一.自然(ran)生態環境和人(ren)文歷史因素
北董大(da)蒜種(zhong)(zhong)植區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)地處(chu)紫金山沖(chong)積(ji)平原的(de)黑(hei)河(he)(he)河(he)(he)道(dao)及(ji)沸(fei)(fei)泉干渠(qu)、天河(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)庫周(zhou)邊;土(tu)壤以潮土(tu)、褐土(tu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),適宜水(shui)(shui)生蔬菜生長(chang);土(tu)壤PH值介于(yu)8.2—8.5之間,有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)38.4g/㎏,堿解氮220.7㎎/㎏,有(you)效磷122.2㎎/㎏,速(su)效鉀(jia)587㎎/㎏,這種(zhong)(zhong)土(tu)質(zhi)有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)養分(fen)較高,為(wei)(wei)優質(zhi)大(da)蒜最佳生產(chan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)。該區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)為(wei)(wei)重點水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)保護地,澮河(he)(he),天河(he)(he),溢溝、沸(fei)(fei)泉一(yi)(yi)庫、二(er)庫等(deng)五座(zuo)水(shui)(shui)庫錯落有(you)致,黑(hei)河(he)(he)、天河(he)(he)、澮河(he)(he)交匯于(yu)此,水(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)極為(wei)(wei)豐富。主(zhu)要灌溉用水(shui)(shui)龍王(wang)池泉水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)達(da)到國(guo)家一(yi)(yi)級飲用水(shui)(shui)標準,富含多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)礦物質(zhi)。區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)內無(wu)工(gong)業污染(ran),森林(lin)覆(fu)蓋率(lv)達(da) 42%,空氣(qi)質(zhi)量達(da)到國(guo)家一(yi)(yi)級標準,為(wei)(wei)北董大(da)蒜提供了(le)獨一(yi)(yi)無(wu)二(er)的(de)自然(ran)生長(chang)環境,為(wei)(wei)生產(chan)優質(zhi)商品大(da)蒜提供了(le)可靠的(de)保證。北董大(da)蒜種(zhong)(zhong)植區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)平均(jun)(jun)海拔480-560米。屬暖(nuan)溫(wen)帶大(da)陸性(xing)季風氣(qi)候,春季少雨(yu)多(duo)風,夏季炎熱,降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)集中;秋季多(duo)晴朗涼爽天氣(qi),冬(dong)季寒冷(leng)干燥,四(si)季分(fen)明,無(wu)霜期189天左右;年均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)12℃度,年均(jun)(jun)日(ri)照時數為(wei)(wei)2474小(xiao)時,年均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)525.7㎜,集中在6—9月份(fen),其良好的(de)氣(qi)候條(tiao)件特別適宜大(da)蒜生長(chang)。
二.地域范圍
曲(qu)沃(wo)(wo)縣(xian)(xian)位(wei)于山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)省臨(lin)汾(fen)(fen)盆(pen)地(di)(di)(di)南(nan)端,北依太行山(shan)(shan)余脈塔(ta)兒山(shan)(shan)、喬山(shan)(shan)、壚(lu)頂山(shan)(shan),西(xi)(xi)傍汾(fen)(fen)河同(tong)襄汾(fen)(fen)河為界;南(nan)隔中條山(shan)(shan)余脈紫金山(shan)(shan)與絳縣(xian)(xian)為鄰;東(dong)和翼(yi)城縣(xian)(xian)接壤;西(xi)(xi)同(tong)侯(hou)馬市(shi)毗連。縣(xian)(xian)境域(yu)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)437.9平方(fang)千米。曲(qu)沃(wo)(wo)縣(xian)(xian)南(nan)、北部為山(shan)(shan)區,東(dong)部綿嶺延亙,其余大部分是平川盆(pen)地(di)(di)(di)。地(di)(di)(di)勢平坦(tan),水源充沛,交通方(fang)便,土(tu)壤肥沃(wo)(wo)。北董(dong)(dong)大蒜栽植區域(yu)位(wei)于曲(qu)沃(wo)(wo)縣(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)域(yu)南(nan)部,地(di)(di)(di)理(li)坐標北緯北緯35°33′- 35°51′,東(dong)經110°24′- 110°37′之間。涉及北董(dong)(dong)景(jing)明村(cun)(cun)(cun)、南(nan)林(lin)交村(cun)(cun)(cun)、北林(lin)交村(cun)(cun)(cun)、東(dong)明德村(cun)(cun)(cun)、西(xi)(xi)明德村(cun)(cun)(cun)、南(nan)下郇村(cun)(cun)(cun)、東(dong)下郇村(cun)(cun)(cun)、東(dong)閆村(cun)(cun)(cun)、西(xi)(xi)閆村(cun)(cun)(cun)、白(bai)水村(cun)(cun)(cun)、李野(ye)村(cun)(cun)(cun)、義(yi)門村(cun)(cun)(cun)等17個(ge)主要(yao)行政村(cun)(cun)(cun),曲(qu)沃(wo)(wo)縣(xian)(xian)北董(dong)(dong)大蒜地(di)(di)(di)理(li)標志保護總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)2000公頃,年生產總(zong)量60000噸。
三.產品品質特性特征
(1)外在感官特征:無磕碰,無損(sun)傷,蒜皮(pi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)或紫(因品種(zhong)而異(yi)),無霉(mei)點,個(ge)大(da)(da),且正。北董大(da)(da)蒜分(fen)為白(bai)(bai)(bai)皮(pi)、紫皮(pi)兩種(zhong),頭大(da)(da)瓣齊,皮(pi)薄如紙,清(qing)(qing)白(bai)(bai)(bai)似玉,粘辣清(qing)(qing)香,營養豐富。
