一.產品介紹
苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)屬蓼(liao)科作(zuo)(zuo)物,是三種(zhong)(zhong)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(甜蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、有(you)(you)翅蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai))的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)。20世(shi)(shi)紀80年(nian)(nian)代以(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)(lai),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)科學家經(jing)過對(dui)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)起源、史實、栽培及(ji)利用的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei),韃靼蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)冠名為(wei)(wei)(wei)苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)妥貼,且日漸(jian)被世(shi)(shi)人(ren)認(ren)同。苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)因(yin)對(dui)生(sheng)長環境和氣候的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求相(xiang)當(dang)嚴格,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)在世(shi)(shi)界(jie)范圍內栽培極少(shao),即使在號稱(cheng)“世(shi)(shi)界(jie)雜糧王國(guo)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)山西省,其(qi)分(fen)布亦很有(you)(you)限,我國(guo)目前苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)產量只有(you)(you)2.5萬(wan)噸,故(gu)而一(yi)般(ban)人(ren)對(dui)其(qi)并不(bu)(bu)了(le)(le)(le)解。山西省靈(ling)(ling)(ling)丘(qiu)(qiu)縣(xian)自古以(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)(lai)就有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)植和消(xiao)費苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統習慣,據傳春(chun)秋戰國(guo)時趙武靈(ling)(ling)(ling)王發現了(le)(le)(le)苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)并治好(hao)(hao)了(le)(le)(le)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)渴癥,從(cong)此苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)就成了(le)(le)(le)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)丘(qiu)(qiu)人(ren)必不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin),尤其(qi)是苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)涼粉(fen)更(geng)是靈(ling)(ling)(ling)丘(qiu)(qiu)人(ren)喜歡吃(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)美食(shi)(shi)(shi),靈(ling)(ling)(ling)丘(qiu)(qiu)人(ren)還(huan)將苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)做(zuo)成了(le)(le)(le)面條、餃(jiao)子,饃饃等食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin),苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)還(huan)是靈(ling)(ling)(ling)丘(qiu)(qiu)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)救命糧食(shi)(shi)(shi),過去靈(ling)(ling)(ling)丘(qiu)(qiu)十年(nian)(nian)九旱,大(da)田作(zuo)(zuo)物往往不(bu)(bu)能下種(zhong)(zhong),只好(hao)(hao)種(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)日期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),幫助靈(ling)(ling)(ling)丘(qiu)(qiu)人(ren)渡荒(huang)年(nian)(nian),同時靈(ling)(ling)(ling)丘(qiu)(qiu)人(ren)把苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)清(qing)熱瀉火的(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)來(lai)(lai)用,用其(qi)防(fang)(fang)治感冒,消(xiao)除疲勞,清(qing)代靈(ling)(ling)(ling)丘(qiu)(qiu)縣(xian)令宋起鳳編撰了(le)(le)(le)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)丘(qiu)(qiu)縣(xian)志對(dui)苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)有(you)(you)詳實的(de)(de)(de)(de)記載,當(dang)時稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)莜。苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)營(ying)養(yang)豐富,具有(you)(you)很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)營(ying)養(yang)價值和保(bao)健(jian)(jian)功能,素(su)有(you)(you)“五谷之王”的(de)(de)(de)(de)美譽,苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)食(shi)(shi)(shi)同源的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)宗糧食(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)物,不(bu)(bu)僅富含蛋白(bai)質(zhi)、脂肪、淀粉(fen)、纖維(wei)素(su)、維(wei)生(sheng)素(su)、微(wei)量元素(su)等營(ying)養(yang)成分(fen),還(huan)含有(you)(you)許多禾本科糧食(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)物所不(bu)(bu)具有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物黃酮類活(huo)性成分(fen),現代臨床醫(yi)學研(yan)究表明,苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)及(ji)其(qi)制品(pin)具有(you)(you)預防(fang)(fang)和治療(liao)高(gao)血壓、冠心病(bing)(bing)、糖尿(niao)病(bing)(bing)、肥胖癥,增(zeng)強機體免疫力(li)、抗氧化、防(fang)(fang)衰老,以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)改善亞健(jian)(jian)康(kang)狀(zhuang)態(tai)等特(te)效。山西靈(ling)(ling)(ling)丘(qiu)(qiu)縣(xian)位于晉東北(bei),地理(li)(li)位置(zhi)東經(jing)113°53′~114°32′,北(bei)緯39°03′~39°38′之間,處于太行(xing)、五臺、恒三大(da)山脈交匯處,境內群峰疊巒,“九分(fen)山水(shui)一(yi)分(fen)田”,地貌以(yi)(yi)(yi)山地為(wei)(wei)(wei)主體,年(nian)(nian)均氣溫為(wei)(wei)(wei)6.9℃,降水(shui)量為(wei)(wei)(wei)420mm~600mm,無霜期(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)127天(tian)~150天(tian)。尤其(qi)難能可(ke)(ke)貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)是靈(ling)(ling)(ling)丘(qiu)(qiu)土壤中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)富含硒元素(su)(世(shi)(shi)界(jie)衛生(sheng)組織惟一(yi)認(ren)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)癌(ai)抗癌(ai)物質(zhi)),使靈(ling)(ling)(ling)丘(qiu)(qiu)苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)全中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)名優資源。