白沙枇(pi)(pi)杷(pa)又名“白玉(yu)枇(pi)(pi)杷(pa)”。果(guo)實(shi)均勻整齊,形如圓(yuan)球而稍扁,肉(rou)(rou)厚汁(zhi)多(duo),肉(rou)(rou)色晶瑩,肉(rou)(rou)質細(xi)嫩,酸(suan)甜適度,入口(kou)而化,爽口(kou)不膩(ni),果(guo)形大、果(guo)肉(rou)(rou)潔白甜嫩,汁(zhi)多(duo)核(he)少,光照下(xia)像玉(yu)雕般(ban)透明,更是(shi)白沙中的佳品。
江蘇省蘇州市(shi)(shi)東(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)產白(bai)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)枇(pi)杷(pa)(pa),自(zi)宋、元、明至清康熙年間,東(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)有(you)(you)金罐、銀罐白(bai)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)名種(zhong)(zhong)。民國17年(1928年)已有(you)(you)紅沙(sha)(sha)(sha)牛奶種(zhong)(zhong)、照種(zhong)(zhong)白(bai)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)、春碧(bi)種(zhong)(zhong)、雞蛋白(bai)等。洞庭東(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、西山(shan)(shan)(shan)是全國唯一白(bai)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)枇(pi)杷(pa)(pa)生產基地,尤以(yi)東(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)白(bai)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)枇(pi)杷(pa)(pa)最優,盛名于世(shi),有(you)(you)“金銀蜜罐”之稱。80年代(dai)東(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)白(bai)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)枇(pi)杷(pa)(pa)以(yi)照種(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)主。90年代(dai)科技興農(nong)(nong),東(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)白(bai)玉枇(pi)杷(pa)(pa)問(wen)世(shi),其性能抗(kang)逆(ni)能力強(qiang),樹勢生長旺,果大,早熟,肉(rou)白(bai)鮮嫩,走(zou)俏市(shi)(shi)場。又由高級農(nong)(nong)藝師(shi)章鶴壽,從東(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)村(cun)實生品種(zhong)(zhong)枇(pi)杷(pa)(pa)選育(yu)出了更優的冠玉枇(pi)杷(pa)(pa),果型大,每個平均重(zhong)量50克,最重(zhong)達70克,味甜(tian)潤(run),成熟期(qi)較照種(zhong)(zhong)遲5天。現東(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)果農(nong)(nong)中已有(you)(you)少量栽種(zhong)(zhong),二十(shi)一世(shi)紀(ji)將成為(wei)枇(pi)杷(pa)(pa)發展(zhan)的主要品種(zhong)(zhong)。
蘇州東(dong)山白(bai)(bai)玉(yu)(yu)枇(pi)(pi)杷果(guo)實大(da)(da),橢圓(yuan)形(xing)或高扁圓(yuan)形(xing),白(bai)(bai)玉(yu)(yu)枇(pi)(pi)杷果(guo)實重33克(ke),大(da)(da)者可(ke)達36克(ke)。白(bai)(bai)玉(yu)(yu)枇(pi)(pi)杷果(guo)頂平(ping)凹(ao);基部鈍圓(yuan);萼片寬短,平(ping)展;萼筒大(da)(da);白(bai)(bai)玉(yu)(yu)枇(pi)(pi)杷果(guo)面淡(dan)橙黃(huang)(huang)色,絨(rong)毛多(duo),絨(rong)毛呈(cheng)灰(hui)白(bai)(bai)色,萼周絨(rong)毛長而密聚,深灰(hui)色。