(2)內在(zai)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):大(da)(da)蒜又名葫,為(wei)百(bai)合科植物的(de)(de)根莖,其(qi)性(xing)(xing)溫味辛辣,所含(han)大(da)(da)蒜辣素具有很強的(de)(de)殺(sha)菌(jun)作用,對于細菌(jun)性(xing)(xing)、真(zhen)菌(jun)性(xing)(xing)與(yu)原蟲(chong)性(xing)(xing)感染有明顯的(de)(de)治療與(yu)預防價(jia)值。明李時(shi)珍著《本草綱目》稱:大(da)(da)蒜“其(qi)氣熏烈(lie),能通(tong)五臟,達諸竅,去寒濕(shi),辟邪惡(e),消痛腫(zhong)(zhong),化癥積肉食(shi)此其(qi)功(gong)也。”北(bei)董大(da)(da)蒜含(han)有豐富的(de)(de)維生素、蛋(dan)白質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi).營養價(jia)值和藥(yao)用價(jia)值較高(gao),在(zai)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)除了具有香、辣、粘、濃、美(mei)味等(deng)特(te)點外。北(bei)董大(da)(da)蒜含(han)有蛋(dan)白質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)5.46%;鈣238mg/kg、銅1.92mg/kg、鐵13mg/kg、錳4 mg/kg、鋅7.46 mg/kg、鉀0.502 %。具有強烈(lie)的(de)(de)殺(sha)菌(jun)解毒、消濕(shi)祛瘟功(gong)效,并能降低人體胃內亞(ya)硝酸鹽的(de)(de)含(han)量,有抗腫(zhong)(zhong)瘤作用。
四.特定生(sheng)產方式
(1)產地選擇(ze)與特(te)殊內容(rong)規(gui)定:
①選擇(ze)灌(guan)溉用(yong)水(shui)(shui)為沸(fei)泉一庫(ku)、二庫(ku),天河(he)水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)、澮河(he)水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)以(yi)及地(di)下井水(shui)(shui),灌(guan)溉條件優越。
②海拔480-560米之間的平坦地(di)塊;土壤透氣好(hao),排水(shui)通暢。③栽植(zhi)前要翻地(di),播撒復合(he)肥或者有機肥。
(2)品種選(xuan)擇與特定要求: 適宜品種:大(da)(da)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)從蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)頭和(he)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)瓣(ban)外皮(pi)(pi)顏色(se)來分,有(you)紫(zi)皮(pi)(pi)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)和(he)白皮(pi)(pi)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan);由(you)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)瓣(ban)的大(da)(da)小(xiao)分,有(you)大(da)(da)瓣(ban)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)和(he)小(xiao)瓣(ban)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan),但是蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)瓣(ban)大(da)(da)小(xiao)都有(you)紫(zi)皮(pi)(pi)和(he)白皮(pi)(pi),所以應(ying)以蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)瓣(ban)大(da)(da)小(xiao)為分類依據。大(da)(da)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)生育(yu)期短,適應(ying)性較強,適宜大(da)(da)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)種植。
(3)生(sheng)產(chan)過程(cheng)管理: 栽植(zhi)(zhi)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)選擇蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)瓣(ban)比較大、瓣(ban)形周正的(de)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),每(mei)(mei)瓣(ban)酸(suan)(suan)重(zhong)量(liang)在3.3克(ke)以上,老熟(shu)無病(bing)蟲(chong)傷害,純度(du)(du)≥98%,凈度(du)(du)≥98%,發(fa)(fa)芽率≥80%。可(ke)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證出苗(miao)(miao)粗壯(zhuang),耐寒,早(zao)熟(shu)、休眠期(qi)短。 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)大蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)以土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)深厚(hou)、肥(fei)(fei)沃、疏松、排水(shui)優良的(de)砂質(zhi)(zhi)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)為宜。一(yi)般(ban)深耕(geng)15至20厘米(mi),每(mei)(mei)畝需(xu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)300斤(jin)左(zuo)右,結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)深耕(geng)畝 施復合(he)(he)(he)肥(fei)(fei)作基肥(fei)(fei),肥(fei)(fei)以有機肥(fei)(fei)為主,化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)為輔(fu)。每(mei)(mei)畝施優質(zhi)(zhi)完全(quan)腐熟(shu)有機肥(fei)(fei)4000-5000公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin),肥(fei)(fei)料質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)符合(he)(he)(he)NY/T496的(de)規(gui)定(ding),并配施尿素20公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)、硫酸(suan)(suan)鉀(jia)15公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)、過磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)鈣80-100公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin),或(huo)含氮、磷(lin)、鉀(jia)各15%的(de)復合(he)(he)(he)肥(fei)(fei)50公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin),混勻(yun)撒施地(di)(di)表,保(bao)(bao)(bao)證肥(fei)(fei)土(tu)(tu)充分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)均(jun)(jun)勻(yun)、上疏下實、土(tu)(tu)塊細碎無疙瘩。