苗(miao)族剪(jian)紙(zhi)(zhi)俗稱“花(hua)(hua)紙(zhi)(zhi)”、“剪(jian)花(hua)(hua)”、“繡(xiu)花(hua)(hua)紙(zhi)(zhi)”,苗(miao)語(yu)稱“西(xi)給港(gang)”、“西(xi)給榜”,意為“動物剪(jian)紙(zhi)(zhi)”和“花(hua)(hua)卉剪(jian)紙(zhi)(zhi)”。劍河苗(miao)族剪(jian)紙(zhi)(zhi)不同于漢民(min)族和北方(fang)少數民(min)族的(de)窗花(hua)(hua)剪(jian)紙(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)主要用途是作為苗(miao)族服飾刺(ci)繡(xiu)紋樣稿(gao)。類型可分為革(ge)東和新民(min)、新合兩種,手法主要采用剪(jian)、刻、扎等(deng)方(fang)式。題材范(fan)圍涉及苗(miao)族神話傳說和自然界中花(hua)(hua)、鳥(niao)、蟲、魚(yu)、動物形象(xiang)等(deng),內容反映了苗(miao)族對遠(yuan)古圖騰和自然的(de)崇拜,蘊涵著大量神秘的(de)宗教文化信(xin)息和原始(shi)的(de)藝術(shu)特征。
一.苗族剪紙歷史起源
苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)是中(zhong)國西南人(ren)(ren)口較(jiao)多、分(fen)布(bu)地域寬廣(guang)的(de)少數民族(zu)之一。主要(yao)聚(ju)居于貴州和與之毗(pi)連(lian)的(de)湘西、滇東、川南、渝南、鄂西南、桂北(bei)等七省(市、自治區),有(you)三萬多人(ren)(ren)分(fen)布(bu)在海南中(zhong)南部。苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)多是生(sheng)活(huo)在地理條件較(jiao)差的(de)大山區,長期處于封閉的(de)環境,社會發展(zhan)緩慢,保持著許多獨(du)特的(de)生(sheng)活(huo)習俗(su)和文化傳(chuan)承。苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)一些(xie)支系在刺(ci)繡中(zhong)使用的(de)剪紙花(hua)樣,在藝術上(shang)與刺(ci)繡有(you)異(yi)曲(qu)同(tong)工(gong)之妙,只是由于它不(bu)是獨(du)立的(de)展(zhan)示,外(wai)界人(ren)(ren)知之不(bu)多。
苗(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)婦女們(men)在刺(ci)繡中(zhong)使用剪(jian)(jian)紙,歷史悠久,在黔(qian)東南一帶苗(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)中(zhong)世代傳(chuan)唱的《苗(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)古歌·跋山涉水》一節中(zhong)就有剪(jian)(jian)紙的敘(xu)述(shu)。歌中(zhong)描述(shu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)先民遠古時(shi)期(qi)從“東方(fang)”(苗(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)早(zao)期(qi)生活的長江中(zhong)下(xia)游)向“西方(fang)”(指(zhi)湘西、貴州)大遷(qian)(qian)徙的情景(jing),“姑姑叫嫂嫂,莫(mo)忘帶針(zhen)線(xian),嫂嫂叫姑姑,莫(mo)忘帶剪(jian)(jian)花(hua)。”苗(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)歷史上的這次大遷(qian)(qian)徙,是民族(zu)性的集體大轉移(yi),即使在這樣艱(jian)辛的環(huan)境,婦女們(men)仍把針(zhen)線(xian)、剪(jian)(jian)花(hua)當作十分重(zhong)要的事項(xiang),可見剪(jian)(jian)紙(剪(jian)(jian)花(hua))與刺(ci)繡早(zao)就成了一對(dui)孿生姐妹。
二.苗族剪紙的剪紙范圍
苗(miao)族沒(mei)有漢族和北方少數民族剪窗花的(de)習慣(guan),除(chu)在宗教活動(dong)中偶用(yong)幾種圖案極簡單的(de)剪紙(zhi)(zhi)外,只有刺繡才廣(guang)用(yong)剪紙(zhi)(zhi),而且花樣繁多,因此人們(men)所稱的(de)苗(miao)族剪紙(zhi)(zhi),指(zhi)的(de)就是繡花剪紙(zhi)(zhi)。
苗族制(zhi)作刺(ci)(ci)繡(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)時,有些繡(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)法,如挑(tiao)花等(deng)(deng)幾種,是按織物經緯線(xian)縱橫(heng)交叉點定針腳位,不(bu)需要(yao)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)底(di)圖(tu)(tu)就能作出(chu)幾何點、線(xian)組(zu)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規整圖(tu)(tu)案(an),其它如平繡(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)、辮繡(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)等(deng)(deng)一(yi)些繡(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)法則需先(xian)在(zai)繡(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)面(mian)繪(hui)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)出(chu)底(di)圖(tu)(tu)才能刺(ci)(ci)繡(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)。直接(jie)(jie)在(zai)繡(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)面(mian)上繪(hui)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)圖(tu)(tu)樣(yang)有些難度和缺陷(xian):繡(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)面(mian)要(yao)求非(fei)常(chang)干凈、整潔,直接(jie)(jie)繪(hui)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)不(bu)易修改,稍(shao)不(bu)留心就會弄污;二是費工,相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)樣(yang)也必須(xu)一(yi)一(yi)重復(fu)繪(hui)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)。使(shi)用(yong)(yong)剪(jian)(jian)紙(zhi)(zhi)就便利(li)得多,相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)案(an)通過(guo)一(yi)次疊剪(jian)(jian)便成(cheng),復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)樣(yang)經過(guo)反復(fu)修畫(hua)(hua)(hua)再(zai)剪(jian)(jian),剪(jian)(jian)出(chu)來干干凈凈。同(tong)時,剪(jian)(jian)紙(zhi)(zhi)貼在(zai)繡(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)面(mian)上比畫(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)醒(xing)目,并可作工藝上的(de)(de)(de)(de)提示(shi),比如施洞型(xing)刺(ci)(ci)繡(xiu)(xiu)(xiu),需要(yao)鎖邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)條(tiao)就剪(jian)(jian)空,不(bu)鎖邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)條(tiao)只(zhi)剪(jian)(jian)破。因而除少數(shu)人(ren)、少數(shu)地區(qu)因習慣仍沿用(yong)(yong)直接(jie)(jie)在(zai)繡(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)面(mian)繪(hui)圖(tu)(tu)樣(yang)外(wai),絕大多數(shu)人(ren)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)剪(jian)(jian)紙(zhi)(zhi)。
三.苗族剪紙的主要技法
