什么是充電電池

充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，是(shi)(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)(ci)數有(you)限的(de)(de)可(ke)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，配合(he)(he)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)使用。市(shi)場上一般(ban)賣(mai)5號(hao)、7號(hao)，但是(shi)(shi)也有(you)1號(hao)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)好處是(shi)(shi)經濟、環保、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量足、適合(he)(he)大功率、長時間使用的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(如隨身聽、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動玩具等(deng))。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比型(xing)號(hao)相同的(de)(de)一次(ci)(ci)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)低，AA電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(5號(hao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian))是(shi)(shi)1.2伏，9V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)實(shi)際上是(shi)(shi) 8.4伏。現在一般(ban)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)(ci)數能在1000次(ci)(ci)左右。目前只有(you)五種：鎳(nie)鎘、鎳(nie)氫、鋰離子、鉛蓄、鐵鋰。

種類

鎳鎘電池（Ni-Cd）

電(dian)壓：1.2V 充電(dian)電(dian)池 使(shi)用壽命為：500次 放電(dian)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)為：-20度(du)～60度(du) 充電(dian)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)為：0度(du)～45度(du)

鎳氫電池（Ni-MH）

電(dian)壓：1.2V 使(shi)用壽命為(wei)：1000次(ci) 放電(dian)溫度為(wei)：-10度～45度 充電(dian)溫度為(wei)：10度～45度

備注(zhu)：目前(qian)國產(chan)5號(hao)電(dian)池最高容量是2500mAh左右。

鋰離子電池（Li-lon）

電(dian)壓：3.6V 使用壽命為(wei)：500次 放電(dian)溫(wen)度為(wei)：-20度～60度 充(chong)電(dian)溫(wen)度為(wei)：0度～45度

備注：重量比鎳氫電(dian)池輕30%～40%，容(rong)量高出鎳氫電(dian)池60%以上(shang)。但是不耐過(guo)充(chong)，如果過(guo)充(chong)會造成溫度過(guo)高而破壞(huai)結構=>爆炸。

鋰聚合物電池（Li-polymer）

電(dian)壓(ya)：3.7V 使用壽命為(wei)：500次 充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)池(chi) 放電(dian)溫度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)：-20度(du)(du)(du)～60度(du)(du)(du) 充(chong)電(dian)溫度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)：0度(du)(du)(du)～45度(du)(du)(du)

備注(zhu)：鋰電的改良(liang)型，沒有電池(chi)液，而改用聚合物電解質，可以做成各種形狀，比鋰電池(chi)穩定。

鉛酸電池（Sealed）

電壓：2V 使(shi)用壽命為(wei)：200～300次 放電溫(wen)度(du)為(wei)：0度(du)～45度(du) 充電溫(wen)度(du)為(wei)：0度(du)～45度(du)

備注：就是一般車(che)用電瓶（它是以6個2V串聯成12V的(de)），免加(jia)水的(de)電池使用壽命長達10年，但體積和容(rong)量是最大(da)的(de)。

特征

鎳鎘： 有記憶效(xiao)應 容(rong)量(liang)小

鎳氫： 記憶效應小 容量大

鋰離(li)子： 無記憶(yi)效應 身薄 容(rong)量(liang)大(da)，因電極材(cai)料不(bu)同，電動勢為3.6V、3.7V兩種。鋰電池(chi)(chi)的性能是(shi)現有各類電池(chi)(chi)中最好(hao)的一種，體積小、重量(liang)輕、容(rong)量(liang)大(da)。廣(guang)泛用于數碼相機、筆記本電腦、移動電話等電子產(chan)品中。

鉛蓄(xu)：電(dian)動(dong)勢約為2V，鉛蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)可以反復充電(dian)使用，電(dian)解液(ye)是硫酸溶(rong)液(ye)，內阻很小，廣泛用于(yu)汽車、摩托(tuo)車中。

鐵鋰：電(dian)力更(geng)足，更(geng)安(an)全，也更(geng)輕，未來電(dian)動車的(de)主要發(fa)展方向。一(yi)般,同(tong)種類型(xing)的(de)充電(dian)電(dian)池,容量越大，體積(ji)越大，重(zhong)量也較大。