白(bai)(bai)玉(yu)(yu)枇(pi)(pi)杷果(guo)面斑點(dian)(dian)呈(cheng)圓(yuan)形(xing);果(guo)梗附近較多(duo);白(bai)(bai)玉(yu)(yu)枇(pi)(pi)杷最(zui)顯著(zhu)的特(te)點(dian)(dian)就是果(guo)肉(rou)潔白(bai)(bai),果(guo)肉(rou)平(ping)均厚度0.85厘米,肉(rou)質細膩易溶,汁多(duo),風味(wei)清甜,品質佳,可(ke)溶性(xing)固形(xing)物12%~14.6%,可(ke)食部分(fen)(fen)70.55%,果(guo)皮(pi)薄韌易剝(bo)離。白(bai)(bai)玉(yu)(yu)枇(pi)(pi)杷種(zhong)子長圓(yuan)形(xing),淺赭(zhe)黃(huang)(huang)色,每個白(bai)(bai)玉(yu)(yu)枇(pi)(pi)杷果(guo)實含種(zhong)子2~3粒(li),單(dan)粒(li)種(zhong)子重1.32克(ke),種(zhong)皮(pi)光滑,斑點(dian)(dian)小(xiao),白(bai)(bai)色,分(fen)(fen)布(bu)于種(zhong)臍(qi)周圍,基套小(xiao),綠色。
白(bai)玉(yu)枇杷(pa)(pa)果樹(shu)(shu)(shu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)勢(shi)強健,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)旺盛,枝(zhi)條粗(cu)長(chang)(chang),易抽生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)夏梢,樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠(guan)呈高(gao)圓頭形(xing),樹(shu)(shu)(shu)姿較直立,13年生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)高(gao)6.4米(mi),樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干高(gao)42厘(li)米(mi),樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干周長(chang)(chang)76厘(li)米(mi),株產46~68千克。白(bai)玉(yu)枇杷(pa)(pa)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)主(zhu)枝(zhi)較直立,大枝(zhi)褐黃色(se),稍粗(cu)糙(cao),1~2年生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)枝(zhi)棕紅色(se),頂端(duan)(duan)絨毛密聚(ju),陽面(mian)深灰(hui)(hui)色(se),背面(mian)灰(hui)(hui)黑(hei)色(se)。葉子長(chang)(chang)而(er)大,斜生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)而(er)略(lve)下垂,披針形(xing)或長(chang)(chang)圓形(xing),葉身寬長(chang)(chang),平均長(chang)(chang)寬為32.7厘(li)米(mi)×9.3厘(li)米(mi),先端(duan)(duan)漸尖,基(ji)部(bu)楔形(xing),鋸(ju)齒粗(cu),先端(duan)(duan)尖,上中部(bu)鋸(ju)齒明顯(xian),基(ji)部(bu)鋸(ju)齒細小,近(jin)全緣(yuan)。白(bai)玉(yu)枇杷(pa)(pa)葉子質地軟,中等(deng)厚度,葉子正(zheng)面(mian)深綠色(se),背面(mian)絨毛短密,灰(hui)(hui)黃色(se),葉柄長(chang)(chang)1.3厘(li)米(mi),粗(cu)0.55厘(li)米(mi),絨毛密,灰(hui)(hui)黑(hei)色(se)。
白玉枇杷花穗(sui)呈三角形,著生緊密,大小平均為9.42厘(li)米×8.53厘(li)米,支(zhi)(zhi)軸(zhou)數7~12支(zhi)(zhi),主軸(zhou)粗直,先(xian)端稍彎曲,支(zhi)(zhi)軸(zhou)斜生,花瓣白色(se),橢圓形,先(xian)端凹口淺。
東(dong)山白玉枇杷(pa)每年(nian)的上市時(shi)間(jian)在5月(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)上市,成(cheng)熟期為10-15天,白玉枇杷(pa)的初(chu)花(hua)期在10月(yue)(yue)(yue)底至11月(yue)(yue)(yue)上旬(xun),盛花(hua)期在11月(yue)(yue)(yue)下旬(xun),終花(hua)期在1月(yue)(yue)(yue)上旬(xun),果實成(cheng)熟期在5月(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)至6月(yue)(yue)(yue)初(chu),基本在氣(qi)候保持正常的情況下,采(cai)摘時(shi)間(jian)相差不了多少,不過(guo)由(you)于氣(qi)候原因,不同(tong)年(nian)份簡可能稍(shao)有差異。