什么是充電電池

充電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)，是充電(dian)次數(shu)有限的(de)(de)(de)可充電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)，配合(he)充電(dian)器使用(yong)。市場上一(yi)般(ban)賣(mai)5號、7號，但(dan)是也有1號。充電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)好處是經濟(ji)、環保、電(dian)量(liang)足、適合(he)大功率、長時間使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)器(如隨身聽、電(dian)動玩具等)。充電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)壓比型號相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)次性電(dian)池(chi)低，AA電(dian)池(chi)(5號充電(dian))是1.2伏，9V充電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)實(shi)際上是 8.4伏。現在(zai)一(yi)般(ban)充電(dian)次數(shu)能在(zai)1000次左右。目前只有五種：鎳鎘、鎳氫(qing)、鋰離子(zi)、鉛蓄、鐵(tie)鋰。

種類

鎳鎘電池（Ni-Cd）

電(dian)壓：1.2V 充電(dian)電(dian)池 使用壽命為：500次 放電(dian)溫度(du)(du)為：-20度(du)(du)～60度(du)(du) 充電(dian)溫度(du)(du)為：0度(du)(du)～45度(du)(du)

鎳氫電池（Ni-MH）

電(dian)壓：1.2V 使用壽命為(wei)：1000次 放電(dian)溫(wen)度(du)為(wei)：-10度(du)～45度(du) 充(chong)電(dian)溫(wen)度(du)為(wei)：10度(du)～45度(du)

備注：目前(qian)國產5號電池最高容量是2500mAh左右。

鋰離子電池（Li-lon）

電壓：3.6V 使(shi)用壽命為(wei)(wei)：500次 放電溫度(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)：-20度(du)(du)～60度(du)(du) 充(chong)電溫度(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)：0度(du)(du)～45度(du)(du)

備注：重量比鎳氫電池輕30%～40%，容量高出鎳氫電池60%以上。但是不(bu)耐過充，如果過充會造成(cheng)溫度過高而破壞結構=>爆炸。

鋰聚合物電池（Li-polymer）

電壓(ya)：3.7V 使用壽命(ming)為(wei)：500次 充(chong)電電池 放電溫(wen)度(du)(du)為(wei)：-20度(du)(du)～60度(du)(du) 充(chong)電溫(wen)度(du)(du)為(wei)：0度(du)(du)～45度(du)(du)

備注：鋰(li)電(dian)的改(gai)良型，沒有電(dian)池液，而改(gai)用聚(ju)合物電(dian)解質(zhi)，可以(yi)做成各種形狀(zhuang)，比(bi)鋰(li)電(dian)池穩(wen)定。

鉛酸電池（Sealed）

電壓：2V 使用壽命(ming)為(wei)：200～300次 放電溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)：0度(du)(du)(du)～45度(du)(du)(du) 充電溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)：0度(du)(du)(du)～45度(du)(du)(du)

備(bei)注(zhu)：就(jiu)是(shi)一(yi)般車(che)用電瓶（它是(shi)以6個2V串(chuan)聯(lian)成12V的），免加水(shui)的電池使用壽命長達10年，但體積和(he)容量是(shi)最大的。

特征

鎳鎘(ge)： 有記憶效應 容量小

鎳氫(qing)： 記憶效應小(xiao) 容量大

鋰(li)離子： 無記憶(yi)效(xiao)應 身薄 容量大(da)，因電極材料不(bu)同(tong)，電動勢為(wei)3.6V、3.7V兩(liang)種(zhong)。鋰(li)電池的性能(neng)是現有各類電池中最好的一(yi)種(zhong)，體積小、重(zhong)量輕、容量大(da)。廣泛(fan)用于(yu)數碼相機、筆記本電腦、移動電話等(deng)電子產品中。

鉛(qian)蓄(xu)(xu)：電動勢約為2V，鉛(qian)蓄(xu)(xu)電池可以反復充電使用，電解液是硫酸溶液，內阻很小，廣泛用于汽(qi)車(che)、摩托車(che)中(zhong)。