二十世(shi)(shi)紀八十年(nian)(nian)代,國(guo)家農牧漁(yu)業部(bu)確(que)立靈(ling)(ling)(ling)丘(qiu)(qiu)縣(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“國(guo)家優質(zhi)苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)生(sheng)產基地”。2009年(nian)(nian)國(guo)家農業部(bu)又頒發了(le)(le)(le)地理(li)(li)標志“靈(ling)(ling)(ling)丘(qiu)(qiu)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)”。近年(nian)(nian)來(lai)(lai),隨著人(ren)們生(sheng)活(huo)水(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)提高(gao)與全社(she)會健(jian)(jian)康(kang)觀念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加強,苦(ku)(ku)(ku)(ku)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)及(ji)其(qi)加工(gong)制品(pin)越來(lai)(lai)越受到(dao)人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)喜愛,已逐漸(jian)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)當(dang)今人(ren)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要營(ying)養(yang)保(bao)健(jian)(jian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)。
二.自(zi)然生態環境和人(ren)文歷史因素
1、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)地(di)(di)(di)貌情況:由于(yu)(yu)自然條(tiao)件和(he)(he)氣(qi)候(hou)因子存(cun)在(zai)(zai)很(hen)大(da)(da)(da)差異,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)分布比較(jiao)復(fu)雜,大(da)(da)(da)體(ti)可(ke)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)4個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類:褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)處(chu)褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)向(xiang)栗鈣土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)過度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交接(jie)地(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai)。褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)廣泛分布于(yu)(yu)唐河(he)(he)二級階(jie)地(di)(di)(di)、黃(huang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)丘陵區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)石(shi)(shi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。其(qi)特點是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),除石(shi)(shi)質(zhi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)沙頁巖、花(hua)崗片麻巖、石(shi)(shi)灰巖風化(hua)而(er)形成(cheng)以(yi)(yi)外(wai),一(yi)(yi)般都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)富含碳酸鹽(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第四紀黃(huang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)及(ji)(ji)黃(huang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)沉積(ji)(ji)物(wu)上(shang)(shang)發(fa)育而(er)成(cheng),疏(shu)(shu)松(song)多孔,結合(he)力差,易(yi)被(bei)沖刷,且又處(chu)在(zai)(zai)褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)向(xiang)栗鈣土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)過度(du)地(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai),成(cheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)作(zuo)用時斷時續,發(fa)育不完整,剖面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形態特征不典(dian)型。大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)(bu)分剖面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)下(xia)部(bu)(bu)鈣積(ji)(ji)現象(xiang)較(jiao)明顯,有(you)假菌(jun)(jun)絲(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鈣積(ji)(ji)層(ceng)(ceng),粘化(hua)現象(xiang)不明顯。其(qi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)336.99萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu),占總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)89.73%,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農業土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)。棕(zong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)分布于(yu)(yu)太白山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)海拔1800米以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頂(ding)緩(huan)坡(po)平(ping)(ping)臺之上(shang)(shang)。形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)候(hou)條(tiao)件是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)季風區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)高(gao)寒濕(shi)潤(run)氣(qi)候(hou)。形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生物(wu)條(tiao)件是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),在(zai)(zai)遠古為(wei)(wei)(wei)森(sen)林,后(hou)由草本植(zhi)物(wu)所替(ti)代,植(zhi)被(bei)由黃(huang)花(hua),竹節(jie)草、莎草及(ji)(ji)臺辭等組成(cheng)。枯枝落葉和(he)(he)植(zhi)物(wu)殘(can)體(ti)分解緩(huan)慢而(er)大(da)(da)(da)量積(ji)(ji)累,周(zhou)而(er)復(fu)始,長(chang)期停留在(zai)(zai)生物(wu)循環(huan)中(zhong),這層(ceng)(ceng)疏(shu)(shu)松(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)機(ji)物(wu),截攔和(he)(he)積(ji)(ji)蓄了(le)大(da)(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)降雨,使土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)常年保(bao)持相當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水分,鹽(yan)(yan)基大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)(bu)分被(bei)淋洗(xi)下(xia)去,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)呈微酸性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)-中(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)反(fan)應,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)(bu)有(you)鐵、錘等膠體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淀積(ji)(ji)。