芒果视频下载

一(yi).自(zi)然生態環(huan)境和人文歷史因素

北董(dong)(dong)大(da)(da)蒜(suan)(suan)種植(zhi)區(qu)域(yu)地處紫金山沖(chong)積平原的黑河(he)(he)河(he)(he)道及(ji)沸泉干渠、天(tian)河(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)周邊；土(tu)壤(rang)以(yi)潮土(tu)、褐土(tu)為主(zhu)，適宜(yi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)蔬(shu)菜生(sheng)(sheng)長；土(tu)壤(rang)PH值(zhi)介于8.2—8.5之間，有(you)機質38.4g/㎏，堿解氮220.7㎎/㎏，有(you)效磷122.2㎎/㎏，速效鉀587㎎/㎏，這種土(tu)質有(you)機質養(yang)分較高(gao)，為優質大(da)(da)蒜(suan)(suan)最佳生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)區(qu)域(yu)。該區(qu)域(yu)為重點水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)保(bao)護地，澮河(he)(he)，天(tian)河(he)(he)，溢溝、沸泉一庫(ku)、二庫(ku)等五座水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)錯落有(you)致，黑河(he)(he)、天(tian)河(he)(he)、澮河(he)(he)交(jiao)匯于此，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)極為豐富。主(zhu)要灌溉(gai)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)龍王池(chi)泉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質達(da)到國家(jia)一級(ji)飲(yin)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)標準，富含多種礦(kuang)物(wu)質。區(qu)域(yu)內(nei)無工(gong)業污染，森林覆蓋率(lv)達(da) 42%，空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)質量達(da)到國家(jia)一級(ji)標準，為北董(dong)(dong)大(da)(da)蒜(suan)(suan)提供了(le)獨一無二的自然生(sheng)(sheng)長環(huan)境，為生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)優質商(shang)品大(da)(da)蒜(suan)(suan)提供了(le)可靠(kao)的保(bao)證。北董(dong)(dong)大(da)(da)蒜(suan)(suan)種植(zhi)區(qu)域(yu)平均(jun)(jun)海拔480-560米。屬暖溫帶大(da)(da)陸性季(ji)風氣(qi)(qi)候，春季(ji)少(shao)雨多風，夏季(ji)炎熱，降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)集中；秋(qiu)季(ji)多晴朗涼爽天(tian)氣(qi)(qi)，冬(dong)季(ji)寒(han)冷干燥，四季(ji)分明，無霜期(qi)189天(tian)左右；年(nian)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫12℃度，年(nian)均(jun)(jun)日(ri)照時數為2474小時，年(nian)均(jun)(jun)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)525.7㎜，集中在6—9月份，其(qi)良(liang)好的氣(qi)(qi)候條件特別(bie)適宜(yi)大(da)(da)蒜(suan)(suan)生(sheng)(sheng)長。

二.地域范圍

曲(qu)沃縣(xian)(xian)位于山(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)省(sheng)臨(lin)汾盆地(di)南(nan)端(duan)，北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)依太行山(shan)余(yu)脈塔(ta)兒(er)山(shan)、喬山(shan)、壚頂山(shan)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)傍汾河同襄汾河為(wei)界；南(nan)隔中條山(shan)余(yu)脈紫金山(shan)與絳縣(xian)(xian)為(wei)鄰；東(dong)(dong)和翼城縣(xian)(xian)接壤；西(xi)(xi)(xi)同侯馬市毗連。縣(xian)(xian)境(jing)域(yu)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積437.9平(ping)方千米。曲(qu)沃縣(xian)(xian)南(nan)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部為(wei)山(shan)區，東(dong)(dong)部綿(mian)嶺(ling)延(yan)亙，其余(yu)大(da)(da)(da)部分是平(ping)川盆地(di)。地(di)勢平(ping)坦，水源充(chong)沛，交(jiao)通(tong)方便(bian)，土壤肥沃。北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)董大(da)(da)(da)蒜栽(zai)植(zhi)區域(yu)位于曲(qu)沃縣(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)域(yu)南(nan)部，地(di)理坐(zuo)標北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)緯(wei)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)緯(wei)35°33′- 35°51′，東(dong)(dong)經110°24′- 110°37′之間。涉及北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)董景明村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、南(nan)林(lin)交(jiao)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)林(lin)交(jiao)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、東(dong)(dong)明德村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)明德村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、南(nan)下郇村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、東(dong)(dong)下郇村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、東(dong)(dong)閆村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)閆村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、白(bai)水村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、李野村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、義門村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)等17個(ge)主(zhu)要行政村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)，曲(qu)沃縣(xian)(xian)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)董大(da)(da)(da)蒜地(di)理標志保護總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積2000公(gong)頃，年生(sheng)產總(zong)量60000噸。