鐵鋰：電(dian)(dian)力更(geng)足，更(geng)安全(quan)，也(ye)更(geng)輕，未來電(dian)(dian)動車的(de)主要發(fa)展方(fang)向。一(yi)般,同種類型的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池,容量越大(da)，體積越大(da)，重量也(ye)較大(da)。

名詞解釋

充電率(lv)(C-rate)

C是Capacity的第一(yi)個字(zi)母，用(yong)來表(biao)示(shi)電(dian)池充(chong)放電(dian)時電(dian)流(liu)的大小數值(zhi)。例如(ru)：充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)池的額定容量為1100mAh時，即表(biao)示(shi)以1100mAh（1C）放電(dian)時間(jian)可持續(xu)1小時，如(ru)以200mA（0.2C）放電(dian)時間(jian)可持續(xu)5小時，充(chong)電(dian)也(ye)可按(an)此對照計算。

終止電壓（Cut-off discharge voltage）

指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下降到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不(bu)(bu)宜再(zai)繼續放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)最(zui)低工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)。根據不(bu)(bu)同的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)類型(xing)及不(bu)(bu)同的(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條(tiao)件，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)也不(bu)(bu)相同。規(gui)定(ding)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)一般(ban)都要隨(sui)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)增(zeng)大而減少。以1.2V、800mah鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為例(li)，采取40ma（20小(xiao)時率(lv)）的(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流它(ta)的(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)一般(ban)設定(ding)在(zai)1.15v；采取80ma（10小(xiao)時率(lv)）的(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流則它(ta)的(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)就要設定(ding)在(zai)1.10v了。

開路電壓（Open circuit voltage OCV）

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池不放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池兩極(ji)之(zhi)間的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差被(bei)稱為開(kai)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)開(kai)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，會依電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池正(zheng)、負極(ji)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液的(de)材料而異，如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池正(zheng)、負極(ji)的(de)材料完全一樣(yang)，那么不管電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)體積有(you)多大(da)，幾何(he)結構如何(he)變化，起開(kai)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)都一樣(yang)的(de)。

放電深度（Depth of discharge DOD）

在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池使(shi)用過程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)出的(de)容量占其額定容量的(de)百分比(bi)，稱為放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)(shen)度(du)。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)(shen)度(du)的(de)高低和(he)二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壽命(ming)(ming)有很深(shen)(shen)的(de)關系(xi)，當二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)(shen)度(du)越深(shen)(shen)，其充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壽命(ming)(ming)就越短，因(yin)此在(zai)(zai)使(shi)用時(shi)應盡量避免深(shen)(shen)度(du)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

過放電（Over discharge）

電(dian)(dian)池(chi)若是在(zai)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)，超過電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)的終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)壓值，還繼續(xu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)就(jiu)可能(neng)會造成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)內壓升高，正、負極活性物質的可逆性遭到損壞(huai)，使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的容量產生明顯減少(shao)。

過度充電 （Over charge）

在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)會隨著儲存(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)增加而(er)逐漸上(shang)升,當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)儲存(cun)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量達到(dao)飽和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極材(cai)料(liao)無法(fa)繼續(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時,若(ruo)繼續(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液會起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie),并且在(zai)(zai)陽極產生氧氣(qi),在(zai)(zai)陰極產生氫氣(qi),如(ru)此會在(zai)(zai)密封的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部造成(cheng)內部壓(ya)力上(shang)升,會對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部結構造成(cheng)破壞.像這(zhe)種現象稱之為過度充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian).

