什么是充電電池

充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，是(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數有限的(de)(de)可充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，配合充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器使用。市場上一(yi)般賣5號(hao)(hao)、7號(hao)(hao)，但是(shi)也有1號(hao)(hao)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)好處是(shi)經濟(ji)、環(huan)保(bao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)足、適合大功率、長時(shi)間使用的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(如隨(sui)身(shen)聽、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動玩具等)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)型號(hao)(hao)相同的(de)(de)一(yi)次(ci)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)池低，AA電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(5號(hao)(hao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian))是(shi)1.2伏，9V充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池實際上是(shi) 8.4伏。現在(zai)(zai)一(yi)般充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數能在(zai)(zai)1000次(ci)左右。目前(qian)只有五種(zhong)：鎳鎘、鎳氫、鋰(li)離子、鉛蓄、鐵(tie)鋰(li)。

種類

鎳鎘電池（Ni-Cd）

電壓(ya)：1.2V 充(chong)電電池 使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命為：500次 放電溫度(du)(du)(du)為：-20度(du)(du)(du)～60度(du)(du)(du) 充(chong)電溫度(du)(du)(du)為：0度(du)(du)(du)～45度(du)(du)(du)

鎳氫電池（Ni-MH）

電(dian)壓：1.2V 使用(yong)壽命為：1000次 放電(dian)溫度為：-10度～45度 充電(dian)溫度為：10度～45度

備注：目(mu)前國產(chan)5號電池最高容(rong)量是2500mAh左右。

鋰離子電池（Li-lon）

電壓：3.6V 使用壽命為：500次 放電溫度為：-20度～60度 充電溫度為：0度～45度

備注：重量比鎳氫電池(chi)輕(qing)30%～40%，容量高(gao)出鎳氫電池(chi)60%以上。但是不耐(nai)過(guo)(guo)充，如果過(guo)(guo)充會造成(cheng)溫度過(guo)(guo)高(gao)而破壞結構=>爆(bao)炸。

鋰聚合物電池（Li-polymer）

電(dian)壓(ya)：3.7V 使用壽命為：500次(ci) 充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)池 放(fang)電(dian)溫(wen)度為：-20度～60度 充(chong)電(dian)溫(wen)度為：0度～45度

備(bei)注：鋰(li)(li)電(dian)的改良型，沒(mei)有電(dian)池(chi)液(ye)，而改用聚合物電(dian)解(jie)質，可以做成(cheng)各(ge)種形狀(zhuang)，比鋰(li)(li)電(dian)池(chi)穩定(ding)。

鉛酸電池（Sealed）

電壓：2V 使(shi)用壽命為：200～300次 放電溫(wen)度(du)為：0度(du)～45度(du) 充電溫(wen)度(du)為：0度(du)～45度(du)

備注：就是一般(ban)車用(yong)電(dian)瓶(ping)（它是以6個2V串聯成12V的(de)），免(mian)加(jia)水的(de)電(dian)池(chi)使用(yong)壽命長達10年，但體積(ji)和容量是最大的(de)。

特征

鎳鎘： 有記憶效應 容(rong)量小

鎳氫(qing)： 記憶效應小 容量大

鋰離子(zi)(zi)： 無記憶(yi)效應 身薄 容量大，因電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極材料不同，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)為3.6V、3.7V兩種。鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的性(xing)能是現(xian)有各類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中最(zui)好的一種，體積小、重量輕、容量大。廣泛(fan)用于數碼相機(ji)、筆(bi)記本電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦、移動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)產品(pin)中。

鉛(qian)蓄：電動勢約為2V，鉛(qian)蓄電池(chi)可以反復充電使用(yong)，電解(jie)液(ye)是硫酸(suan)溶液(ye)，內阻很小，廣(guang)泛用(yong)于汽車、摩托車中。

