一、什么是供應鏈金融
供應鏈(lian)金(jin)融(rong)是一種金(jin)融(rong)服(fu)務,具體(ti)是指圍繞核(he)心(xin)企(qi)業(ye),管(guan)理上下游中小企(qi)業(ye)的資金(jin)流、物流和信息流,并把單(dan)個企(qi)業(ye)的不(bu)可控風險(xian)轉變為供應鏈(lian)企(qi)業(ye)整(zheng)體(ti)的可控風險(xian),通過立體(ti)獲取各類信息,將風險(xian)控制在(zai)最低的金(jin)融(rong)服(fu)務。
隨著社會化生(sheng)產方式的不斷深入,市場競爭已經從單一客戶之間(jian)(jian)的競爭轉變為供應(ying)鏈(lian)與供應(ying)鏈(lian)之間(jian)(jian)的競爭,同一供應(ying)鏈(lian)內部各(ge)方相互依存(cun),因(yin)此銀行可以為供應(ying)鏈(lian)的上下游(you)企業提(ti)供融(rong)資、貸款等金融(rong)服務。
二、供應鏈金融的內涵是什么
供應(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)融(rong)的內涵實際上就(jiu)是在供應(ying)鏈(lian)中尋找出一(yi)個(ge)大的核心企業(ye),以核心企業(ye)為出發點,為供應(ying)鏈(lian)提供金(jin)融(rong)支(zhi)持(chi):
一(yi)方面(mian),將資金有(you)效注入(ru)處(chu)于相對弱勢的(de)上下游配(pei)套中小企業(ye)(ye),解(jie)決(jue)中小企業(ye)(ye)融資難和(he)供(gong)應鏈失衡的(de)問(wen)題;另一(yi)方面(mian),將銀行信(xin)用(yong)融入(ru)上下游企業(ye)(ye)的(de)購(gou)銷行為,增強(qiang)其商業(ye)(ye)信(xin)用(yong),促進中小企業(ye)(ye)與核心企業(ye)(ye)建立(li)長(chang)期戰略(lve)協(xie)同關系,提升供(gong)應鏈的(de)競爭(zheng)能(neng)力。
在“供(gong)應鏈(lian)(lian)金融”的(de)(de)融資模式下(xia),處在供(gong)應鏈(lian)(lian)上的(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)一(yi)旦(dan)獲得銀行(xing)的(de)(de)支(zhi)持(chi),資金這一(yi)“臍(qi)血”注入配套企(qi)業(ye),也就等(deng)于(yu)進入了(le)供(gong)應鏈(lian)(lian),從而(er)可以激活整個“鏈(lian)(lian)條”的(de)(de)運轉;而(er)且借助銀行(xing)信(xin)用的(de)(de)支(zhi)持(chi),還為中(zhong)小企(qi)業(ye)贏得了(le)更多的(de)(de)商機。
三、供應鏈金融有哪幾種類型
供應鏈金(jin)融業務(wu)是千(qian)差萬別的,根據平臺類型的不同,大致(zhi)可分為(wei)以下(xia)五大類型:
1、核心企業型供應鏈金融
核(he)(he)(he)(he)心企(qi)(qi)(qi)業型供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)平(ping)臺是(shi)最典(dian)型、最為(wei)常見(jian)的(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)業務類型,一般所說的(de)“M+1+N”供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong),其(qi)實(shi)主(zhu)要是(shi)指基(ji)于(yu)核(he)(he)(he)(he)心企(qi)(qi)(qi)業的(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。一般而言,核(he)(he)(he)(he)心企(qi)(qi)(qi)業是(shi)指產業鏈(lian)條(tiao)的(de)管理(li)(li)者(zhe)、組織者(zhe)與協調者(zhe),自身規模很大,對(dui)上(shang)下(xia)游(you)(you)有較(jiao)強的(de)話語權和影響(xiang)力的(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業。以其(qi)為(wei)核(he)(he)(he)(he)心,核(he)(he)(he)(he)心企(qi)(qi)(qi)業幾乎掌握了上(shang)下(xia)游(you)(you)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)資企(qi)(qi)(qi)業的(de)交易數據,掌握著鏈(lian)條(tiao)上(shang)的(de)所有應(ying)(ying)(ying)收(shou)、應(ying)(ying)(ying)付賬款。基(ji)于(yu)核(he)(he)(he)(he)心企(qi)(qi)(qi)業,對(dui)上(shang)游(you)(you)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)可以開(kai)(kai)展應(ying)(ying)(ying)收(shou)賬款質押(ya)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)資、保理(li)(li)業務;對(dui)下(xia)游(you)(you)經銷商(shang)可以開(kai)(kai)展融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)通倉、信(xin)用(yong)貸(dai)款業務。早幾年的(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)一般都是(shi)由銀行(xing)主(zhu)導,核(he)(he)(he)(he)心企(qi)(qi)(qi)業被動參與的(de)方(fang)式(shi),近幾年隨著供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)快速發展,很多核(he)(he)(he)(he)心企(qi)(qi)(qi)業成(cheng)立了獨立的(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)科(ke)技(ji)板(ban)塊(kuai),開(kai)(kai)始主(zhu)動開(kai)(kai)展供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)業務。核(he)(he)(he)(he)心企(qi)(qi)(qi)業的(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)板(ban)塊(kuai)一般由科(ke)技(ji)公(gong)司、保理(li)(li)、小(xiao)貸(dai)等非(fei)銀機構(gou)組成(cheng),同時和銀行(xing)等資金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)方(fang)合作,為(wei)上(shang)下(xia)游(you)(you)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)服務。
2、電商平臺型供應鏈金融
除了核心企業(ye)主導的(de)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)之外,電商平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)型供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)也是一大主流(liu)(liu)。2C電商平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)發(fa)展較(jiao)早(zao),已經形(xing)成幾家壟斷之勢,技術方面(mian)又(you)具有優勢,供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)各種模式已經比較(jiao)成熟。近幾年產(chan)業(ye)互(hu)(hu)聯網發(fa)展迅速,幾乎所有主流(liu)(liu)行業(ye)都出現了一個甚至多個產(chan)業(ye)互(hu)(hu)聯網平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai),產(chan)業(ye)互(hu)(hu)聯網平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)以交易、物流(liu)(liu)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)、數據(ju)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)切入,有一定的(de)用戶(hu)量之后(hou),再(zai)為其客戶(hu)提供(gong)(gong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu),供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)越來越成為產(chan)業(ye)互(hu)(hu)聯網平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)的(de)標(biao)配。