一、電子簽名與手寫簽名具有同等法律效力嗎
根據《電子簽名法》第14條規定：“可靠的電子簽名與手寫簽名或者蓋章具有同等的法律效力。”可靠的電子簽名應當具備以下法定條件：
1、電子簽名制作數據用于電子簽名時，屬于電子簽名人專有。
電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)制(zhi)作數(shu)(shu)據(ju)是指在(zai)電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)使用的(de)(de)，將電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)與電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)人可靠地聯系起來的(de)(de)字符、編碼(ma)等數(shu)(shu)據(ju)。它是電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)人在(zai)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)掌握的(de)(de)核心數(shu)(shu)據(ju)。唯有通過(guo)電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)制(zhi)作數(shu)(shu)據(ju)的(de)(de)歸屬判斷，才(cai)能確(que)定(ding)電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)與電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)人之間的(de)(de)同一性(xing)和(he)準確(que)性(xing)。
因此(ci)，一(yi)旦電(dian)子簽名(ming)制(zhi)(zhi)作數據被他人(ren)占有，則(ze)依(yi)賴于該(gai)電(dian)子簽名(ming)制(zhi)(zhi)作數據而生成(cheng)的(de)電(dian)子簽名(ming)有可(ke)能與電(dian)子簽名(ming)人(ren)的(de)意愿不符(fu)，顯然不能視為(wei)可(ke)靠的(de)電(dian)子簽名(ming)。
2、簽署時電子簽名制作數據僅由電子簽名人控制。
這一項規(gui)(gui)定(ding)是(shi)(shi)對(dui)電子簽(qian)名過程中電子簽(qian)名制作(zuo)數據歸誰(shui)控(kong)制的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。這里所規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)控(kong)制是(shi)(shi)指基于電子簽(qian)名人的(de)自由(you)意(yi)志而(er)對(dui)電子簽(qian)名制作(zuo)數據的(de)控(kong)制。
在電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)人實(shi)(shi)施(shi)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)行為(wei)的過程中(zhong)，無論是電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)人自己實(shi)(shi)施(shi)簽(qian)名(ming)行為(wei)，還(huan)是委(wei)托他人代為(wei)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)簽(qian)名(ming)行為(wei)，只要電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)人擁有實(shi)(shi)質上的控制權，則其所(suo)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)的簽(qian)名(ming)行為(wei)，滿足本(ben)法(fa)此項規定(ding)的要求。
3、簽署后對電子簽名的任何改動能夠被發現。
采用數(shu)字(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名技術(shu)的(de)簽(qian)名人(ren)(ren)簽(qian)署后，對方當事人(ren)(ren)可以通過一(yi)定(ding)的(de)技術(shu)手段來驗證其所收到的(de)數(shu)據(ju)電(dian)文是(shi)否是(shi)發(fa)件人(ren)(ren)所發(fa)出(chu)，發(fa)件人(ren)(ren)的(de)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名有沒有被(bei)改動。倘(tang)若能(neng)夠發(fa)現(xian)發(fa)件人(ren)(ren)的(de)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名簽(qian)署后曾(ceng)經被(bei)他(ta)人(ren)(ren)更改，則該項簽(qian)名不(bu)能(neng)滿足本法此(ci)項規定(ding)的(de)要(yao)求，不(bu)能(neng)成為(wei)一(yi)項可靠(kao)的(de)電(dian)子簽(qian)名。
4、簽署后對電文內容和形式的任何改動能夠被發現。
電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)的一項重要(yao)功能(neng)(neng)在于(yu)表明(ming)簽(qian)名(ming)人(ren)認可數據電(dian)文的內容(rong)，而要(yao)實現(xian)(xian)這一功能(neng)(neng)，必須要(yao)求電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)在技術手(shou)段(duan)上能(neng)(neng)夠保證經簽(qian)名(ming)人(ren)簽(qian)署后(hou)的電(dian)文不被他(ta)(ta)人(ren)篡(cuan)(cuan)改。否則，電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)人(ren)依(yi)據一定(ding)的技術手(shou)段(duan)實施電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)，簽(qian)署后(hou)的電(dian)文被他(ta)(ta)人(ren)篡(cuan)(cuan)改卻不能(neng)(neng)夠被發現(xian)(xian)，此(ci)時出現(xian)(xian)的法(fa)律糾紛將無法(fa)依(yi)據本法(fa)予(yu)以解決。
電子(zi)簽名人的(de)(de)(de)合法(fa)(fa)權益難以得到有效保護。因此(ci)，要(yao)符合本(ben)法(fa)(fa)規定的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)電子(zi)簽名的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，必(bi)須保證電子(zi)簽名簽署(shu)后，對數據電文內容(rong)和(he)形式的(de)(de)(de)任(ren)何改(gai)動都能夠被(bei)發現。
一項電(dian)子簽(qian)名如果同時符合上(shang)述四(si)項條件，可以視為(wei)可靠的電(dian)子簽(qian)名。
二、電子簽名怎么簽才有效
1、確認簽署人的真實身份
①第三方電子簽名平臺進行實名認證
用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶注冊平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)帳號后，平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)會要求用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶進行(xing)(xing)實(shi)名(ming)(ming)認證(zheng)，認證(zheng)通過后方可進行(xing)(xing)電子合同(tong)簽(qian)署。實(shi)名(ming)(ming)認證(zheng)時，個人用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶需(xu)要提(ti)交(jiao)(jiao)個人身(shen)份(fen)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)，企業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶需(xu)要提(ti)交(jiao)(jiao)工(gong)商信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)。第三(san)方電子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)會接入公(gong)安部的個人身(shen)份(fen)認證(zheng)系(xi)(xi)統和工(gong)商總局的企業(ye)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)系(xi)(xi)統，從(cong)而(er)對(dui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶身(shen)份(fen)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)進行(xing)(xing)查驗(yan)，確保用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶的身(shen)份(fen)不會被冒充。在個人認證(zheng)環節，第三(san)方電子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)可提(ti)供微信(xin)(xin)(xin)、刷臉認證(zheng)方式，幫助用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶快速完整(zheng)身(shen)份(fen)驗(yan)證(zheng)。而(er)企業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶認證(zheng)，因為涉及的信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)較多，第三(san)方電子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)將會通過企業(ye)對(dui)公(gong)賬戶打(da)款信(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)核查，來(lai)確認企業(ye)身(shen)份(fen)的真(zhen)實(shi)性。
