什么是充電電池

充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數有限的(de)可充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，配合充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器使用(yong)。市(shi)場上一般賣5號(hao)(hao)、7號(hao)(hao)，但(dan)是(shi)也有1號(hao)(hao)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)好處是(shi)經濟、環保(bao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)足、適合大功率、長時間使用(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(如隨身聽、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動玩具(ju)等)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比型號(hao)(hao)相同(tong)的(de)一次(ci)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)低，AA電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(5號(hao)(hao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian))是(shi)1.2伏(fu)，9V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)實際上是(shi) 8.4伏(fu)。現在(zai)一般充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數能在(zai)1000次(ci)左右。目前(qian)只有五種：鎳(nie)鎘、鎳(nie)氫、鋰(li)離子、鉛蓄、鐵(tie)鋰(li)。

種類

鎳鎘電池（Ni-Cd）

電壓：1.2V 充(chong)電電池(chi) 使用壽命為(wei)(wei)：500次(ci) 放電溫度為(wei)(wei)：-20度～60度 充(chong)電溫度為(wei)(wei)：0度～45度

鎳氫電池（Ni-MH）

電(dian)壓：1.2V 使用壽命為(wei)：1000次 放電(dian)溫(wen)度為(wei)：-10度～45度 充電(dian)溫(wen)度為(wei)：10度～45度

備注：目前國產(chan)5號電池(chi)最高(gao)容量是(shi)2500mAh左(zuo)右。

鋰離子電池（Li-lon）

電壓：3.6V 使用(yong)壽命為(wei)：500次 放電溫度為(wei)：-20度～60度 充電溫度為(wei)：0度～45度

備(bei)注：重量比鎳氫電池輕30%～40%，容量高出鎳氫電池60%以(yi)上。但是不耐過(guo)(guo)充，如果過(guo)(guo)充會造(zao)成溫度過(guo)(guo)高而(er)破壞結構=>爆炸。

鋰聚合物電池（Li-polymer）

電(dian)壓：3.7V 使用壽命(ming)為(wei)：500次 充電(dian)電(dian)池 放電(dian)溫(wen)度(du)(du)為(wei)：-20度(du)(du)～60度(du)(du) 充電(dian)溫(wen)度(du)(du)為(wei)：0度(du)(du)～45度(du)(du)

備注：鋰電(dian)的改良型，沒有電(dian)池液，而改用聚合物電(dian)解質，可以做成各(ge)種形狀，比(bi)鋰電(dian)池穩定(ding)。

鉛酸電池（Sealed）

電壓：2V 使用壽命為：200～300次 放電溫(wen)度為：0度～45度 充電溫(wen)度為：0度～45度

備注：就是一(yi)般(ban)車用電瓶（它是以6個2V串聯成12V的），免(mian)加水的電池使用壽命(ming)長達(da)10年，但體積(ji)和容(rong)量是最大的。

特征

鎳(nie)鎘： 有(you)記憶效應(ying) 容量小

鎳(nie)氫： 記憶效應小 容量(liang)大(da)

鋰離子： 無記憶效應 身薄 容(rong)量大(da)，因電(dian)極材料不同(tong)，電(dian)動勢為3.6V、3.7V兩種。鋰電(dian)池的(de)性能是現有(you)各類電(dian)池中(zhong)最(zui)好的(de)一種，體積小、重量輕、容(rong)量大(da)。廣泛用于數(shu)碼相機(ji)、筆(bi)記本電(dian)腦(nao)、移動電(dian)話等電(dian)子產品中(zhong)。

鉛蓄：電(dian)動勢約為(wei)2V，鉛蓄電(dian)池可以反復(fu)充電(dian)使用(yong)(yong)，電(dian)解液是硫(liu)酸溶液，內阻很小，廣泛用(yong)(yong)于汽車、摩托(tuo)車中(zhong)。

鐵鋰：電力更足，更安全，也更輕，未來電動(dong)車的主要發展方向。一般,同(tong)種類(lei)型的充電電池,容量(liang)越大(da)，體積(ji)越大(da)，重量(liang)也較大(da)。

名詞解釋

充(chong)電率(C-rate)

C是Capacity的第一個字母，用來表(biao)示(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)流的大小(xiao)(xiao)數值。例如(ru)：充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的額定(ding)容量為(wei)1100mAh時(shi)，即(ji)表(biao)示(shi)以1100mAh（1C）放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)可(ke)持續1小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)，如(ru)以200mA（0.2C）放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)可(ke)持續5小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)也可(ke)按此對照計算。

終止(zhi)電壓(ya)（Cut-off discharge voltage）

指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下降到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不(bu)宜(yi)再繼續放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)最低工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值。根(gen)據不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)類型及(ji)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條(tiao)件，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)終(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)也(ye)不(bu)相同。規定(ding)終(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)放(fang)(fang)(fang)一般(ban)都要隨放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)增大而減少。以1.2V、800mah鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為例，采(cai)取40ma（20小時(shi)率）的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)一般(ban)設定(ding)在1.15v；采(cai)取80ma（10小時(shi)率）的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)則它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)就要設定(ding)在1.10v了。

開路(lu)電壓（Open circuit voltage OCV）

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不(bu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩(liang)極(ji)之間的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差被稱(cheng)為(wei)開(kai)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)開(kai)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，會依電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)正、負極(ji)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)的(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料而異，如果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)正、負極(ji)的(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料完全一樣，那(nei)么不(bu)管電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)體積有多大，幾(ji)何結構如何變(bian)化(hua)，起(qi)開(kai)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓都一樣的(de)(de)。