鐵鋰：電力更足，更安(an)全，也更輕，未來電動車的(de)主(zhu)要發展方向。一般,同種類(lei)型的(de)充(chong)電電池(chi),容量越(yue)大，體積越(yue)大，重量也較大。

名詞解釋

充電(dian)率(lv)(C-rate)

C是Capacity的(de)第一個(ge)字母，用來表(biao)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)大小數值。例如(ru)：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)額定(ding)容量(liang)為(wei)1100mAh時(shi)，即表(biao)示以1100mAh（1C）放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間可持續1小時(shi)，如(ru)以200mA（0.2C）放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間可持續5小時(shi)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)也可按此對照(zhao)計算(suan)。

終止電壓(ya)（Cut-off discharge voltage）

指(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)降到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不宜(yi)再繼(ji)續放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)最低(di)工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值。根據不同的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)類型(xing)及不同的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條件(jian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓也不相同。規定終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓放(fang)(fang)一般都要隨放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)增大(da)而減少。以1.2V、800mah鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為例，采取40ma（20小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)率）的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流它的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一般設定在(zai)1.15v；采取80ma（10小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)率）的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流則它的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓就(jiu)要設定在(zai)1.10v了。

開路電壓（Open circuit voltage OCV）

電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不(bu)放電(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩極(ji)之(zhi)間的電(dian)(dian)位差被稱為(wei)開路電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的開路電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，會依(yi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)正(zheng)、負極(ji)與電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)的材料而異，如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)正(zheng)、負極(ji)的材料完全一(yi)樣，那么不(bu)管電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的體積有多大(da)，幾何結構如(ru)何變化，起開路電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)都(dou)一(yi)樣的。

放電(dian)深度(du)（Depth of discharge DOD）

在電(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用過程中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放出(chu)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量占(zhan)其(qi)額定容(rong)(rong)量的(de)(de)百分比，稱為放電(dian)(dian)深(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)。放電(dian)(dian)深(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)的(de)(de)高(gao)低和二次電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)壽(shou)命(ming)有(you)很深(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)關系，當二次電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)深(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)越深(shen)(shen)(shen)，其(qi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)壽(shou)命(ming)就越短，因此在使用時應盡量避(bi)免深(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)放電(dian)(dian)。

過放電（Over discharge）

電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)若是在放(fang)電(dian)(dian)過程中，超過電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)的終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)壓值，還繼續放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)就可(ke)能會造成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)壓升高(gao)，正、負(fu)極(ji)活性(xing)物質的可(ke)逆(ni)性(xing)遭(zao)到損壞，使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的容量產生明(ming)顯(xian)減少。

過度充電 （Over charge）

在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程中電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓會(hui)隨著儲(chu)存電(dian)(dian)量的(de)增加(jia)而逐漸上(shang)升(sheng),當電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)儲(chu)存的(de)電(dian)(dian)量達到飽(bao)和電(dian)(dian)極(ji)材(cai)料無法(fa)繼續充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時,若繼續充(chong)電(dian)(dian)則電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)會(hui)起電(dian)(dian)解,并且(qie)在(zai)陽(yang)極(ji)產生(sheng)氧氣(qi),在(zai)陰極(ji)產生(sheng)氫氣(qi),如此會(hui)在(zai)密封(feng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)部造(zao)成(cheng)內(nei)(nei)部壓力上(shang)升(sheng),會(hui)對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)部結(jie)構造(zao)成(cheng)破壞.像這種現(xian)象稱之(zhi)為過度充(chong)電(dian)(dian).