名詞解釋

充電率(C-rate)

C是(shi)Capacity的第一個(ge)字母，用來表示電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的大小數值。例如：充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的額(e)定容量為1100mAh時(shi)，即(ji)表示以1100mAh（1C）放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間可持(chi)續1小時(shi)，如以200mA（0.2C）放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間可持(chi)續5小時(shi)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)也可按此對照計算。

終止電壓（Cut-off discharge voltage）

指電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)下(xia)降到電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不宜再繼續放電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)最低工作電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值。根據不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)類型及不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)條(tiao)件(jian)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)終止電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)也(ye)不相同(tong)(tong)。規定終止電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)放一般都要隨(sui)放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)增大而(er)減(jian)少。以1.2V、800mah鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)例，采取40ma（20小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)率(lv)）的(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)它的(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)一般設定在(zai)1.15v；采取80ma（10小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)率(lv)）的(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)則它的(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)就要設定在(zai)1.10v了。

開路電壓（Open circuit voltage OCV）

電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)不放電(dian)時，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)兩極之間的(de)電(dian)位差(cha)被(bei)稱為開(kai)路電(dian)壓。電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)開(kai)路電(dian)壓，會依電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)正、負(fu)極與電(dian)解液的(de)材料(liao)而異，如果電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)正、負(fu)極的(de)材料(liao)完全(quan)一(yi)樣(yang)，那(nei)么不管電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)體積有多大，幾何結構如何變化，起開(kai)路電(dian)壓都一(yi)樣(yang)的(de)。

放電深度（Depth of discharge DOD）

在電池(chi)使(shi)用過程中，電池(chi)放(fang)出的(de)(de)容量占其額定容量的(de)(de)百(bai)分比，稱為放(fang)電深(shen)度。放(fang)電深(shen)度的(de)(de)高低和二次電池(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)電壽命(ming)(ming)有很深(shen)的(de)(de)關系，當二次電池(chi)的(de)(de)放(fang)電深(shen)度越(yue)(yue)深(shen)，其充(chong)電壽命(ming)(ming)就越(yue)(yue)短，因此(ci)在使(shi)用時應盡量避免深(shen)度放(fang)電。

過放電（Over discharge）

電池(chi)若是在放(fang)(fang)電過程中，超過電池(chi)放(fang)(fang)電的(de)終止電壓值，還繼續(xu)放(fang)(fang)電時就可(ke)能會(hui)造成電池(chi)內壓升高，正(zheng)、負(fu)極活性(xing)物(wu)質的(de)可(ke)逆性(xing)遭到損壞，使電池(chi)的(de)容(rong)量產(chan)生明顯減少。

過度充電 （Over charge）

在充電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中電(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓會隨著儲存(cun)電(dian)(dian)量的(de)增加而逐漸上(shang)升(sheng),當電(dian)(dian)池儲存(cun)的(de)電(dian)(dian)量達到飽和電(dian)(dian)極(ji)材(cai)料無法繼續充電(dian)(dian)時,若繼續充電(dian)(dian)則(ze)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液會起電(dian)(dian)解(jie),并(bing)且在陽極(ji)產生氧氣(qi),在陰(yin)極(ji)產生氫(qing)氣(qi),如此會在密封的(de)電(dian)(dian)池內(nei)部造成內(nei)部壓力(li)上(shang)升(sheng),會對電(dian)(dian)池內(nei)部結構(gou)造成破壞(huai).像這(zhe)種現(xian)象稱之為過(guo)度(du)充電(dian)(dian).