三.產品品質特性特征

（1）外在感官(guan)特征：無(wu)磕碰，無(wu)損傷，蒜皮(pi)(pi)白或紫（因品種(zhong)而異），無(wu)霉點，個大，且正。北董(dong)大蒜分(fen)為(wei)白皮(pi)(pi)、紫皮(pi)(pi)兩種(zhong)，頭大瓣齊，皮(pi)(pi)薄如紙，清(qing)白似玉，粘辣清(qing)香，營(ying)養豐富(fu)。 

（2）內在(zai)品質：大(da)蒜又名葫，為百合科(ke)植(zhi)物的(de)(de)(de)根(gen)莖，其(qi)性(xing)溫味(wei)辛辣，所(suo)含(han)大(da)蒜辣素(su)具(ju)有很強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)殺菌(jun)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，對于(yu)細(xi)菌(jun)性(xing)、真菌(jun)性(xing)與原蟲性(xing)感染有明顯的(de)(de)(de)治療與預(yu)防價值(zhi)。明李時(shi)珍著(zhu)《本草(cao)綱(gang)目》稱：大(da)蒜“其(qi)氣熏(xun)烈，能通(tong)五臟，達諸竅，去寒濕，辟(pi)邪惡，消痛腫，化癥積肉食此其(qi)功(gong)也。”北董大(da)蒜含(han)有豐富的(de)(de)(de)維生(sheng)素(su)、蛋白質.營養價值(zhi)和藥用(yong)(yong)價值(zhi)較(jiao)高，在(zai)品質上除了(le)具(ju)有香、辣、粘、濃、美味(wei)等特點(dian)外。北董大(da)蒜含(han)有蛋白質5.46％；鈣238mg/kg、銅1.92mg/kg、鐵13mg/kg、錳4 mg/kg、鋅7.46 mg/kg、鉀0.502 ％。具(ju)有強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)(de)殺菌(jun)解(jie)毒(du)、消濕祛瘟功(gong)效(xiao)，并能降(jiang)低(di)人體胃內亞硝酸(suan)鹽的(de)(de)(de)含(han)量，有抗腫瘤作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。

四.特定生產方式

（1）產地選擇與特殊內容規(gui)定：

①選擇灌溉用(yong)水(shui)(shui)為沸泉一庫(ku)、二庫(ku)，天河水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)、澮河水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)以及地下井(jing)水(shui)(shui)，灌溉條件(jian)優(you)越。

②海拔(ba)480-560米(mi)之間的平坦地(di)塊；土壤透(tou)氣好，排水通暢(chang)。③栽(zai)植前要翻(fan)地(di)，播撒復合(he)肥或者有(you)機肥。

（2）品種(zhong)選(xuan)擇與特定要求: 適宜品種(zhong)：大(da)蒜(suan)(suan)從蒜(suan)(suan)頭和(he)蒜(suan)(suan)瓣外皮(pi)(pi)顏色來分，有(you)紫(zi)皮(pi)(pi)蒜(suan)(suan)和(he)白皮(pi)(pi)蒜(suan)(suan)；由蒜(suan)(suan)瓣的大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)分，有(you)大(da)瓣蒜(suan)(suan)和(he)小(xiao)(xiao)瓣蒜(suan)(suan)，但是蒜(suan)(suan)瓣大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)都有(you)紫(zi)皮(pi)(pi)和(he)白皮(pi)(pi)，所以應以蒜(suan)(suan)瓣大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)為分類(lei)依據。大(da)蒜(suan)(suan)生育期短，適應性較強，適宜大(da)蒜(suan)(suan)種(zhong)植。 

