一、電子簽名與手寫簽名具有同等法律效力嗎
根據《電子簽名法》第14條規定：“可靠的電子簽名與手寫簽名或者蓋章具有同等的法律效力。”可靠的電子簽名應當具備以下法定條件：
1、電子簽名制作數據用于電子簽名時，屬于電子簽名人專有。
電子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)制作數(shu)(shu)據是指在(zai)電子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)過(guo)程中使用的，將電子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)與電子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)人可靠地聯系(xi)起(qi)來的字符、編碼等數(shu)(shu)據。它(ta)是電子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)人在(zai)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)過(guo)程中掌(zhang)握的核心數(shu)(shu)據。唯有通過(guo)電子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)制作數(shu)(shu)據的歸屬判(pan)斷(duan)，才能確(que)定電子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)與電子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)人之間的同一性和準確(que)性。
因(yin)此，一(yi)旦(dan)電子(zi)簽(qian)名制(zhi)作數(shu)據被他(ta)人(ren)占有，則依(yi)賴于該電子(zi)簽(qian)名制(zhi)作數(shu)據而(er)生成(cheng)的電子(zi)簽(qian)名有可(ke)能與電子(zi)簽(qian)名人(ren)的意愿不(bu)符，顯(xian)然不(bu)能視為可(ke)靠的電子(zi)簽(qian)名。
2、簽署時電子簽名制作數據僅由電子簽名人控制。
這一項(xiang)規定是對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名過(guo)程中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名制(zhi)作數據歸(gui)誰控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)要求。這里所規定的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)是指基(ji)于電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名人的(de)自由意志而對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名制(zhi)作數據的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)。
在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)人實(shi)(shi)施(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)行(xing)為的(de)過程中，無(wu)論是電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)人自己實(shi)(shi)施(shi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)行(xing)為，還(huan)是委托他(ta)人代為實(shi)(shi)施(shi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)行(xing)為，只要電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)人擁(yong)有實(shi)(shi)質上(shang)的(de)控制權，則(ze)其所(suo)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)的(de)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)行(xing)為，滿(man)足本法此項規(gui)定的(de)要求(qiu)。
3、簽署后對電子簽名的任何改動能夠被發現。
采用數(shu)字(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名技術(shu)的(de)(de)簽(qian)(qian)名人(ren)簽(qian)(qian)署后，對(dui)方當(dang)事人(ren)可以通過一(yi)定的(de)(de)技術(shu)手段來驗證其所(suo)收到的(de)(de)數(shu)據電文是否(fou)是發件人(ren)所(suo)發出，發件人(ren)的(de)(de)數(shu)字(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名有沒有被(bei)改動(dong)。倘若(ruo)能夠發現發件人(ren)的(de)(de)數(shu)字(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名簽(qian)(qian)署后曾經(jing)被(bei)他人(ren)更改，則該(gai)項簽(qian)(qian)名不(bu)能滿足本法此項規(gui)定的(de)(de)要(yao)求，不(bu)能成為一(yi)項可靠的(de)(de)電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名。
4、簽署后對電文內容和形式的任何改動能夠被發現。
電(dian)子簽名(ming)(ming)的(de)一(yi)項重要功(gong)能在(zai)(zai)于表(biao)明簽名(ming)(ming)人(ren)認可數據(ju)電(dian)文的(de)內容，而要實現(xian)(xian)這一(yi)功(gong)能，必須(xu)要求電(dian)子簽名(ming)(ming)在(zai)(zai)技術手(shou)段上能夠(gou)保證(zheng)經(jing)簽名(ming)(ming)人(ren)簽署(shu)后(hou)的(de)電(dian)文不被(bei)他(ta)人(ren)篡改。否則，電(dian)子簽名(ming)(ming)人(ren)依據(ju)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)技術手(shou)段實施電(dian)子簽名(ming)(ming)，簽署(shu)后(hou)的(de)電(dian)文被(bei)他(ta)人(ren)篡改卻(que)不能夠(gou)被(bei)發現(xian)(xian)，此(ci)時出現(xian)(xian)的(de)法律(lv)糾紛將無(wu)法依據(ju)本法予以解決。
電(dian)(dian)子簽名(ming)人的合法權益難以得到有效(xiao)保(bao)護。因此，要符合本法規定的可靠的電(dian)(dian)子簽名(ming)的要求，必須保(bao)證電(dian)(dian)子簽名(ming)簽署后，對數據(ju)電(dian)(dian)文(wen)內(nei)容和形式(shi)的任何(he)改動都能(neng)夠(gou)被發現。
一項電子簽名如果同時符合上述四項條件，可(ke)以視為可(ke)靠的(de)電子簽名。
二、電子簽名怎么簽才有效
1、確認簽署人的真實身份
①第三方電子簽名平臺進行實名認證
用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)注冊平臺帳號后，平臺會(hui)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)進行實(shi)名(ming)認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)，認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)通(tong)過(guo)后方(fang)可(ke)進行電子合同簽署。實(shi)名(ming)認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)時，個人用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)提(ti)交個人身份信(xin)息(xi)，企業(ye)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)提(ti)交工(gong)商信(xin)息(xi)。第(di)三(san)(san)方(fang)電子簽名(ming)平臺會(hui)接入(ru)公安部的(de)(de)個人身份認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)系(xi)統(tong)和工(gong)商總局的(de)(de)企業(ye)信(xin)息(xi)系(xi)統(tong)，從而對用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)身份信(xin)息(xi)進行查驗，確保用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)身份不(bu)會(hui)被冒充(chong)。在個人認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)環節，第(di)三(san)(san)方(fang)電子簽名(ming)平臺可(ke)提(ti)供微信(xin)、刷臉認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)式，幫(bang)助用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)快速完(wan)整(zheng)身份驗證(zheng)(zheng)。而企業(ye)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)，因(yin)為(wei)涉及(ji)的(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi)較多，第(di)三(san)(san)方(fang)電子簽名(ming)平臺將會(hui)通(tong)過(guo)企業(ye)對公賬戶(hu)(hu)打款信(xin)息(xi)核查，來確認(ren)企業(ye)身份的(de)(de)真實(shi)性(xing)。
