一、電子簽名與手寫簽名具有同等法律效力嗎
根據《電子簽名法》第14條規定：“可靠的電子簽名與手寫簽名或者蓋章具有同等的法律效力。”可靠的電子簽名應當具備以下法定條件：
1、電子簽名制作數據用于電子簽名時，屬于電子簽名人專有。
電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)制作數(shu)據(ju)是指在(zai)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)過(guo)程(cheng)中使用的，將電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)人(ren)(ren)可(ke)靠地聯系(xi)起(qi)來(lai)的字符、編碼等數(shu)據(ju)。它(ta)是電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)過(guo)程(cheng)中掌握的核心數(shu)據(ju)。唯有通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)制作數(shu)據(ju)的歸屬判斷，才能確(que)定電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)間的同一性和準(zhun)確(que)性。
因此，一旦電(dian)子簽(qian)名制作數據被他人占(zhan)有，則依賴于該電(dian)子簽(qian)名制作數據而生成的(de)電(dian)子簽(qian)名有可能與(yu)電(dian)子簽(qian)名人的(de)意(yi)愿不符，顯然不能視為可靠的(de)電(dian)子簽(qian)名。
2、簽署時電子簽名制作數據僅由電子簽名人控制。
這(zhe)一(yi)項規(gui)(gui)定是(shi)對(dui)電(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)名過程中電(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)名制作數據(ju)歸誰(shui)控(kong)(kong)制的(de)(de)要求。這(zhe)里所規(gui)(gui)定的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制是(shi)指基于電(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)名人的(de)(de)自由意志而對(dui)電(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)名制作數據(ju)的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制。
在電(dian)子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)人(ren)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)電(dian)子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為的過程中(zhong)，無論是(shi)電(dian)子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)人(ren)自己(ji)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為，還是(shi)委托(tuo)他(ta)人(ren)代為實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為，只(zhi)要電(dian)子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)人(ren)擁(yong)有實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質上的控制權，則其所實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)的簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為，滿足本法此項規定的要求。
3、簽署后對電子簽名的任何改動能夠被發現。
采用數(shu)字(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)人(ren)簽(qian)署(shu)后，對方當事人(ren)可(ke)以通(tong)過一定的(de)技(ji)術(shu)手段(duan)來驗證(zheng)其所收到的(de)數(shu)據電(dian)文是否是發(fa)件(jian)人(ren)所發(fa)出，發(fa)件(jian)人(ren)的(de)數(shu)字(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)有(you)沒有(you)被改(gai)動。倘若能夠發(fa)現(xian)發(fa)件(jian)人(ren)的(de)數(shu)字(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)簽(qian)署(shu)后曾經被他人(ren)更改(gai)，則該項(xiang)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)不(bu)能滿(man)足本法此項(xiang)規定的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，不(bu)能成為一項(xiang)可(ke)靠的(de)電(dian)子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)。
4、簽署后對電文內容和形式的任何改動能夠被發現。
電子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)的(de)一項重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)功能(neng)(neng)在(zai)于表明(ming)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)人認可數據電文的(de)內容，而要(yao)(yao)實現(xian)(xian)這一功能(neng)(neng)，必須要(yao)(yao)求電子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)在(zai)技術手(shou)段(duan)上(shang)能(neng)(neng)夠保(bao)證經(jing)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)人簽(qian)(qian)署后(hou)的(de)電文不被他人篡改。否則，電子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)人依據一定的(de)技術手(shou)段(duan)實施電子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)，簽(qian)(qian)署后(hou)的(de)電文被他人篡改卻不能(neng)(neng)夠被發(fa)現(xian)(xian)，此時(shi)出現(xian)(xian)的(de)法律(lv)糾紛將(jiang)無法依據本法予以解決。
電子簽名人的(de)(de)合(he)法(fa)權益(yi)難以(yi)得到有效保護。因此，要符合(he)本法(fa)規定(ding)的(de)(de)可靠的(de)(de)電子簽名的(de)(de)要求，必須(xu)保證電子簽名簽署后(hou)，對數據電文(wen)內容和形式的(de)(de)任何改動都(dou)能夠被(bei)發(fa)現。
一(yi)項(xiang)電子簽名(ming)如果同時(shi)符(fu)合上述(shu)四項(xiang)條件，可以(yi)視為(wei)可靠的(de)電子簽名(ming)。
二、電子簽名怎么簽才有效
1、確認簽署人的真實身份
①第三方電子簽名平臺進行實名認證
用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)注冊平(ping)臺(tai)帳號后(hou)，平(ping)臺(tai)會(hui)要求用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)進(jin)(jin)行實名(ming)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)，認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)通(tong)過后(hou)方(fang)(fang)可進(jin)(jin)行電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合同簽(qian)(qian)署。實名(ming)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)時，個(ge)人(ren)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)需要提(ti)交(jiao)個(ge)人(ren)身份(fen)(fen)信(xin)息，企業(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)需要提(ti)交(jiao)工(gong)(gong)商(shang)信(xin)息。