（3）生產(chan)過程管理： 栽(zai)植(zhi)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應選擇蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)比較(jiao)大(da)、瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)形周正的(de)(de)(de)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，每瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)酸(suan)重量在3.3克以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，老(lao)熟無病蟲(chong)傷害，純度(du)≥98%，凈(jing)度(du)≥98%，發芽率≥80%。可保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)出(chu)苗(miao)粗(cu)壯，耐寒，早熟、休眠期(qi)短(duan)。 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)大(da)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)以(yi)(yi)土(tu)(tu)層深(shen)(shen)(shen)厚(hou)、肥(fei)(fei)沃、疏(shu)松、排(pai)水(shui)(shui)優(you)良的(de)(de)(de)砂質(zhi)土(tu)(tu)壤為(wei)宜。一(yi)(yi)(yi)般深(shen)(shen)(shen)耕15至(zhi)20厘米，每畝(mu)需種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)300斤(jin)(jin)左右(you)，結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)深(shen)(shen)(shen)耕畝(mu) 施(shi)(shi)(shi)復合(he)(he)(he)(he)肥(fei)(fei)作(zuo)基肥(fei)(fei)，肥(fei)(fei)以(yi)(yi)有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)為(wei)主，化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)(fei)為(wei)輔(fu)。每畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)優(you)質(zhi)完全腐熟有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)4000-5000公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)，肥(fei)(fei)料質(zhi)量符合(he)(he)(he)(he)NY/T496的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定，并配(pei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)尿素20公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)、硫酸(suan)鉀15公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)、過磷酸(suan)鈣80-100公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)，或(huo)含氮、磷、鉀各15%的(de)(de)(de)復合(he)(he)(he)(he)肥(fei)(fei)50公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)，混勻(yun)(yun)撒施(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)表，保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)肥(fei)(fei)土(tu)(tu)充分均(jun)(jun)勻(yun)(yun)、上(shang)疏(shu)下實(shi)、土(tu)(tu)塊細碎無疙瘩。然(ran)后(hou)，筑2米寬左右(you)畦，挖好排(pai)水(shui)(shui)溝(gou)，畦面(mian)(mian)(mian)要(yao)(yao)求保(bao)(bao)持平整(zheng)、松軟。 當(dang)年9月(yue)上(shang)中(zhong)旬(xun)開(kai)始播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，日均(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)在20°C至(zhi)22°C之間，每畝(mu)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)密度(du)為(wei)2.5萬株至(zhi)3萬株。在播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)2天(tian)左右(you)，采用(yong)“潮蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)法”打破休眠，進(jin)行(xing)催芽，將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)放入水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)浸泡1～2天(tian)，使種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)吸足水(shui)(shui)分，以(yi)(yi)利(li)(li)于(yu)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)發芽。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)，要(yao)(yao)對蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)進(jin)行(xing)處理，可用(yong)50%的(de)(de)(de)多菌(jun)靈或(huo)50%的(de)(de)(de)速克靈按(an)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子量的(de)(de)(de)0.3%浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，6小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)后(hou)撈出(chu)備播；也可用(yong)根(gen)(gen)葉康80—120倍液浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)30—50分鐘，晾干(gan)后(hou)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；還(huan)可用(yong)77%的(de)(de)(de)多寧(ning)可濕性粉劑與克菌(jun)康混合(he)(he)(he)(he)拌種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，方法是(shi)每100kg蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)多寧(ning)可濕性粉劑200—300g，克菌(jun)康15g,兌水(shui)(shui)4—5kg噴(pen)拌均(jun)(jun)勻(yun)(yun)，堆悶6小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)后(hou)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。此(ci)外，播前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可提高出(chu)苗(miao)率，出(chu)苗(miao)整(zheng)齊，幼苗(miao)健壯，有(you)利(li)(li)于(yu)增產(chan)。 播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)按(an)要(yao)(yao)求開(kai)溝(gou)深(shen)(shen)(shen)淺(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)致，栽(zai)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)深(shen)(shen)(shen)淺(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)致，覆(fu)土(tu)(tu)厚(hou)薄(bo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)致，并且種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)與土(tu)(tu)壤密接，不留空隙(xi)(xi)。