗。

（4）用于(yu)制(zhi)備異型石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)產(chan)品：石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)的毛坯(pi)還用于(yu)加工成各種坩堝、模具、舟皿和發熱體等(deng)異型石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)產(chan)品。例(li)如，在石(shi)(shi)英(ying)玻璃(li)行業(ye)，每生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)1t電(dian)(dian)熔管，需用石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)坯(pi)料10t；每生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)1t石(shi)(shi)英(ying)磚，需消(xiao)耗(hao)石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)坯(pi)料100kg。

2、石墨電極的性能

（1）導電性、導熱性強。

（2）較(jiao)高的(de)抗熱振性能和化學穩定(ding)性能。

（3）具(ju)有潤滑性和抗磨(mo)性。

（4）加工較容易，EDM（電火花）時金屬(shu)去除率(lv)高，石墨損耗小。

（5）石(shi)墨的(de)比重是銅的(de)1/5，同等體積石(shi)墨的(de)重量(liang)相對(dui)銅要輕(qing)5倍。銅制作(zuo)成的(de)大(da)型電(dian)極由于太重，在長(chang)期電(dian)火(huo)花時對(dui)EDM機床主軸(zhou)精度非(fei)常不利。而(er)石(shi)墨則不會，而(er)且搬運也非(fei)常安全(quan)。

（6）石墨可以有很高(gao)的加工(gong)速(su)度(du)，一般石墨的加工(gong)速(su)度(du)較(jiao)普通金屬快(kuai)3-5倍。而且選擇硬度(du)合適的刀具和(he)石墨，可減少刀具的磨(mo)損和(he)電極(ji)的損耗(hao)。