放電(dian)深度（Depth of discharge DOD）

在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用過程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)出的(de)(de)容(rong)量占其(qi)額定容(rong)量的(de)(de)百分比，稱(cheng)為放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)(shen)度(du)。放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)(shen)度(du)的(de)(de)高低和二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壽命(ming)有(you)很深(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)關系，當二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)(shen)度(du)越(yue)深(shen)(shen)，其(qi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壽命(ming)就越(yue)短，因此在使(shi)用時(shi)應盡量避免深(shen)(shen)度(du)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

過放電（Over discharge）

電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)若是在放電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，超過(guo)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)放電(dian)的終止電(dian)壓值，還繼續放電(dian)時就(jiu)可能會造成電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)壓升(sheng)高(gao)，正、負極(ji)活性物質(zhi)的可逆性遭到(dao)損壞，使(shi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的容量(liang)產生明顯(xian)減少。

過度充電 （Over charge）

在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓會隨著儲存電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)增加而逐(zhu)漸上(shang)升,當電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)儲存的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)達到飽和電(dian)(dian)(dian)極材料無法繼(ji)續充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時,若繼(ji)續充電(dian)(dian)(dian)則電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)會起電(dian)(dian)(dian)解,并且在(zai)陽極產(chan)生氧氣,在(zai)陰極產(chan)生氫(qing)氣,如(ru)此會在(zai)密封的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)造(zao)(zao)成內(nei)部(bu)(bu)壓力(li)上(shang)升,會對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)結構造(zao)(zao)成破壞.像(xiang)這(zhe)種現(xian)象稱之為(wei)過度充電(dian)(dian)(dian).

為(wei)了避免過(guo)度(du)(du)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)遭毀損,通常將(jiang)陰極(ji)(ji)之容量制作得比(bi)陽極(ji)(ji)容量大,如此當(dang)過(guo)度(du)(du)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時陽極(ji)(ji)會先達到(dao)飽(bao)和(he)并產生氧氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),而陰極(ji)(ji)卻未飽(bao)和(he)而不會產生氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),陽極(ji)(ji)產生的(de)(de)氧氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)擴散到(dao)陰極(ji)(ji)之后會與充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)產生的(de)(de)金(jin)屬鎘起化(hua)學反應吸收(shou)掉氧氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),且此反應的(de)(de)速度(du)(du)與金(jin)屬鎘產生的(de)(de)速度(du)(du)平衡,因此可以(yi)有效地避免電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)壓力上升.但(dan)是(shi)若(ruo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流過(guo)大(使用(yong)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)時)就會失去平衡,電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)內壓過(guo)大會將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)安全閥(fa)推(tui)開,氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)氧氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)會泄漏(lou)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)外部(bu),直(zhi)到(dao)壓力降低安全閥(fa)關閉電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)才又(you)再密封起來.但(dan)是(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體的(de)(de)泄漏(lou)已(yi)使得內部(bu)化(hua)學材料(liao)減(jian)少,造成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)壽命(ming)的(de)(de)縮短。

能量密度（Energy density）

電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的平均單位(wei)體(ti)積或質量(liang)所釋放出的電(dian)(dian)能。一般在(zai)相(xiang)同體(ti)積下，鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的能量(liang)密度是(shi)鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的2.5倍(bei)，是(shi)鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的1.8倍(bei)，因此(ci)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量(liang)相(xiang)等的情況下，鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就會比鎳(nie)鎘(ge)、鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的體(ti)積更(geng)小，重量(liang)更(geng)輕。

自我放電（Self discharge）

電(dian)(dian)池不管在有無被使用的(de)狀態(tai)下，由于各種原因，都(dou)會引起其(qi)電(dian)(dian)量損(sun)失的(de)現象。若(ruo)是以(yi)一個月(yue)為單位來計算的(de)話(hua)，鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池自(zi)(zi)我放電(dian)(dian)約是1%-2%、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池自(zi)(zi)我放電(dian)(dian)約3%-5%。

充電循環壽命（Cycle life）

充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)池在(zai)反(fan)復充(chong)放電(dian)使(shi)用下，電(dian)池容(rong)量回逐(zhu)漸下降到初期容(rong)量的(de)60%-80%。

記憶效應（Memory effect）

在電(dian)池充放電(dian)過程中，會在電(dian)池極(ji)板上(shang)產生許多小(xiao)氣泡(pao)，時間(jian)一(yi)久，這(zhe)些氣泡(pao)會減少(shao)電(dian)池極(ji)板的面積，也間(jian)接影響(xiang)電(dian)池的容量。

中國電池發展前景

中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)出口有大幅增長，但同時(shi)歐盟(meng)綠色(se)壁壘、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)出口退稅制度取消、原材料上漲、國(guo)(guo)(guo)外企業壟斷高端市(shi)場(chang)等問題制約著(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)行業發(fa)展。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)已成(cheng)為全球最大的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)生(sheng)產國(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)最大的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)消耗(hao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，但產品更新(xin)換(huan)代不(bu)及(ji)時(shi)，生(sheng)產自動化、機械(xie)化程(cheng)度不(bu)高，為了適應世界電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)業發(fa)展的趨勢(shi)，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)必(bi)須致力于太陽能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)燃料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)等新(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的研發(fa)，大力發(fa)展高新(xin)技術的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產品。

電池業是中國的重點產業之一，有著良好發展前景。二十一世紀的電池具有大容量、高功率、長壽命、無污染、安全可靠輕便的特點，是高科技、高產出、高利潤、高創匯產品。隨著信息時代的到來，資訊產業蓬勃發展，在邁入電子、資訊、通訊的“3C”時代后，電子產品朝著“短、小、輕、薄”的趨勢發展，作為電子產品不可或缺的電池，其重要性也越來越顯著。