其(qi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.57萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu),占總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)0.38%,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)放牧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理想場所。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)草甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)分布于(yu)(yu)東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甸(dian)子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、鳳凰尖一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頂(ding)平(ping)(ping)臺及(ji)(ji)緩(huan)坡(po)處(chu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)高(gao)寒濕(shi)潤(run)和(he)(he)亞高(gao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)草甸(dian)植(zhi)被(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生物(wu)氣(qi)候(hou)條(tiao)件下(xia),依附優越的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)形環(huan)境(jing)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。其(qi)特點是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),剖面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疏(shu)(shu)松(song)勻,為(wei)(wei)(wei)壤(rang)質(zhi)。表(biao)層(ceng)(ceng)有(you)呈灰褐色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐殖質(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng),最表(biao)層(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)海綿狀,有(you)真菌(jun)(jun)絲(si)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)吸收性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)復(fu)合(he)體(ti)缺乏鹽(yan)(yan)基,呈微酸性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)-中(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)反(fan)應。其(qi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)3745畝(mu)(mu),占總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)0.09%,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)季節(jie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)放牧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優良牧地(di)(di)(di)。草甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)分布于(yu)(yu)唐河(he)(he)兩岸(an)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)南山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)河(he)(he)谷(gu)階(jie)地(di)(di)(di)上(shang)(shang)。這類土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)潮濕(shi),地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水位高(gao),生長(chang)喜(xi)濕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)草本群落和(he)(he)灌木水柏枝等。面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)10.2萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu),占總(zong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2.5%。PH值在(zai)(zai)8.0-8.5之間(jian),呈弱堿性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)平(ping)(ping)均1.0g/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)全(quan)(quan)(quan)氮平(ping)(ping)均0.5g/kg,有(you)效磷平(ping)(ping)均12mg/kg,速效鉀平(ping)(ping)均為(wei)(wei)(wei)110mg/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)貧瘠。地(di)(di)(di)形地(di)(di)(di)貌:中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)太白為(wei)(wei)(wei)巍(wei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)突(tu)兀(wu)而(er)起,唐河(he)(he)橫貫(guan)縣境(jing)東(dong)西(xi)。兩岸(an)為(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)北(bei)—東(dong)南走向(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狹長(chang)盆地(di)(di)(di),四周(zhou)群山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)環(huan)抱,峰(feng)巒(luan)(luan)重疊。趙北(bei)河(he)(he)、梭溝(gou)河(he)(he)、澤水河(he)(he)、塌澗河(he)(he)、大(da)(da)(da)東(dong)河(he)(he)橫穿北(bei)部(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)匯交于(yu)(yu)唐河(he)(he),形成(cheng)了(le)溝(gou)壑縱橫,支離(li)破碎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)丘陵景觀。東(dong)南部(bu)(bu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)大(da)(da)(da)溝(gou)深,峰(feng)巒(luan)(luan)起伏,懸(xuan)崖峭壁,保(bao)護范圍(wei)內中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)平(ping)(ping)川區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)189.7平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里,占全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)7%;北(bei)部(bu)(bu)丘陵區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)754.82平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里,占全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)27.6%,北(bei)部(bu)(bu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)石(shi)(shi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)435.22平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里,占全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)16%。共有(you)大(da)(da)(da)小山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)峰(feng)230余座(zuo),溝(gou)壑2000多條(tiao)。
