一、石墨電極是什么東西

石墨電極是一種耐高溫石墨質導(dao)電(dian)(dian)材料，是在電(dian)(dian)弧爐中(zhong)以電(dian)(dian)弧形式釋放電(dian)(dian)能對爐料進行加熱熔化的(de)導(dao)體，作(zuo)為銅(tong)電(dian)(dian)極的(de)代替品之一。

石(shi)墨(mo)電極(ji)主要有天然石(shi)墨(mo)電極(ji)和人(ren)造石(shi)墨(mo)電極(ji)兩種，其中(zhong)應用比(bi)較廣(guang)泛的是人(ren)造石(shi)墨(mo)電極(ji)，是以石(shi)油焦(jiao)、瀝青焦(jiao)為骨料，煤瀝青為黏結劑(ji)，經(jing)過原料煅燒(shao)、破碎(sui)磨粉、配料、混捏、成型、焙燒(shao)、浸漬(zi)、石(shi)墨(mo)化和機械加(jia)工而制成的。

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二、石墨電極的用途和性能

石墨電(dian)極作(zuo)為(wei)一(yi)種化學(xue)材(cai)料，其(qi)具體(ti)良好的性能(neng)，因此(ci)應用也比較廣泛，下面為(wei)大家介(jie)紹(shao)以(yi)下石墨電(dian)極的用途和性能(neng)：

1、石墨電極的用途

（1）用于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧煉(lian)(lian)鋼(gang)爐：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爐煉(lian)(lian)鋼(gang)是石(shi)(shi)墨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)的(de)使用大(da)戶。我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爐鋼(gang)產(chan)量約占粗鋼(gang)產(chan)量的(de)18%左右，煉(lian)(lian)鋼(gang)用石(shi)(shi)墨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)占石(shi)(shi)墨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)總用量的(de)70%～80%。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爐煉(lian)(lian)鋼(gang)是利用石(shi)(shi)墨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)向爐內導入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)端部和爐料之間引發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧所產(chan)生的(de)高溫熱源來進行冶煉(lian)(lian)。

（2）用(yong)于礦(kuang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爐(lu)：礦(kuang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爐(lu)主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)于生產工業(ye)硅(gui)和黃(huang)磷等，其特點是導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)下部(bu)埋(mai)在爐(lu)料(liao)中，在料(liao)層內形成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧，并利(li)用(yong)爐(lu)料(liao)自身的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻所發(fa)出的(de)熱(re)能來加熱(re)爐(lu)料(liao)，其中要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度較高的(de)礦(kuang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爐(lu)需(xu)用(yong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)墨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極，例(li)如每生產1t硅(gui)需(xu)消(xiao)耗石(shi)(shi)(shi)墨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極約(yue)100kg，每生產1t黃(huang)磷需(xu)消(xiao)耗石(shi)(shi)(shi)墨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極約(yue)40kg。

（3）用于(yu)電(dian)阻(zu)爐：生產石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)制品的石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)化爐、熔(rong)化玻(bo)璃(li)的熔(rong)窯(yao)和生產碳(tan)化硅用的電(dian)爐等都屬于(yu)電(dian)阻(zu)爐，爐內所裝物料既是發熱電(dian)阻(zu)又是被加(jia)熱對象，通常，導電(dian)用的石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)電(dian)極(ji)嵌入(ru)電(dian)阻(zu)爐端部的爐頭墻中，用于(yu)此處的石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)電(dian)極(ji)不(bu)連續(xu)消耗。

（4）用于(yu)(yu)制備異型(xing)石(shi)墨產品(pin)：石(shi)墨電(dian)極(ji)(ji)的毛坯(pi)還(huan)用于(yu)(yu)加工成各種坩(gan)堝、模具、舟皿和(he)發熱體等異型(xing)石(shi)墨產品(pin)。例(li)如(ru)，在石(shi)英玻璃行業(ye)，每生產1t電(dian)熔管，需(xu)(xu)用石(shi)墨電(dian)極(ji)(ji)坯(pi)料10t；每生產1t石(shi)英磚，需(xu)(xu)消耗石(shi)墨電(dian)極(ji)(ji)坯(pi)料100kg。

2、石墨電極的性能

（1）導電性、導熱性強。

（2）較高的(de)抗熱振性能和(he)化(hua)學穩定性能。

（3）具有(you)潤(run)滑(hua)性和抗磨性。

（4）加(jia)工較容易，EDM（電火花）時金屬去(qu)除率高，石墨(mo)損耗小。

（5）石(shi)墨(mo)的比(bi)重是銅(tong)的1/5，同等(deng)體積石(shi)墨(mo)的重量相對銅(tong)要輕5倍(bei)。銅(tong)制作成的大型電(dian)極由(you)于太(tai)重，在長期(qi)電(dian)火花時對EDM機床主軸精度非常(chang)不利。而石(shi)墨(mo)則不會，而且搬運(yun)也非常(chang)安全(quan)。

（6）石墨(mo)可以有很高的(de)加工(gong)速度(du)，一般石墨(mo)的(de)加工(gong)速度(du)較普(pu)通(tong)金屬快3-5倍。而且選擇硬(ying)度(du)合適的(de)刀具(ju)和石墨(mo)，可減少刀具(ju)的(de)磨損和電極的(de)損耗。