不(bu)過目前大部分產(chan)業(ye)互(hu)(hu)聯網平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)的(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)還處于初級階段,大部分平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)都沒有自(zi)己(ji)獨立(li)的(de)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)板塊(kuai),更多是引入第三(san)方供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai),為客戶(hu)提供(gong)(gong)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)。本身尚未建設供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)產(chan)品(pin)體系(xi)。
3、供應鏈管理公司型供應鏈金融
供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈管理(li)(li)公司的(de)(de)前身往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)是(shi)貿易(yi)公司或者(zhe)基礎物流服務(wu)(wu)(wu)公司,隨著(zhu)業務(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)發展和(he)客戶需求的(de)(de)增加(jia),逐漸演變成綜(zong)合性供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈服務(wu)(wu)(wu),并衍生(sheng)出(chu)金融服務(wu)(wu)(wu)。這種類型的(de)(de)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈金融業務(wu)(wu)(wu)模式(shi)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)和(he)貿易(yi)相結合,墊(dian)資代采和(he)代銷預付是(shi)主要表現(xian)形式(shi)。這種模式(shi)業務(wu)(wu)(wu)發展很快,但是(shi)因(yin)為風(feng)險(xian)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)集中在供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈管理(li)(li)公司上,也容易(yi)出(chu)現(xian)問題,前兩年深(shen)圳有一(yi)些這種類型的(de)(de)公司出(chu)了一(yi)些風(feng)險(xian)問題。目前業務(wu)(wu)(wu)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)也在轉(zhuan)變,由原先(xian)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈管理(li)(li)公司集中授信方(fang)(fang)式(shi)改為平臺型的(de)(de)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈金融方(fang)(fang)式(shi)。
4、物流倉儲型供應鏈金融
在之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian),物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)流倉儲公(gong)司(si)是金(jin)(jin)(jin)融機構開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)倉單(dan)類供(gong)應鏈金(jin)(jin)(jin)融業(ye)務的監管方,只是參與角色(se)之(zhi)(zhi)一。現在越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)多的物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)流倉儲公(gong)司(si)自行搭建了(le)供(gong)應鏈金(jin)(jin)(jin)融平臺,利用對(dui)于物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)流貨(huo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的掌握,基于對(dui)貨(huo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的控(kong)制(zhi)來(lai)實現供(gong)應鏈金(jin)(jin)(jin)融,業(ye)務模式一般(ban)是各種(zhong)形式的動產質押,以及對(dui)于中小型物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)流公(gong)司(si)的應收賬款(kuan)融資。目前(qian)很多大型物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)流公(gong)司(si)都(dou)在開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)供(gong)應鏈金(jin)(jin)(jin)融業(ye)務。
5、資金型供應鏈金融
前面所說的(de)(de)(de)幾類都是場景方(fang)(fang)主導的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong),還有(you)一大類是資(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)方(fang)(fang)主導的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong),包括銀行(xing)和(he)非銀機(ji)構(gou)設立(li)的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)業務板塊(kuai)和(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)科技公司。這種平臺的(de)(de)(de)特點是自帶資(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin),本身(shen)有(you)貸款資(zi)質,需(xu)要對接各種場景方(fang)(fang),給場景方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)客戶(hu)提供(gong)(gong)融(rong)(rong)資(zi)服(fu)務。現在(zai)(zai)很多(duo)銀行(xing),和(he)有(you)實(shi)力的(de)(de)(de)非銀機(ji)構(gou),都在(zai)(zai)涉足供(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)板塊(kuai),通過金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)科技手段,設計金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)產品,并對接場景方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)業務系統,通過業務交易數據+金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)機(ji)構(gou)征信數據,建(jian)立(li)風(feng)控模(mo)型,實(shi)現在(zai)(zai)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)服(fu)務。另外(wai)還有(you)一些國企,有(you)著資(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)成本的(de)(de)(de)優勢,也在(zai)(zai)采用墊資(zi)代采的(de)(de)(de)模(mo)式,充當資(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)色(se)。