2、水(shui)(shui)(shui)文情況:全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)多屬(shu)(shu)山溪性河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu),坡陡(dou),流(liu)(liu)急,洪(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)暴(bao)漲暴(bao)落。可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)2系(xi)10河(he)(he)(he),均屬(shu)(shu)海(hai)河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)域。唐(tang)河(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)。主干河(he)(he)(he)唐(tang)河(he)(he)(he)發源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)渾源(yuan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)搶風(feng)嶺,從蔡(cai)家峪村(cun)入(ru)(ru)境(jing),流(liu)(liu)經東(dong)河(he)(he)(he)南、武靈、落水(shui)(shui)(shui)河(he)(he)(he)、紅(hong)石楞4個(ge)(ge)鄉(xiang)(鎮(zhen)),橫(heng)貫全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian),縣(xian)(xian)(xian)域內(nei)(nei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)52公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li),東(dong)至下(xia)(xia)北(bei)泉(quan)村(cun),在河(he)(he)(he)北(bei)省(sheng)淶源(yuan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)匯入(ru)(ru)大清河(he)(he)(he)。在縣(xian)(xian)(xian)境(jing)內(nei)(nei)主要有趙北(bei)河(he)(he)(he)(長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)38公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li))、華山河(he)(he)(he)(長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)25公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li))、塌澗河(he)(he)(he)(長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)21公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li))、大東(dong)河(he)(he)(he)(長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)33公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li))、招(zhao)柏河(he)(he)(he)(長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)22公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li))、上寨河(he)(he)(he)(長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)15公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li))等六條支流(liu)(liu)匯入(ru)(ru)唐(tang)河(he)(he)(he),其次由梭(suo)溝河(he)(he)(he)、澤水(shui)(shui)(shui)河(he)(he)(he)匯入(ru)(ru)。唐(tang)河(he)(he)(he)為(wei)最大河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu),年徑流(liu)(liu)量(liang)2.7億立方(fang)米(mi)。三(san)(san)樓(lou)河(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)。三(san)(san)樓(lou)河(he)(he)(he)發源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)太(tai)白山腳下(xia)(xia)的(de)東(dong)崗村(cun),流(liu)(liu)經原銀廠(chang)、白崖臺(tai)、三(san)(san)樓(lou)3個(ge)(ge)鄉(xiang),縣(xian)(xian)(xian)境(jing)內(nei)(nei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)54.6公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li),南出花塔村(cun)入(ru)(ru)河(he)(he)(he)北(bei)省(sheng)阜(fu)平縣(xian)(xian)(xian)沙河(he)(he)(he)。匯入(ru)(ru)三(san)(san)樓(lou)河(he)(he)(he)的(de)還有獨峪河(he)(he)(he)(長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)34公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li))。下(xia)(xia)關河(he)(he)(he)雖(sui)不匯入(ru)(ru)三(san)(san)樓(lou)河(he)(he)(he),但也流(liu)(liu)入(ru)(ru)河(he)(he)(he)北(bei)省(sheng)阜(fu)平縣(xian)(xian)(xian)沙河(he)(he)(he),與三(san)(san)樓(lou)河(he)(he)(he)同(tong)屬(shu)(shu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)系(xi)。下(xia)(xia)關河(he)(he)(he)發源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)上寨鎮(zhen)的(de)青莊(zhuang),流(liu)(liu)經下(xia)(xia)關全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)鄉(xiang),縣(xian)(xian)(xian)內(nei)(nei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)40公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li)。三(san)(san)樓(lou)河(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)多屬(shu)(shu)常流(liu)(liu)河(he)(he)(he),年徑流(liu)(liu)量(liang)為(wei)0.9億立方(fang)米(mi)。兩水(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi),受季節性降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)影響,流(liu)(liu)量(liang)變幅(fu)較(jiao)(jiao)大。春季干旱,河(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)大減,有時甚至斷流(liu)(liu),汛(xun)期多降(jiang)暴(bao)雨(yu),山洪(hong)(hong)(hong)迅猛,水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶泥沙,可(ke)引(yin)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)灌(guan)溉。全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)有115公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)溝道(dao)1074條,其中611公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)有103條,12公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li)以上的(de)有9條。這些溝道(dao)大部分(fen)屬(shu)(shu)季節性水(shui)(shui)(shui)道(dao),一(yi)(yi)(yi)般只(zhi)在暴(bao)雨(yu)后流(liu)(liu)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui),且水(shui)(shui)(shui)勢洶涌咆(pao)哮,較(jiao)(jiao)難利用。唐(tang)河(he)(he)(he)兩岸的(de)平川區(qu)(qu)及黃土(tu)丘陵區(qu)(qu),地(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)豐富,儲量(liang)1.1億立方(fang)米(mi),埋(mai)藏深(shen)(shen)度(du)(du)在120-200米(mi)之間。土(tu)石山區(qu)(qu)地(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)較(jiao)(jiao)多,多聚(ju)集(ji)在河(he)(he)(he)道(dao)內(nei)(nei),一(yi)(yi)(yi)般埋(mai)藏深(shen)(shen)度(du)(du)2565米(mi)。石山區(qu)(qu)地(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)大部分(fen)蓄積在河(he)(he)(he)道(dao)內(nei)(nei),埋(mai)藏深(shen)(shen)度(du)(du)達120米(mi)。