為(wei)了(le)避免過(guo)度充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池遭(zao)毀損,通常將(jiang)(jiang)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)極(ji)(ji)之容(rong)量(liang)制作(zuo)得(de)比陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)大(da),如此(ci)當過(guo)度充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)會(hui)先達到飽和(he)并(bing)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),而(er)陰(yin)(yin)(yin)極(ji)(ji)卻未飽和(he)而(er)不會(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)擴散到陰(yin)(yin)(yin)極(ji)(ji)之后會(hui)與充(chong)電(dian)(dian)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)金(jin)屬鎘起化學反應(ying)吸收(shou)掉氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),且此(ci)反應(ying)的(de)速(su)度與金(jin)屬鎘產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)速(su)度平衡,因此(ci)可以有效地(di)避免電(dian)(dian)池的(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力上升.但是(shi)若充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流過(guo)大(da)(使(shi)用快充(chong)時)就會(hui)失(shi)去平衡,電(dian)(dian)池的(de)內壓(ya)(ya)(ya)過(guo)大(da)會(hui)將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)安(an)全(quan)閥推開(kai),氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)會(hui)泄漏到電(dian)(dian)池外部,直(zhi)到壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力降低安(an)全(quan)閥關閉電(dian)(dian)池才又(you)再密(mi)封(feng)起來.但是(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)的(de)泄漏已使(shi)得(de)內部化學材料減少,造成電(dian)(dian)池壽命的(de)縮短。

能(neng)量密度（Energy density）

電池(chi)的平(ping)均單(dan)位體(ti)積或質量(liang)(liang)所釋放出的電能(neng)。一般在相(xiang)同(tong)體(ti)積下，鋰離子電池(chi)的能(neng)量(liang)(liang)密度是鎳(nie)鎘電池(chi)的2.5倍，是鎳(nie)氫電池(chi)的1.8倍，因此(ci)在電池(chi)容量(liang)(liang)相(xiang)等的情(qing)況(kuang)下，鋰離子電池(chi)就(jiu)會比鎳(nie)鎘、鎳(nie)氫電池(chi)的體(ti)積更(geng)(geng)小(xiao)，重量(liang)(liang)更(geng)(geng)輕。

自我(wo)放電(dian)（Self discharge）

電(dian)(dian)池不管在有無被使用的狀態下(xia)，由(you)于各種原(yuan)因，都會引起其電(dian)(dian)量損失的現象。若是以(yi)一個月為(wei)單位來計算的話(hua)，鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池自(zi)我(wo)放電(dian)(dian)約(yue)是1%-2%、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)池自(zi)我(wo)放電(dian)(dian)約(yue)3%-5%。

充(chong)電循環壽命（Cycle life）

充電(dian)電(dian)池在反復充放電(dian)使(shi)用(yong)下(xia)，電(dian)池容(rong)量(liang)回逐漸下(xia)降到(dao)初期容(rong)量(liang)的60%-80%。

記(ji)憶效應（Memory effect）

在電池充放電過(guo)程中，會在電池極板上產生許多小氣(qi)泡，時間一久，這些氣(qi)泡會減少電池極板的面(mian)積，也(ye)間接影響電池的容量。

中國電池發展前景

中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)出口有(you)大(da)(da)幅增長，但同時歐盟綠色(se)壁壘、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)出口退稅制(zhi)(zhi)度取消(xiao)、原材料上(shang)漲、國(guo)(guo)(guo)外企業壟斷高端市場(chang)等問題(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)約著(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)行業發展。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)已成為(wei)全(quan)球最大(da)(da)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)生產國(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)最大(da)(da)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)消(xiao)耗(hao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，但產品(pin)更新換代不及時，生產自動化(hua)、機械化(hua)程度不高，為(wei)了適應世界電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)業發展的趨勢，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)必須致力(li)于太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)等新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的研(yan)發，大(da)(da)力(li)發展高新技術的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)產品(pin)。

電池業是中國的重點產業之一，有著良好發展前景。二十一世紀的電池具有大容量、高功率、長壽命、無污染、安全可靠輕便的特點，是高科技、高產出、高利潤、高創匯產品。隨著信息時代的到來，資訊產業蓬勃發展，在邁入電子、資訊、通訊的“3C”時代后，電子產品朝著“短、小、輕、薄”的趨勢發展，作為電子產品不可或缺的電池，其重要性也越來越顯著。