然后,筑2米(mi)寬左(zuo)右畦(qi),挖好排水(shui)溝(gou)(gou),畦(qi)面(mian)(mian)要求保(bao)(bao)(bao)持平整、松軟。 當年9月上中(zhong)旬(xun)開(kai)始(shi)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),日均(jun)(jun)溫(wen)度(du)(du)在20°C至22°C之間,每(mei)(mei)畝播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)密(mi)度(du)(du)為2.5萬(wan)株至3萬(wan)株。在播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)2天(tian)(tian)(tian)左(zuo)右,采用“潮蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)法”打破休眠,進(jin)行(xing)催芽,將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)瓣(ban)放(fang)入水(shui)中(zhong)浸(jin)(jin)(jin)泡(pao)1~2天(tian)(tian)(tian),使種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瓣(ban)吸足水(shui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),以利(li)于(yu)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)瓣(ban)發(fa)(fa)芽。同時(shi)(shi)(shi),要對蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)進(jin)行(xing)處理,可(ke)用50%的(de)多(duo)菌靈或(huo)50%的(de)速(su)克(ke)靈按種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子量(liang)的(de)0.3%浸(jin)(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),6小時(shi)(shi)(shi)后撈出備播(bo)(bo);也(ye)可(ke)用根葉(xie)康(kang)80—120倍液(ye)浸(jin)(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)30—50分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)鐘(zhong),晾干(gan)后播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);還(huan)可(ke)用77%的(de)多(duo)寧(ning)可(ke)濕(shi)性粉(fen)劑與(yu)克(ke)菌康(kang)混合(he)(he)(he)拌種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),方法是(shi)每(mei)(mei)100kg蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用多(duo)寧(ning)可(ke)濕(shi)性粉(fen)劑200—300g,克(ke)菌康(kang)15g,兌水(shui)4—5kg噴(pen)拌均(jun)(jun)勻(yun),堆(dui)悶(men)6小時(shi)(shi)(shi)后播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。此外,播(bo)(bo)前(qian)曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)出苗(miao)(miao)率,出苗(miao)(miao)整齊(qi),幼苗(miao)(miao)健壯(zhuang),有利(li)于(yu)增產(chan)。 播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)按要求開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)深淺一(yi)致(zhi)(zhi),栽蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)深淺一(yi)致(zhi)(zhi),覆土(tu)(tu)厚(hou)薄(bo)一(yi)致(zhi)(zhi),并且種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瓣(ban)與(yu)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)密(mi)接,不(bu)(bu)留空隙(xi)。開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),溝(gou)(gou)深5-6公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深度(du)(du)3-4公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),栽直、栽勻(yun)、栽穩(wen),蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)瓣(ban)腹背面(mian)(mian)應(ying)與(yu)行(xing)向(xiang)一(yi)致(zhi)(zhi),使出苗(miao)(miao)后展開(kai)的(de)葉(xie)子與(yu)行(xing)垂直,葉(xie)片分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布合(he)(he)(he)理,增大受(shou)光面(mian)(mian)積(ji),利(li)于(yu)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)產(chan)量(liang),并注(zhu)意(yi)使種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瓣(ban)上齊(qi),播(bo)(bo)后覆土(tu)(tu)2-2.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen),隨后澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)透水(shui),第(di)二(er)天(tian)(tian)(tian)噴(pen)除草劑,用33%施田補,每(mei)(mei)畝150克(ke),兌水(shui)40-50公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin),均(jun)(jun)勻(yun)的(de)噴(pen)灑(sa)畦(qi)面(mian)(mian),噴(pen)后及時(shi)(shi)(shi)覆蓋地(di)(di)膜,地(di)(di)膜四周要拉緊、拉平、壓實,緊貼畦(qi)面(mian)(mian)無空隙(xi),嚴防大風刮膜。待蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)苗(miao)(miao)長到一(yi)定(ding)程(cheng)度(du)(du),要及時(shi)(shi)(shi)將(jiang)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)苗(miao)(miao)從地(di)(di)膜中(zhong)勾出來,破膜放(fang)苗(miao)(miao),地(di)(di)膜破孔越小越好,既保(bao)(bao)(bao)證溫(wen)度(du)(du),又確保(bao)(bao)(bao)正常呼吸。 開(kai)春解凍之后,氣(qi)溫(wen)逐漸回升(sheng),蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)苗(miao)(miao)返青生(sheng)長,于(yu)3月上旬(xun)左(zuo)右(春分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)前(qian)后),日均(jun)(jun)溫(wen)達(da)到7°C時(shi)(shi)(shi),根據墑情(qing)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)返青水(shui),如蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)苗(miao)(miao)長勢不(bu)(bu)壯(zhuang),可(ke)結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)畝施尿素40Kg。4月初(chu)(清明前(qian)后)是(shi)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)苔和蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)瓣(ban)孕育分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)化(hua)期(qi),需(xu)水(shui)肥(fei)(fei)量(liang)較大,要及時(shi)(shi)(shi)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei),澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)隨水(shui)畝沖施復合(he)(he)(he)肥(fei)(fei)20公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)左(zuo)右,在拔蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)薹前(qian)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)次(ci)水(shui),視苗(miao)(miao)追(zhui)復合(he)(he)(he)肥(fei)(fei)20公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)左(zuo)右。 待5月中(zhong)旬(xun)收貨蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)薹后,蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)頭(tou)(tou)進(jin)入膨(peng)大盛期(qi),要及時(shi)(shi)(shi)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)透水(shui),結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)。 畝追(zhui)施尿素20公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin),磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)二(er)銨7公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin),硫酸(suan)(suan)鉀(jia)15公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin),或(huo)復合(he)(he)(he)肥(fei)(fei)20-25公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin),此時(shi)(shi)(shi)要保(bao)(bao)(bao)持地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)見干(gan)見濕(shi),根據天(tian)(tian)(tian)氣(qi)情(qing)況(kuang)6-7天(tian)(tian)(tian)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)次(ci)水(shui),收獲蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)頭(tou)(tou)前(qian)3-4天(tian)(tian)(tian)停(ting)止澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui),促進(jin)莖、葉(xie)部(bu)的(de)同化(hua)物加(jia)速(su)向(xiang)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)頭(tou)(tou)轉(zhuan)運,使蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)頭(tou)(tou)膨(peng)大達(da)到最大化(hua),提(ti)(ti)高(gao)產(chan)量(liang)和質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)。5月底(di)開(kai)始(shi)大規(gui)模收獲,拔蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)要輕(qing)拿輕(qing)放(fang),不(bu)(bu)磕不(bu)(bu)碰,隨即去泥,剝掉第(di)一(yi)層(ceng)蒜(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)皮,削去根須。
(4)產(chan)品收(shou)獲及產(chan)后處(chu)理規定(ding):大蒜收(shou)獲季節在5月(yue)底——6月(yue)中旬(xun)。
(5)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)記錄要求:北董大(da)蒜種植各相關合作社和(he)當地龍(long)頭(tou)企業,應當 按照農產(chan)(chan)品質量安全法的(de)要求建立生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)記錄,記載(zai)使用(yong)投入品的(de)名稱、來(lai)源、用(yong)法、用(yong)量和(he)使用(yong)、停(ting)用(yong)的(de)日期;病蟲(chong)害的(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)和(he)防治(zhi)情況;收獲(huo)日期等,生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)記錄保存(cun)二年。