3、氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)情(qing)況:靈丘縣(xian)地(di)處暖溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帶(dai)(dai)向(xiang)(xiang)中溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帶(dai)(dai)過(guo)(guo)渡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中間地(di)帶(dai)(dai)。在西北寒流與東(dong)南季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)風(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交互作(zuo)(zuo)用下,加之境內地(di)形(xing)(xing)復雜,各區(qu)域(yu)間相對溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)差較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da),形(xing)(xing)成了(le)特有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)特色,四(si)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分明,冬(dong)(dong)長(chang)(chang)夏(xia)短,季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)風(feng)強盛,雨(yu)熱(re)(re)同期。春季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)干旱多(duo)風(feng),夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)雨(yu)量集中,秋季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)短暫(zan),冬(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)漫長(chang)(chang)少(shao)(shao)雪。溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度: 全(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)7℃。夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)涼爽(shuang),最(zui)(zui)(zui)熱(re)(re)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)7月(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)21.8℃,適宜作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang) 發(fa)育。高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)危害(hai)較(jiao)少(shao)(shao),高(gao)(gao)于(yu)35℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度二、三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)出(chu)現(xian)一(yi)(yi)天(tian)。冬(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)寒冷(leng),不利于(yu)種植越冬(dong)(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。最(zui)(zui)(zui)冷(leng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1月(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)-10.1℃,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)較(jiao)差為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)31.9℃。無霜(shuang)期:大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)多(duo)數農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)在日(ri)(ri)(ri)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)10℃以上才能活(huo)躍生(sheng)長(chang)(chang),數日(ri)(ri)(ri)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)穩定在10℃以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)持續期稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)活(huo)躍期。全(quan)縣(xian)無霜(shuang)期累年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)150天(tian)左右,平(ping)川區(qu)無霜(shuang)期為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)150天(tian),北山區(qu)無霜(shuang)期為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)110天(tian)(柳科(ke)鄉(xiang))-120天(tian)(趙北鄉(xiang));南山區(qu)無霜(shuang)期為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)160天(tian)(紅石(shi)塄),我縣(xian)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)活(huo)躍期一(yi)(yi)般始于(yu)4月(yue)(yue)27日(ri)(ri)(ri),終于(yu)10月(yue)(yue)2日(ri)(ri)(ri)。穩定通過(guo)(guo)10℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)2887.3℃。累年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)各月(yue)(yue)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),日(ri)(ri)(ri)較(jiao)差最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)5月(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)16.1℃,最(zui)(zui)(zui)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)8月(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)11.4℃,全(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)14.3℃。白(bai)(bai)天(tian)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度高(gao)(gao),光照充足,有(you)(you)利于(yu)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)光合作(zuo)(zuo)用,夜間溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度底,減少(shao)(shao)了(le)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)呼(hu)吸消耗,有(you)(you)利于(yu)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積累。中部平(ping)川區(qu)歷年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)460毫米(mi)(mi),北山區(qu)410毫米(mi)(mi)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量變差大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da),靈丘最(zui)(zui)(zui)多(duo)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)是(shi)1956年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)658毫米(mi)(mi),最(zui)(zui)(zui)少(shao)(shao)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)是(shi)1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)228毫米(mi)(mi),最(zui)(zui)(zui)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)與最(zui)(zui)(zui)少(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)相差430毫米(mi)(mi),相當于(yu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量。