為了避免過(guo)(guo)度(du)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池遭(zao)毀損,通常將(jiang)陰(yin)極(ji)之容量(liang)制作(zuo)得比陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)容量(liang)大,如此(ci)(ci)當(dang)過(guo)(guo)度(du)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)會先(xian)達到(dao)飽和并產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)氧氣(qi),而陰(yin)極(ji)卻(que)未飽和而不會產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)氫氣(qi),陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧氣(qi)擴散到(dao)陰(yin)極(ji)之后(hou)會與(yu)(yu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)鎘(ge)起(qi)化(hua)學反應吸收(shou)掉(diao)氧氣(qi),且(qie)此(ci)(ci)反應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速度(du)與(yu)(yu)金屬(shu)鎘(ge)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速度(du)平衡,因此(ci)(ci)可以有效地避免電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓力上升.但(dan)是(shi)若充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過(guo)(guo)大(使(shi)用快充(chong)(chong)時)就會失去平衡,電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)壓過(guo)(guo)大會將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全閥(fa)推開(kai),氫氣(qi)和氧氣(qi)會泄(xie)漏(lou)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池外部,直(zhi)到(dao)壓力降低安全閥(fa)關閉電(dian)(dian)(dian)池才又再(zai)密封起(qi)來.但(dan)是(shi)氣(qi)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泄(xie)漏(lou)已使(shi)得內(nei)部化(hua)學材料減少,造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)縮短。

能量密度（Energy density）

電(dian)(dian)池的(de)平(ping)均(jun)單(dan)位體積或質量所(suo)釋放出(chu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)能。一般(ban)在(zai)相(xiang)同體積下，鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)能量密度是鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)池的(de)2.5倍，是鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)池的(de)1.8倍，因(yin)此(ci)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)池容量相(xiang)等的(de)情況(kuang)下，鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池就(jiu)會(hui)比鎳(nie)鎘、鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)池的(de)體積更小，重(zhong)量更輕。

自我放電（Self discharge）

電池不(bu)管在(zai)有無被使用的(de)狀態下，由于(yu)各種原(yuan)因，都會引(yin)起其(qi)電量損(sun)失的(de)現象(xiang)。若是以一個月為單(dan)位來計(ji)算的(de)話(hua)，鋰離子電池自我放電約是1%-2%、鎳氫電池自我放電約3%-5%。

充電循環(huan)壽命（Cycle life）

充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在反復充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)使用下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量回逐漸下(xia)降(jiang)到初期容量的60%-80%。

記(ji)憶(yi)效應（Memory effect）

在電(dian)池(chi)充放電(dian)過程中(zhong)，會在電(dian)池(chi)極板上產生許多小氣泡，時(shi)間一(yi)久，這(zhe)些氣泡會減少(shao)電(dian)池(chi)極板的面(mian)積，也間接影響(xiang)電(dian)池(chi)的容(rong)量。

中國電池發展前景

中國(guo)(guo)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)出口有大(da)幅增長(chang)，但(dan)(dan)同時(shi)歐盟綠色(se)壁(bi)壘(lei)、中國(guo)(guo)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)出口退(tui)稅制度(du)取消、原材料上(shang)漲、國(guo)(guo)外企業(ye)壟斷高端市場等問題制約著中國(guo)(guo)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)行業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展。中國(guo)(guo)已成為全球最大(da)的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)生產(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)和最大(da)的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)消耗(hao)國(guo)(guo)，但(dan)(dan)產(chan)(chan)品更新換(huan)代不及(ji)時(shi)，生產(chan)(chan)自動化、機(ji)械化程度(du)不高，為了適(shi)應世界電(dian)池(chi)(chi)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)趨勢，中國(guo)(guo)必須致力于太陽能電(dian)池(chi)(chi)和燃料電(dian)池(chi)(chi)等新型電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)研發(fa)(fa)，大(da)力發(fa)(fa)展高新技術的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)產(chan)(chan)品。

電池業是中國的重點產業之一，有著良好發展前景。二十一世紀的電池具有大容量、高功率、長壽命、無污染、安全可靠輕便的特點，是高科技、高產出、高利潤、高創匯產品。隨著信息時代的到來，資訊產業蓬勃發展，在邁入電子、資訊、通訊的“3C”時代后，電子產品朝著“短、小、輕、薄”的趨勢發展，作為電子產品不可或缺的電池，其重要性也越來越顯著。