第三(san)方(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)平(ping)臺(tai)會(hui)接(jie)入公(gong)安部的(de)個(ge)人(ren)身份(fen)(fen)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)系(xi)統(tong)和工(gong)(gong)商(shang)總局的(de)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)信(xin)息系(xi)統(tong)，從而對(dui)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)身份(fen)(fen)信(xin)息進(jin)(jin)行查驗(yan)，確保用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)身份(fen)(fen)不會(hui)被(bei)冒充(chong)。在個(ge)人(ren)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)環節，第三(san)方(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)平(ping)臺(tai)可提(ti)供微(wei)信(xin)、刷臉(lian)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)方(fang)(fang)式，幫(bang)助(zhu)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)快速完整身份(fen)(fen)驗(yan)證(zheng)。而企業(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)，因(yin)為涉及的(de)信(xin)息較(jiao)多，第三(san)方(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)平(ping)臺(tai)將(jiang)會(hui)通(tong)過企業(ye)(ye)(ye)對(dui)公(gong)賬戶(hu)(hu)(hu)打款信(xin)息核查，來確認(ren)(ren)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)身份(fen)(fen)的(de)真實性。
②CA機構頒發數字證書
CA機構即(ji)證(zheng)書授權中(zhong)心，是電子(zi)商(shang)務交易中(zhong)受信任的(de)第(di)三(san)方(fang)。當用戶通過(guo)第(di)三(san)方(fang)電子(zi)簽(qian)名平臺的(de)實(shi)名認證(zheng)后，就可獲得第(di)三(san)方(fang)電子(zi)簽(qian)名平臺合作的(de)CA機構所(suo)頒發的(de)數(shu)字(zi)證(zheng)書，作為該用戶網上身份證(zheng)明的(de)依據(ju)。并且該證(zheng)書以數(shu)字(zi)簽(qian)名技術為核心，使得證(zheng)書不被偽造、不被篡改。
2、創建專屬電子簽名
通過實名(ming)(ming)認證后(hou)，用戶就可以開始創(chuang)建自己(ji)專屬的電(dian)(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)了，這個電(dian)(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)會以數據電(dian)(dian)文(wen)的形式保存在第(di)(di)三方電(dian)(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)平臺(tai)。個人用戶，可在第(di)(di)三方電(dian)(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)平臺(tai)設置手(shou)寫簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)，也(ye)可以使用系統(tong)生(sheng)成的電(dian)(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)。企業用戶可上傳制作企業電(dian)(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)章(zhang)，在簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署電(dian)(dian)子合同(tong)時(shi)，可選擇(ze)相應的簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)章(zhang)進行簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署。該電(dian)(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)相當于紙質合同(tong)中的手(shou)寫簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)或者(zhe)公章(zhang)，是具有法律(lv)效力的。
3、簽署及管理電子合同
當我們需要簽署一份電子合同時，電子簽名怎么簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)呢？其實(shi)很簡(jian)單，只需要上(shang)傳編(bian)輯好的合同(tong)文檔，設(she)置相應的簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)方與簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)順(shun)序等(deng)標準后，就(jiu)可以在(zai)電子合同(tong)上(shang)添加自己的電子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)和(he)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)日(ri)期，即(ji)可完成己方簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)。然后對方將收到短信提醒，并同(tong)樣經(jing)過(guo)實(shi)名(ming)認(ren)證-電子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)過(guo)程后，一份(fen)電子合同(tong)即(ji)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)完成了。經(jing)過(guo)第三方電子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)平臺(tai)，采用可靠的電子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂的電子合同(tong)才是具有法律效(xiao)力的。
用戶通過(guo)第(di)三方電(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名平(ping)臺(tai)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署電(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)可通過(guo)短信驗(yan)證碼、指紋、刷臉(lian)等方式(shi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)，電(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)同(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署完成后(hou)(hou)，將存儲在(zai)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)同(tong)(tong)平(ping)臺(tai)云端，用戶隨(sui)時(shi)隨(sui)地都可以登錄第(di)三方電(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名平(ping)臺(tai)，對電(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)同(tong)(tong)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)分類、查找(zhao)、查閱(yue)及下載等管理(li)操(cao)作。最后(hou)(hou)，用戶也可以通過(guo)第(di)三方電(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名平(ping)臺(tai)的(de)“合(he)同(tong)(tong)查驗(yan)”和“合(he)同(tong)(tong)驗(yan)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)”服務對電(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署信息、有(you)效性進(jin)行(xing)(xing)檢驗(yan)，查看(kan)其是否被(bei)篡改過(guo)。
4、第三方電子簽名平臺的其他服務
除了實名認證、電子(zi)(zi)簽名制作、電子(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)同簽署、電子(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)同管理之外，第三方(fang)電子(zi)(zi)簽名平臺還會提供許多其(qi)他服務，如出證報告、司(si)法(fa)鑒定、網絡仲(zhong)裁、法(fa)律咨詢等(deng)法(fa)律服務。一旦(dan)用戶產生合(he)(he)同糾紛，即可申請第三方(fang)電子(zi)(zi)簽名平臺相應的服務，高效解決合(he)(he)同糾紛問題。