風(feng)向(xiang)(xiang)風(feng)速(su):因受季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)風(feng)和地(di)形(xing)(xing)及周(zhou)圍環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響,夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)多(duo)東(dong)南風(feng),冬(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)多(duo)西北風(feng).風(feng)向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)(ri)(ri)變化較(jiao)明顯,受同一(yi)(yi)性質氣(qi)(qi)團控制時夜間或(huo)白(bai)(bai)天(tian)也有(you)(you)轉(zhuan)風(feng)現(xian)象,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)風(feng)速(su)2.2米(mi)(mi)/秒(miao)(miao),最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)風(feng)速(su)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)21米(mi)(mi)/秒(miao)(miao),次大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)風(feng)速(su)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)18米(mi)(mi)/秒(miao)(miao)、16米(mi)(mi)/秒(miao)(miao)。一(yi)(yi)般年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)份(fen)(fen),4月(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)風(feng)速(su)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da),8月(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)風(feng)速(su)最(zui)(zui)(zui)小。風(feng)力一(yi)(yi)般為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)4-5級(ji),冬(dong)(dong)、春兩季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)風(feng)力較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da),8級(ji)以上大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)風(feng)日(ri)(ri)(ri)數年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)16.2天(tian),最(zui)(zui)(zui)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)29天(tian),最(zui)(zui)(zui)少(shao)(shao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)2天(tian)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)風(feng)多(duo)出(chu)現(xian)于(yu)4月(yue)(yue)、5月(yue)(yue),占年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)風(feng)日(ri)(ri)(ri)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)44%;8月(yue)(yue)、9月(yue)(yue)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)風(feng)天(tian)氣(qi)(qi)最(zui)(zui)(zui)少(shao)(shao),只占0.38%.夏(xia)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)伴隨雷陣雨(yu)天(tian)氣(qi)(qi)也會出(chu)現(xian)7-8級(ji)或(huo)8級(ji)以上大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)風(feng),對農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)危害(hai)很大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)。
4、人(ren)文歷史情況:據(ju)《漢書》記載(zai):“……后諸郡多(duo)種(zhong)。滑細如粉,亞于麥(mai)面(mian),風俗(su)所尚,供為常食。……,然中土南方農家亦種(zhong),但(dan)晚收(shou)。……實(shi)農家居(ju)(ju)冬(dong)之(zhi)口饌也。”這意味著我國在(zai)(zai)十三(san)世紀(ji)以前,蕎麥(mai)在(zai)(zai)北(bei)方和南方都有(you)種(zhong)植。并且(qie)成了(le)某些地(di)區(qu)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)糧食作物。不僅在(zai)(zai)北(bei)方蕎麥(mai)已經“供為常食”,而(er)且(qie)在(zai)(zai)南方也成了(le)“農家居(ju)(ju)冬(dong)之(zhi)饌”。根據(ju)以上資料,可(ke)以初步(bu)確定(ding),我國蕎麥(mai)栽培(pei)的(de)開始時(shi)期(qi)不遲(chi)于西(xi)漢,即公元(yuan)前一世紀(ji)前后。經過西(xi)漢、魏、晉、南北(bei)朝的(de)逐步(bu)發展,南北(bei)方都有(you)蕎麥(mai)栽培(pei),但(dan)在(zai)(zai)北(bei)方種(zhong)植為主(zhu),并在(zai)(zai)北(bei)方一些地(di)區(qu)成為主(zhu)食。
三.地域范圍
根(gen)據《農產(chan)品地(di)理(li)標志登記管理(li)辦法》的(de)規(gui)定以及靈(ling)丘(qiu)蕎(qiao)麥(mai)特定的(de)人文歷史和自然生(sheng)態環境條件(jian),經靈(ling)丘(qiu)縣農業(ye)局研究決(jue)定,并(bing)廣(guang)泛征求有關方面(mian)意見,擬劃定靈(ling)丘(qiu)蕎(qiao)麥(mai)地(di)理(li)標志地(di)域保(bao)護范圍(wei)(wei):山西省大同市靈(ling)丘(qiu)縣北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)山區及部(bu)分丘(qiu)陵地(di)區,包括(kuo):白崖臺鄉、東(dong)河(he)(he)南鎮(zhen)、趙北(bei)(bei)(bei)鄉、史莊(zhuang)鄉、武靈(ling)鎮(zhen)、石家田鄉、柳(liu)科鄉、落水河(he)(he)鄉等八鄉鎮(zhen),涉及188個行(xing)政(zheng)村(cun),總(zong)生(sheng)產(chan)面(mian)積(ji)2000公頃。保(bao)護范圍(wei)(wei)位于東(dong)經113°51ˊ-114°33ˊ、北(bei)(bei)(bei)緯39°33ˊ-39°38ˊ之間。境內海拔最高點2083米(mi),最低點938米(mi)。東(dong)與河(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)省淶(lai)源、蔚縣接(jie)壤,西面(mian)是本省的(de)繁峙縣、渾源縣,北(bei)(bei)(bei)與廣(guang)靈(ling)相連。總(zong)生(sheng)產(chan)面(mian)積(ji)3萬(wan)畝,年生(sheng)產(chan)總(zong)量450萬(wan)公斤(jin)。
四(si).產(chan)品品質(zhi)特性特征(zheng)
1、產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)典(dian)型品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)特性特征和(he)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量安全規定:蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai),變稱韃(da)靼蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)(F.tataricum),屬(shu)蓼科蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)屬(shu),是三(san)種(zhong)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)(甜蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)、有(you)(you)(you)翅蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai))的(de)一種(zhong),莖直立,莖桿(gan)高(gao)大(da)(da)(da),棱角明顯(xian),少分(fen)枝,質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軟(ruan)。葉(xie)闊戟形(xing),子葉(xie)小(xiao)(xiao),綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se)到(dao)深綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se),翰葉(xie)較(jiao)圓。