苗族剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)般都是(shi)用(yong)刀(dao)口很尖(jian)細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)刀(dao)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),用(yong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)刀(dao)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)能把紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)疊太厚,有(you)些賣(mai)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝人便(bian)改用(yong)刻(ke)(ke)刀(dao)刻(ke)(ke),一(yi)次可多(duo)刻(ke)(ke)幾層(ceng)(ceng)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。用(yong)刻(ke)(ke)刀(dao)刻(ke)(ke)時(shi),紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia)墊一(yi)塊木板,不(bu)知道使用(yong)比木板先(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蠟板。無論剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)或(huo)刻(ke)(ke),先(xian)把圖案在表層(ceng)(ceng)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上畫好,不(bu)像(xiang)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)窗花那樣隨意剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。所用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),舊時(shi)只有(you)當(dang)地(di)于工作(zuo)坊生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)白皮(pi)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、黃草紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),有(you)些地(di)區使用(yong)苗族家(jia)庭自制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)絲(si)綿紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。白皮(pi)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)竹、構皮(pi)等(deng)纖維漿(jiang)制(zhi)作(zuo),薄(bo)而韌性非(fei)常好,經得搓揉(rou)。絲(si)綿紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)將蠶放在木板上讓其吐(tu)絲(si)結(jie)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)薄(bo)皮(pi),既挺括又(you)很柔和,是(shi)最好用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),它(ta)還可代(dai)替(ti)布料(liao)作(zuo)繡面或(huo)染色作(zuo)貼繡材料(liao)。20世紀60年代(dai)后,大量工廠(chang)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代(dai)機制(zhi)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輸入苗區。這些紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)價格便(bian)宜,于是(shi)苗族婦(fu)女(nv)多(duo)采用(yong)28克以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)書寫紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),有(you)白色的(de)(de)(de)(de),也有(you)紅、綠等(deng)帶(dai)顏色的(de)(de)(de)(de)。多(duo)層(ceng)(ceng)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疊合剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)刻(ke)(ke)時(shi),苗族婦(fu)女(nv)們(men)習慣用(yong)白皮(pi)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)捻(nian)或(huo)縫衣(yi)線(xian)將紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穿釘(ding)成(cheng)本子(zi),一(yi)幅(fu)圖案視大小固定數個點, 以(yi)(yi)保證剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)刻(ke)(ke)中各層(ceng)(ceng)不(bu)錯移。白皮(pi)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)捻(nian)如(ru)小鐵釘(ding),長約2厘米,—頭(tou)粗(cu),一(yi)頭(tou)尖(jian),剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)刻(ke)(ke)完(wan)撕(si)揭時(shi)不(bu)用(yong)去掉紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)捻(nian),以(yi)(yi)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)捻(nian)尖(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)那層(ceng)(ceng)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)揭起,要幾張,揭兒(er)張,余剩的(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)不(bu)松散,方(fang)便(bian)保管(guan)。
四.苗族剪紙的傳承意義
苗族(zu)剪紙紋(wen)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)母題和(he)(he)表(biao)述形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)具有(you)鮮明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集團性、地(di)域性和(he)(he)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)承繼性,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由其刺(ci)(ci)繡(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)功能和(he)(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)承特性所(suo)決定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。苗族(zu)刺(ci)(ci)繡(xiu)一直沒有(you)脫(tuo)離部落徽(hui)記(ji)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)疇,它(ta)主要用于服(fu)飾(shi)裝(zhuang)飾(shi),與服(fu)飾(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)款式(shi)(shi)(shi)及其它(ta)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)構成(cheng)不(bu)同(tong)支系(xi)成(cheng)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外形(xing)識別(bie)標志。同(tong)一支系(xi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一個通婚團體,相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)語言,相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)飾(shi)及發(fa)式(shi)(shi)(shi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)取得同(tong)支系(xi)成(cheng)員相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)耳(er)認同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要素。各(ge)支系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刺(ci)(ci)繡(xiu)紋(wen)樣有(you)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong),代代相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)襲,它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)母題和(he)(he)表(biao)述形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)經由相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)漫長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)時期(qi)而固化,尤(you)其是(shi)(shi)(shi)表(biao)述形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)所(suo)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程式(shi)(shi)(shi),它(ta)不(bu)僅僅體現山各(ge)支系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風格(ge),更是(shi)(shi)(shi)一種思(si)維定勢。因此苗族(zu)刺(ci)(ci)繡(xiu)和(he)(he)剪紙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)紋(wen)樣,刻記(ji)了(le)許多遠(yuan)古文化和(he)(he)原(yuan)始藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征,它(ta)眾多幻想性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奇(qi)妙(miao)形(xing)象,蘊(yun)藏著(zhu)神秘(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)維寓意。