【調味劑(ji)】調味劑(ji)有(you)哪些 食品常見調味劑(ji)

咸味劑

咸(xian)味劑主要(yao)是氯化鈉（食鹽(yan)），它對調(diao)節(jie)體液(ye)酸堿平(ping)衡(heng)，保持(chi)細胞(bao)和(he)血液(ye)間(jian)滲透壓平(ping)衡(heng)，刺(ci)激唾液(ye)分泌，參與胃(wei)酸形成，促進消化酶(mei)活動均有重要(yao)作(zuo)用。

甜味劑

甜味劑(Sweeteners)是指賦予食品(pin)或飼料以甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)味(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)食物添加劑(ji)(ji)。世界上使用的(de)甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)味(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)劑(ji)(ji)很多(duo)，有幾種不(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)分(fen)類(lei)方法(fa)：按其(qi)(qi)來源(yuan)可(ke)分(fen)為天然甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)味(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)劑(ji)(ji)和人(ren)工合成甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)味(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)劑(ji)(ji)；按其(qi)(qi)營養價值分(fen)為營養性甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)味(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)劑(ji)(ji)和非營養性甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)味(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)劑(ji)(ji)；按其(qi)(qi)化學結(jie)構和性質分(fen)為糖類(lei)和非糖類(lei)甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)味(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)劑(ji)(ji)。糖醇(chun)類(lei)甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)味(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)劑(ji)(ji)多(duo)由(you)人(ren)工合成，其(qi)(qi)甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)度與(yu)(yu)蔗糖差不(bu)(bu)(bu)多(duo)。因(yin)(yin)其(qi)(qi)熱(re)值較低，或因(yin)(yin)其(qi)(qi)與(yu)(yu)葡萄糖有不(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)代謝過程，尚可(ke)有某些特殊的(de)用途。非糖類(lei)甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)味(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)劑(ji)(ji)甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)度很高，用量(liang)少，熱(re)值很小，多(duo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)參與(yu)(yu)代謝過程。常稱(cheng)為非營養性或低熱(re)值甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)味(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)劑(ji)(ji)，稱(cheng)高甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)度甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)味(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)劑(ji)(ji)，是甜(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)味(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)重要品(pin)種。

鮮味劑

主要是指增強食品風味的物質，例如味精（谷氨酸鈉）是目前應用最廣的鮮味劑。現在市場上出售的味精有兩種：一種呈結晶狀，含100%谷(gu)氨(an)酸鈉鹽，另一(yi)種是粉狀的，含80%谷氨酸(suan)鈉(na)鹽。實(shi)踐證明，如(ru)果用谷氨酸(suan)鈉(na)與5－肌苷酸以5：1至20：1比例(li)混合，谷(gu)氨(an)酸(suan)鈉的鮮(xian)味可增加(jia)6倍。味精有特殊(shu)鮮味，但在(zai)高溫下(xia)（超過120℃）長(chang)時(shi)間加熱(re)會分解(jie)生成有毒的焦谷氨酸鈉，所(suo)以在烹調(diao)中，不宜長(chang)時(shi)間加熱(re)。此(ci)外，味精不是營養品，僅(jin)作調(diao)味劑，不能當滋補品使用(yong)。

酸味劑

是以賦予食品酸味為主要目的的化學添加劑。酸味給味覺以爽快的刺激，能增進食欲，另外酸還具有一定的防腐作用，又有助于鈣、磷等營養的消化吸收。酸味劑主要有檸檬酸、酒石酸、蘋果酸、乳酸、醋酸等。其中檸檬酸在所有的有機酸中酸味最緩和可口，它廣泛應用于各種汽水、飲料、果汁、水果罐頭、蔬菜罐頭等。