總狀花(hua)序,不集生(sheng),有(you)(you)(you)疏(shu)花(hua),花(hua)小(xiao)(xiao),多黃(huang)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se),無香(xiang)味(wei),自花(hua)授粉。瘦果(guo)較(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao),呈(cheng)三(san)棱短(duan)圓形(xing),棱角鈍而(er)作(zuo)波狀,表面粗糙,呈(cheng)色(se)(se)(se)(se)灰褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)。蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)子實由果(guo)皮(pi)(pi)、種(zhong)皮(pi)(pi)、胚乳(ru)和(he)胚四部(bu)分(fen)組成(cheng)。果(guo)皮(pi)(pi)厚占全粒(li)重(zhong)的(de)25-30%;種(zhong)皮(pi)(pi)很(hen)薄(bo),緊附胚乳(ru),呈(cheng)黃(huang)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)(se)(se);胚很(hen)發達,占比(bi)重(zhong)很(hen)大(da)(da)(da),被胚乳(ru)緊密包圍,位于(yu)(yu)子粒(li)中央,薄(bo)大(da)(da)(da)而(er)扭曲,黃(huang)斷面略(lve)呈(cheng)S型。蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)立秋前播種(zhong),其粉所(suo)制食品(pin)(pin)(pin)顏色(se)(se)(se)(se)發綠(lv)(lv),原(yuan)產(chan)于(yu)(yu)印度,我國有(you)(you)(you)野生(sheng)和(he)栽培兩種(zhong)。靈(ling)丘蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)千粒(li)重(zhong)在19.5克,容重(zhong)在712-720g/Kg左(zuo)右。蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)營養成(cheng)份與(yu)其他的(de)主要(yao)糧(liang)食相比(bi),其蛋(dan)白質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、脂肪都高(gao)于(yu)(yu)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)粉和(he)大(da)(da)(da)米。維生(sheng)素(su)B2高(gao)于(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)(da)米、玉(yu)米粉2-10倍(bei),蘆丁和(he)葉(xie)綠(lv)(lv)素(su)是禾(he)谷類糧(liang)食所(suo)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)的(de),至于(yu)(yu)無機鹽、微量元素(su)等,也都不同程度不同高(gao)于(yu)(yu)其他糧(liang)食。特別是氨(an)(an)(an)基酸(suan)、苦味(wei)素(su)和(he)賴(lai)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)、色(se)(se)(se)(se)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)、精氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)都高(gao)于(yu)(yu)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)粉和(he)大(da)(da)(da)米、玉(yu)米和(he)黃(huang)豆。
2、優質(zhi)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)質(zhi):蕎(qiao)麥(mai)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)質(zhi)既有(you)水溶(rong)性(xing)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai),又有(you)鹽溶(rong)性(xing)球(qiu)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai),這(zhe)兩種(zhong)(zhong)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)質(zhi)占總(zong)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)50%以(yi)上,這(zhe)與(yu)一般(ban)谷類(lei)糧食的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)質(zhi)組成不(bu)大相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同,相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)反卻接(jie)近于豆類(lei)。人體不(bu)能合成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)8種(zhong)(zhong)必需(xu)(xu)(xu)氨(an)(an)基(ji)(ji)酸,蕎(qiao)麥(mai)中卻非常齊備。此外(wai)(wai),蕎(qiao)麥(mai)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)白(bai)(bai)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)18種(zhong)(zhong)氨(an)(an)基(ji)(ji)酸還含有(you)成年(nian)人和兒童必需(xu)(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組氨(an)(an)酸和精氨(an)(an)酸。蕎(qiao)麥(mai)中必需(xu)(xu)(xu)氨(an)(an)基(ji)(ji)酸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配比適當,與(yu)雞蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(最接(jie)近人體需(xu)(xu)(xu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必需(xu)(xu)(xu)氨(an)(an)基(ji)(ji)酸)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)比最接(jie)近,其他小麥(mai)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、玉米粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、黃豆粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)等(deng)都不(bu)及(ji)蕎(qiao)麥(mai)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。另(ling)外(wai)(wai),國家宵(xiao)作(zuo)物品種(zhong)(zhong)資源數據庫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數據表(biao)明態度:蕎(qiao)麥(mai)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)除8種(zhong)(zhong)氨(an)(an)基(ji)(ji)酸外(wai)(wai),有(you)解除疲勞作(zuo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天冬氨(an)(an)酸含量也比較高。
3、易消化(hua)吸收的糖(tang):蕎麥胚乳中大部(bu)分為淀(dian)粉(fen)(糖(tang)),形(xing)成多(duo)角形(xing)的單粒(li)體,定數同大米淀(dian)粉(fen)相似,但是與其他谷類糧食(shi)淀(dian)粉(fen)相比(bi),蕎麥粉(fen)最(zui)易為人本消化(hua)。
4、豐富的(de)硒(xi)(xi)元素:硒(xi)(xi)是(shi)人(ren)體(ti)內必需的(de)極其重要的(de)微量(liang)元素,有“生(sheng)命(ming)”的(de)廳效元素之(zhi)稱(cheng),是(shi)世界衛生(sheng)組(zu)織(WHO)唯一認定(ding)的(de)抗癌(ai)、防癌(ai)物質。已知人(ren)體(ti)內40多(duo)種疾病與飲食中(zhong)(zhong)缺(que)乏硒(xi)(xi)元素有關。山(shan)西(xi)(xi)蕎麥(mai)中(zhong)(zhong)硒(xi)(xi)元素含量(liang)之(zhi)高(gao)比較罕見。如果(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)蕎麥(mai)種植(zhi)資源(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)包(bao)括山(shan)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)分(fen)山(shan)西(xi)(xi)蕎麥(mai)麥(mai)硒(xi)(xi)含量(liang)為中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)蕎麥(mai)麥(mai)5倍;如不(bu)包(bao)括山(shan)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)分(fen),則(ze)山(shan)西(xi)(xi)蕎麥(mai)硒(xi)(xi)含量(liang)為中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)蕎麥(mai)麥(mai)9倍。與其他糧食作物相比,山(shan)西(xi)(xi)蕎麥(mai)的(de)富硒(xi)(xi)特性(xing)更顯突(tu)出(chu)。