②CA機構頒發數字證書
CA機(ji)構即證(zheng)書(shu)(shu)授(shou)權中心(xin)，是電子(zi)商務(wu)交(jiao)易中受(shou)信(xin)任的(de)第三方。當用戶通過第三方電子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)平臺(tai)的(de)實名(ming)認(ren)證(zheng)后，就(jiu)可獲(huo)得第三方電子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)平臺(tai)合(he)作(zuo)的(de)CA機(ji)構所頒發(fa)的(de)數(shu)字(zi)證(zheng)書(shu)(shu)，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)該用戶網上(shang)身份證(zheng)明的(de)依據。并且該證(zheng)書(shu)(shu)以數(shu)字(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)技術為(wei)(wei)核心(xin)，使得證(zheng)書(shu)(shu)不被偽造、不被篡改。
2、創建專屬電子簽名
通過實名(ming)(ming)認證后，用戶就可(ke)(ke)以開始創建自己專屬的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)了，這個電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)會以數據電(dian)(dian)(dian)文的(de)形式保(bao)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)第三(san)方電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)平臺(tai)。個人用戶，可(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)(zai)第三(san)方電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)平臺(tai)設置手寫簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)，也可(ke)(ke)以使用系統生成的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)。企業用戶可(ke)(ke)上傳制作(zuo)企業電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)章(zhang)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合同(tong)時，可(ke)(ke)選擇相應的(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)章(zhang)進行簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署。該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)相當(dang)于(yu)紙質合同(tong)中的(de)手寫簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)或者公章(zhang)，是具有法律(lv)效力(li)的(de)。
3、簽署及管理電子合同
當我們需要簽署一份電子合同時，電子簽名怎么簽(qian)(qian)呢(ni)？其(qi)實(shi)很簡單，只需要(yao)上傳編輯好的(de)(de)合同(tong)文檔，設(she)置相應的(de)(de)簽(qian)(qian)署(shu)(shu)方(fang)(fang)與簽(qian)(qian)署(shu)(shu)順(shun)序等標準后(hou)，就可(ke)以在電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合同(tong)上添加自(zi)己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)和簽(qian)(qian)署(shu)(shu)日期，即可(ke)完成(cheng)己(ji)(ji)方(fang)(fang)簽(qian)(qian)署(shu)(shu)。然后(hou)對方(fang)(fang)將(jiang)收到(dao)短信(xin)提(ti)醒，并(bing)同(tong)樣經(jing)過(guo)實(shi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)認證-電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)過(guo)程(cheng)后(hou)，一份電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合同(tong)即簽(qian)(qian)署(shu)(shu)完成(cheng)了。經(jing)過(guo)第三方(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)平臺，采用可(ke)靠(kao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)簽(qian)(qian)訂的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合同(tong)才是(shi)具有(you)法(fa)律效力的(de)(de)。
用(yong)戶通過(guo)第(di)三(san)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名平(ping)臺簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)時可通過(guo)短信(xin)驗證(zheng)碼、指紋、刷(shua)臉等方(fang)式簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署。同(tong)(tong)時，電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署完成后，將存(cun)儲在電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)平(ping)臺云端(duan)，用(yong)戶隨時隨地都可以登錄(lu)第(di)三(san)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名平(ping)臺，對電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)進(jin)行分類、查(cha)(cha)找、查(cha)(cha)閱及下載等管理操作。最后，用(yong)戶也可以通過(guo)第(di)三(san)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名平(ping)臺的(de)“合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)查(cha)(cha)驗”和“合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)驗簽(qian)(qian)(qian)”服務對電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署信(xin)息、有效(xiao)性進(jin)行檢驗，查(cha)(cha)看其是否(fou)被(bei)篡(cuan)改過(guo)。
4、第三方電子簽名平臺的其他服務
除(chu)了實名認證(zheng)、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽名制(zhi)作、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)同(tong)簽署、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)同(tong)管理之外，第三(san)方(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽名平(ping)(ping)臺還會提供許多其他(ta)服務(wu)，如出證(zheng)報告、司法鑒(jian)定、網絡仲裁、法律(lv)咨詢等法律(lv)服務(wu)。一旦用(yong)戶產(chan)生(sheng)合(he)(he)同(tong)糾(jiu)紛，即可(ke)申(shen)請第三(san)方(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽名平(ping)(ping)臺相應的服務(wu)，高效解決合(he)(he)同(tong)糾(jiu)紛問題。