開(kai)溝(gou)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，溝(gou)深(shen)(shen)(shen)5-6公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)分，播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)3-4公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)分，栽(zai)直(zhi)、栽(zai)勻(yun)(yun)、栽(zai)穩，蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)腹背面(mian)(mian)(mian)應與行(xing)向(xiang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)致，使出(chu)苗(miao)后(hou)展(zhan)開(kai)的(de)(de)(de)葉子與行(xing)垂直(zhi)，葉片分布(bu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)理，增大(da)受光面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)，利(li)(li)于(yu)提高產(chan)量，并注意使種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)齊，播后(hou)覆(fu)土(tu)(tu)2-2.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)分，隨后(hou)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)透水(shui)(shui)，第二天(tian)噴(pen)除(chu)草劑，用(yong)33%施(shi)(shi)(shi)田補，每畝(mu)150克，兌水(shui)(shui)40-50公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)，均(jun)(jun)勻(yun)(yun)的(de)(de)(de)噴(pen)灑畦面(mian)(mian)(mian)，噴(pen)后(hou)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)覆(fu)蓋地(di)(di)膜(mo)，地(di)(di)膜(mo)四(si)周要(yao)(yao)拉(la)緊(jin)(jin)、拉(la)平、壓(ya)實(shi)，緊(jin)(jin)貼畦面(mian)(mian)(mian)無空隙(xi)(xi)，嚴防(fang)大(da)風(feng)刮膜(mo)。待蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)苗(miao)長到(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定程度(du)，要(yao)(yao)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)將蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)苗(miao)從地(di)(di)膜(mo)中(zhong)勾出(chu)來，破膜(mo)放苗(miao)，地(di)(di)膜(mo)破孔越小(xiao)越好，既(ji)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)，又確保(bao)(bao)正常呼(hu)吸。 開(kai)春解凍之后(hou)，氣溫(wen)(wen)逐(zhu)漸回升，蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)苗(miao)返青生長，于(yu)3月(yue)上(shang)旬(xun)左右(you)（春分前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)后(hou)），日均(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)達到(dao)(dao)7°C時(shi)(shi)，根(gen)(gen)據(ju)墑(di)情(qing)(qing)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)返青水(shui)(shui)，如蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)苗(miao)長勢不壯，可結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)尿素40Kg。4月(yue)初(chu)（清明前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)后(hou)）是(shi)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)苔(tai)和蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)孕育分化(hua)(hua)期(qi)，需水(shui)(shui)肥(fei)(fei)量較(jiao)大(da)，要(yao)(yao)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)追肥(fei)(fei)，澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)時(shi)(shi)隨水(shui)(shui)畝(mu)沖(chong)施(shi)(shi)(shi)復合(he)(he)(he)(he)肥(fei)(fei)20公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)左右(you)，在拔蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)薹前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次水(shui)(shui)，視苗(miao)追復合(he)(he)(he)(he)肥(fei)(fei)20公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)左右(you)。 待5月(yue)中(zhong)旬(xun)收(shou)貨蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)薹后(hou)，蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)頭(tou)(tou)進(jin)入膨大(da)盛期(qi)，要(yao)(yao)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)透水(shui)(shui)，結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)。 畝(mu)追施(shi)(shi)(shi)尿素20公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)，磷酸(suan)二銨7公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)，硫酸(suan)鉀15公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)，或(huo)復合(he)(he)(he)(he)肥(fei)(fei)20-25公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)持地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)見干(gan)見濕，根(gen)(gen)據(ju)天(tian)氣情(qing)(qing)況6-7天(tian)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次水(shui)(shui)，收(shou)獲(huo)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)頭(tou)(tou)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)3-4天(tian)停止澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)，促進(jin)莖、葉部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)化(hua)(hua)物加速向(xiang)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)頭(tou)(tou)轉運，使蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)頭(tou)(tou)膨大(da)達到(dao)(dao)最大(da)化(hua)(hua)，提高產(chan)量和質(zhi)量。5月(yue)底開(kai)始大(da)規(gui)模收(shou)獲(huo)，拔蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)時(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)輕拿輕放，不磕不碰，隨即去(qu)(qu)泥(ni)，剝掉第一(yi)(yi)(yi)層蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)皮，削去(qu)(qu)根(gen)(gen)須。 

（4）產(chan)品收獲及產(chan)后處理規定(ding)：大蒜收獲季節在(zai)5月(yue)底——6月(yue)中(zhong)旬。

（5）生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)記(ji)錄要求(qiu)：北(bei)董大蒜種植各(ge)相關(guan)合作社和當地龍頭企(qi)業(ye)，應當 按照農產(chan)品質量(liang)安全法的(de)要求(qiu)建立生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)記(ji)錄，記(ji)載使用(yong)投(tou)入品的(de)名(ming)稱、來源、用(yong)法、用(yong)量(liang)和使用(yong)、停用(yong)的(de)日(ri)期；病(bing)蟲害的(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和防治情況；收(shou)獲日(ri)期等，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)記(ji)錄保(bao)存二年。