5、獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)(de)維(wei)生素(su):蕎(qiao)麥(mai)維(wei)生素(su)有(you)獨(du)特之(zhi)處(chu),蕎(qiao)麥(mai)粉維(wei)生素(su)E中(zhong)(zhong)r_生育酚含(han)量最多,說明它抗氧化能(neng)(neng)力(li)強(qiang),不(bu)但(dan)對(dui)(dui)不(bu)妊癥有(you)療效(xiao),對(dui)(dui)防(fang)止(zhi)老年細(xi)胞再(zai)生有(you)效(xiao)果(guo),還能(neng)(neng)保持(chi)增強(qiang)運動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)持(chi)續性(xing),對(dui)(dui)動(dong)肪硬(ying)化、心臟病(bing)、高血(xue)壓(ya)、肝臟病(bing)、糖尿病(bing)等幾乎所有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成年病(bing)有(you)預防(fang)和(he)(he)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療效(xiao)果(guo),對(dui)(dui)過(guo)氧化脂質(zhi)引(yin)(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)疾病(bing)有(you)一定期療效(xiao)。VE在(zai)人體中(zhong)(zhong)具(ju)有(you)防(fang)氧化、抗衰老作用(yong)(yong)(yong),對(dui)(dui)所有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)老年疾病(bing)有(you)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作用(yong)(yong)(yong),尤以冠心病(bing)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)效(xiao)果(guo)顯著。VPP是(shi)(shi)維(wei)持(chi)腦神(shen)經(jing)細(xi)胞正常(chang)功能(neng)(neng)、開發語言能(neng)(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要物質(zhi),是(shi)(shi)制造神(shen)經(jing)末梢(shao)和(he)(he)傳(chuan)遞(di)神(shen)經(jing)沖動(dong)化學物質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要原料。蕎(qiao)麥(mai)還富有(you)其他谷類(lei)所不(bu)具(ju)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)葉綠素(su)和(he)(he)蘆(lu)(lu)丁(ding)。蘆(lu)(lu)丁(ding)(VP)是(shi)(shi)黃酮類(lei)物質(zhi)之(zhi)一,是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)多元酚衍生物,基(ji)本結構是(shi)(shi)2-苯(ben)基(ji)色(se)原酮,蘆(lu)(lu)丁(ding)是(shi)(shi)桷皮(pi)素(su)-3-0-蕓香糖苷,具(ju)有(you)多方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)生理(li)活性(xing),有(you)止(zhi)咳、平喘、祛痰、擴長冠狀血(xue)管(guan)和(he)(he)降低血(xue)管(guan)脆性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong),可用(yong)(yong)(yong)于防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高血(xue)奪及(ji)腦溢血(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輔助(zhu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療藥物。用(yong)(yong)(yong)于治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療毛細(xi)血(xue)管(guan)脆弱(ruo)引(yin)(yin)起每天食用(yong)(yong)(yong)2兩(liang)療效(xiao)粉就(jiu)相當(dang)于食用(yong)(yong)(yong)100-150片(pian)(pian)20毫克量的(de)(de)(de)(de)蘆(lu)(lu)丁(ding)片(pian)(pian)。
6、品(pin)類齊全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)元(yuan)素(su):蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)元(yuan)素(su)含量(liang)(liang)(liang)十分豐富,其中(zhong)鉀(jia)、鎂、銅的(de)(de)(de)含量(liang)(liang)(liang)最高(gao),比小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)粉(fen)(fen)、大米(mi)高(gao)2-4倍(bei)(bei),鎂的(de)(de)(de)含量(liang)(liang)(liang)最高(gao),比小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)粉(fen)(fen)高(gao)4倍(bei)(bei),比大米(mi)高(gao)3倍(bei)(bei)多。蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)多種(zhong)微(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)元(yuan)素(su)可(ke)以(yi)起到保肝、增(zeng)強腎功能(neng)、造血能(neng)及增(zeng)加免疫功能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong),達到強體(ti)健腦(nao)、美容、提(ti)高(gao)智力、保持心血管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常運行,降低(di)膽固醇的(de)(de)(de)效果(guo)。二(er)十世紀八(ba)十年代,國家農(nong)牧漁業部確定靈丘縣為“國家優(you)(you)質蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)生產基地(di)”。由于獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)地(di)理環境(jing),本地(di)還盛產莜麥(mai)(mai)(mai)、豌豆、黃(huang)芪(qi)、小(xiao)(xiao)米(mi)、綠豆、胡麻等雜(za)(za)糧(liang),靈丘縣已經成為優(you)(you)質雜(za)(za)糧(liang)生產基地(di)。靈丘縣蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)加工(gong)企業依靠本地(di)小(xiao)(xiao)雜(za)(za)糧(liang)資(zi)源優(you)(you)勢,采用(yong)民間(jian)加工(gong)配(pei)方(fang),結合(he)現代化加工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi),開發出以(yi)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)為主的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)雜(za)(za)糧(liang)系列產品(pin),產品(pin)主要有蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)精粉(fen)(fen)、蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)營養(yang)面、蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)銀耳面、蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)降糖茶(cha)、蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)即食糊、無糖蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)露(lu)、蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)米(mi)茶(cha)等多個產品(pin),利用(yong)蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)加工(gong)出的(de)(de)(de)附產品(pin)(糠皮(pi))又開發出了蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)枕、蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)座墊(dian)、蕎(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)褥等,產品(pin)銷(xiao)往(wang)北(bei)京、杭州(zhou)、太原、大同、朔(shuo)州(zhou)等大中(zhong)城市,并遠銷(xiao)海(hai)外,深受消費者的(de)(de)(de)歡迎(ying)。