為(wei)了避(bi)免過(guo)度(du)(du)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)遭毀(hui)損,通常將陰極(ji)(ji)之容量(liang)(liang)制作得比(bi)陽極(ji)(ji)容量(liang)(liang)大(da),如此(ci)當過(guo)度(du)(du)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時陽極(ji)(ji)會先(xian)達到(dao)飽和并產(chan)(chan)生氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),而(er)陰極(ji)(ji)卻未飽和而(er)不(bu)會產(chan)(chan)生氫氣(qi)(qi)(qi),陽極(ji)(ji)產(chan)(chan)生的(de)氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)擴散(san)到(dao)陰極(ji)(ji)之后會與(yu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)(chan)生的(de)金屬鎘起(qi)化學反應吸收掉氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),且此(ci)反應的(de)速度(du)(du)與(yu)金屬鎘產(chan)(chan)生的(de)速度(du)(du)平衡(heng),因此(ci)可以有效地避(bi)免電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)壓(ya)力上升.但是(shi)若充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過(guo)大(da)(使(shi)用快充時)就會失去平衡(heng),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)內(nei)壓(ya)過(guo)大(da)會將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)安全閥(fa)推開,氫氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)會泄漏(lou)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)外(wai)部(bu),直(zhi)到(dao)壓(ya)力降低安全閥(fa)關閉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)才又再密封起(qi)來.但是(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體的(de)泄漏(lou)已使(shi)得內(nei)部(bu)化學材料減少,造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命的(de)縮短。

能量(liang)密度（Energy density）

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)平(ping)均單位體積(ji)或質量(liang)(liang)所(suo)釋(shi)放出的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能。一般在相同體積(ji)下(xia)，鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)能量(liang)(liang)密度是鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)2.5倍(bei)，是鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)1.8倍(bei)，因此(ci)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量(liang)(liang)相等(deng)的(de)(de)情(qing)況下(xia)，鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池就會比鎳鎘、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)體積(ji)更小，重量(liang)(liang)更輕。

自我放電（Self discharge）

電(dian)池(chi)不管(guan)在(zai)有無被(bei)使用的(de)狀態下，由(you)于各種原因，都會引起其電(dian)量損失的(de)現象。若是以一個月為單位來(lai)計算的(de)話，鋰離子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)自(zi)(zi)我放電(dian)約(yue)(yue)是1%-2%、鎳(nie)氫電(dian)池(chi)自(zi)(zi)我放電(dian)約(yue)(yue)3%-5%。

充(chong)電循(xun)環壽命(ming)（Cycle life）

充電電池(chi)在反復充放電使用下，電池(chi)容(rong)量回逐漸下降到初期容(rong)量的(de)60%-80%。

記憶效應(ying)（Memory effect）

在(zai)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)充放(fang)電(dian)過程中，會在(zai)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)極板(ban)上產(chan)生(sheng)許(xu)多小氣泡，時間一(yi)久(jiu)，這些氣泡會減(jian)少電(dian)池(chi)(chi)極板(ban)的面積，也間接(jie)影響電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的容量。

中國電池發展前景

中國(guo)電池出口有大(da)幅(fu)增長，但(dan)同時歐盟綠色壁壘、中國(guo)電池出口退稅制度(du)取消(xiao)、原材料上漲、國(guo)外企業壟斷高(gao)(gao)端市場等問題制約著中國(guo)電池行業發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。中國(guo)已成為全球最大(da)的(de)電池生產(chan)國(guo)和最大(da)的(de)電池消(xiao)耗國(guo)，但(dan)產(chan)品更新換代不及(ji)時，生產(chan)自動化、機械化程度(du)不高(gao)(gao)，為了適應(ying)世(shi)界電池業發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)趨勢(shi)，中國(guo)必須致力(li)于太(tai)陽能(neng)電池和燃料電池等新型(xing)電池的(de)研發(fa)(fa)，大(da)力(li)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)高(gao)(gao)新技術(shu)的(de)電池產(chan)品。

電池業是中國的重點產業之一，有著良好發展前景。二十一世紀的電池具有大容量、高功率、長壽命、無污染、安全可靠輕便的特點，是高科技、高產出、高利潤、高創匯產品。隨著信息時代的到來，資訊產業蓬勃發展，在邁入電子、資訊、通訊的“3C”時代后，電子產品朝著“短、小、輕、薄”的趨勢發展，作為電子產品不可或缺的電池，其重要性也越來越顯著。