②CA機構頒發數字證書
CA機構即證(zheng)書(shu)授權中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)，是電子商務交(jiao)易中(zhong)(zhong)受信任的(de)第三(san)方。當用戶(hu)通過第三(san)方電子簽名(ming)(ming)平臺的(de)實名(ming)(ming)認證(zheng)后，就可(ke)獲得(de)第三(san)方電子簽名(ming)(ming)平臺合(he)作的(de)CA機構所頒發(fa)的(de)數字證(zheng)書(shu)，作為該用戶(hu)網上身份證(zheng)明(ming)的(de)依據。并且該證(zheng)書(shu)以(yi)數字簽名(ming)(ming)技術(shu)為核心(xin)(xin)，使得(de)證(zheng)書(shu)不被(bei)偽造、不被(bei)篡改。
2、創建專屬電子簽名
通過實名認證(zheng)后，用戶就(jiu)可(ke)以開始創(chuang)建自己(ji)專屬的電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名了(le)，這(zhe)個(ge)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名會以數據(ju)電(dian)文的形(xing)式保存在(zai)第三方電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名平臺。個(ge)人用戶，可(ke)在(zai)第三方電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名平臺設(she)置手寫簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名，也可(ke)以使用系統生成的電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名。企業(ye)用戶可(ke)上傳(chuan)制作企業(ye)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)章，在(zai)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署電(dian)子(zi)合同(tong)時，可(ke)選擇相(xiang)(xiang)應的簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)章進行簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署。該電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名相(xiang)(xiang)當于(yu)紙質(zhi)合同(tong)中的手寫簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名或者公(gong)章，是具有法律效(xiao)力的。
3、簽署及管理電子合同
當我們需要簽署一份電子合同時，電子簽名怎么簽(qian)(qian)呢？其實(shi)很簡單(dan)，只需要上(shang)傳編(bian)輯好的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)文檔，設置相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)簽(qian)(qian)署(shu)(shu)方與(yu)簽(qian)(qian)署(shu)(shu)順序等標準后(hou)，就可(ke)以(yi)在電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)上(shang)添加自己的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)和簽(qian)(qian)署(shu)(shu)日(ri)期，即可(ke)完成(cheng)己方簽(qian)(qian)署(shu)(shu)。然(ran)后(hou)對方將收到短信(xin)提醒，并同(tong)(tong)(tong)樣經過實(shi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)認證(zheng)-電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)過程后(hou)，一份(fen)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)即簽(qian)(qian)署(shu)(shu)完成(cheng)了(le)。經過第三方電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)平(ping)臺，采用可(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)簽(qian)(qian)訂的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)才是具(ju)有(you)法律效力的(de)(de)(de)。
用戶通過(guo)第(di)三方(fang)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署電(dian)子(zi)(zi)合同(tong)(tong)時(shi)可通過(guo)短信驗證碼、指紋、刷臉(lian)等方(fang)式簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)，電(dian)子(zi)(zi)合同(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署完(wan)成后(hou)，將存(cun)儲(chu)在(zai)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)合同(tong)(tong)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)云(yun)端，用戶隨時(shi)隨地都可以登錄第(di)三方(fang)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)，對電(dian)子(zi)(zi)合同(tong)(tong)進(jin)行(xing)分類、查找、查閱及下載(zai)等管理操作。最后(hou)，用戶也可以通過(guo)第(di)三方(fang)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)的“合同(tong)(tong)查驗”和“合同(tong)(tong)驗簽(qian)(qian)(qian)”服務對電(dian)子(zi)(zi)合同(tong)(tong)的簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署信息、有效性進(jin)行(xing)檢驗，查看(kan)其(qi)是否被篡(cuan)改過(guo)。
4、第三方電子簽名平臺的其他服務
除了實名(ming)認(ren)證、電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)制作、電(dian)子(zi)合(he)同簽(qian)(qian)署、電(dian)子(zi)合(he)同管理(li)之外(wai)，第(di)三方電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)平臺還會提供許多其他(ta)服務(wu)(wu)，如出證報告、司法鑒定、網絡仲(zhong)裁、法律(lv)(lv)咨詢等法律(lv)(lv)服務(wu)(wu)。一旦用戶(hu)產生合(he)同糾(jiu)紛(fen)，即(ji)可(ke)申(shen)請第(di)三方電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)平臺相應的服務(wu)(wu)，高效(xiao)解決合(he)同糾(jiu)紛(fen)問題(ti)。
