天然膠乳(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)觀像(xiang)牛奶,它是橡膠粒子在近中(zhong)性介質中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)乳(ru)(ru)狀水分散(san)體,在空氣中(zhong)由于氧(yang)和微(wei)生物的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong),膠乳(ru)(ru)酸度增加,2-12h即(ji)能自然凝(ning)固(gu),為防止(zhi)自然凝(ning)固(gu),需加入(ru)一定量的(de)(de)(de)氨溶(rong)液作為保護劑。
人類很(hen)久(jiu)以(yi)前就開始使(shi)用天(tian)然(ran)(ran)膠(jiao)(jiao)乳(ru)(ru)作為膠(jiao)(jiao)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)劑(ji)的(de)基料。天(tian)然(ran)(ran)膠(jiao)(jiao)乳(ru)(ru)的(de)特點是固含量高、成膜性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好,可隨意調節黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度等(deng),但其(qi)耐(nai)老化性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、耐(nai)油(you)(you)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、耐(nai)化學(xue)藥(yao)品(pin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、耐(nai)溫性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、抗凍(dong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)差。天(tian)然(ran)(ran)膠(jiao)(jiao)乳(ru)(ru)的(de)內聚力大(da)、自黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)高,但由(you)于其(qi)大(da)分(fen)子(zi)鏈(lian)極性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)小,故與被粘(zhan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),尤其(qi)是極性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)大(da)的(de)被粘(zhan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)著性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)差。加入一定量的(de)增(zeng)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)劑(ji),如植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)、礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)油(you)(you)、萜烯樹脂(zhi)、松香脂(zhi)、酪素、淀粉、糊精等(deng),就會顯著地(di)提(ti)高天(tian)然(ran)(ran)膠(jiao)(jiao)乳(ru)(ru)的(de)極性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),并使(shi)之變軟,因(yin)而提(ti)高了其(qi)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和對被粘(zhan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)著性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。若將天(tian)然(ran)(ran)膠(jiao)(jiao)乳(ru)(ru)和甲基丙烯酸甲酯(zhi)進行(xing)接(jie)枝,也可增(zeng)大(da)分(fen)子(zi)鏈(lian)的(de)極性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和提(ti)高黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)著性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。
天然(ran)橡膠(jiao)的比重為0.94克/立方(fang)厘(li)米。
天然(ran)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)為天然(ran)的高彈性高分(fen)(fen)子化合物,由栽(zai)培(pei)的橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)樹割(ge)取的膠(jiao)乳(ru),經稀釋、過(guo)濾(lv)、凝聚、滾壓、干燥等步驟而制得,俗稱生(sheng)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)或生(sheng)膠(jiao)。根據(ju)不同的制取方法,有皺片(pian)膠(jiao)、煙片(pian)膠(jiao)等。天然(ran)橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的成分(fen)(fen)是橡(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)烴(jing)、水分(fen)(fen)、樹脂(zhi)、蛋白(bai)質、糖類(lei)和無機鹽類(lei)。
一般為(wei)片狀(zhuang)固體(ti),相(xiang)對密度(du)0.94,折射率1.522,彈(dan)性模(mo)量2~4MPa,130~140℃時(shi)軟化(hua),150~160℃粘軟,200℃時(shi)開始降解。常溫下有(you)較(jiao)高彈(dan)性,略有(you)塑性,低溫時(shi)結晶硬化(hua)。有(you)較(jiao)好(hao)的耐堿(jian)性,但不耐強酸(suan)。不溶于(yu)水、低級(ji)酮和醇類,在非極(ji)性溶劑如三氯甲烷、四氯化(hua)碳等中能溶脹。