一、電子簽名與手寫簽名具有同等法律效力嗎
根據《電子簽名法》第14條規定：“可靠的電子簽名與手寫簽名或者蓋章具有同等的法律效力。”可靠的電子簽名應當具備以下法定條件：
1、電子簽名制作數據用于電子簽名時，屬于電子簽名人專有。
電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)制作數(shu)據是指在(zai)(zai)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)使用的(de)，將電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)與(yu)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)人可靠地(di)聯系起來的(de)字符、編(bian)碼(ma)等數(shu)據。它是電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)人在(zai)(zai)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)掌握的(de)核心數(shu)據。唯(wei)有通(tong)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)制作數(shu)據的(de)歸屬判斷，才能確(que)定電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)與(yu)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)人之間的(de)同一性和準確(que)性。
因此，一(yi)旦(dan)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名制(zhi)作數據(ju)被他(ta)人占(zhan)有，則依賴于該(gai)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名制(zhi)作數據(ju)而生(sheng)成(cheng)的(de)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名有可能(neng)與電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名人的(de)意愿不符(fu)，顯(xian)然(ran)不能(neng)視為可靠的(de)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名。
2、簽署時電子簽名制作數據僅由電子簽名人控制。
這(zhe)一(yi)項規(gui)定是對(dui)電子(zi)簽名(ming)過(guo)程(cheng)中電子(zi)簽名(ming)制(zhi)(zhi)作數據歸(gui)誰控制(zhi)(zhi)的要求。這(zhe)里(li)所規(gui)定的控制(zhi)(zhi)是指基于電子(zi)簽名(ming)人的自(zi)由(you)意志而對(dui)電子(zi)簽名(ming)制(zhi)(zhi)作數據的控制(zhi)(zhi)。
在電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)人(ren)實(shi)施電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)行為(wei)的(de)過程中，無論是(shi)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)人(ren)自己實(shi)施簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)行為(wei)，還是(shi)委托他(ta)人(ren)代(dai)為(wei)實(shi)施簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)行為(wei)，只(zhi)要(yao)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)人(ren)擁有實(shi)質上的(de)控(kong)制權，則其(qi)所實(shi)施的(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)行為(wei)，滿足本法此(ci)項規定的(de)要(yao)求。
3、簽署后對電子簽名的任何改動能夠被發現。
采用數字簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)技術(shu)的簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)人簽(qian)(qian)署(shu)(shu)后，對方(fang)當事人可以通過一定的技術(shu)手段來驗證(zheng)其所收(shou)到的數據電文是(shi)否是(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)件人所發(fa)(fa)(fa)出，發(fa)(fa)(fa)件人的數字簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)有沒有被(bei)改動。倘(tang)若能(neng)夠發(fa)(fa)(fa)現發(fa)(fa)(fa)件人的數字簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)簽(qian)(qian)署(shu)(shu)后曾經被(bei)他人更改，則該項(xiang)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)不能(neng)滿足本法此項(xiang)規(gui)定的要求，不能(neng)成為一項(xiang)可靠的電子簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)。
4、簽署后對電文內容和形式的任何改動能夠被發現。
電(dian)(dian)子簽(qian)名(ming)的(de)(de)一項重要(yao)功能在于表明簽(qian)名(ming)人認可數據電(dian)(dian)文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)內容，而要(yao)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)這(zhe)一功能，必須要(yao)求電(dian)(dian)子簽(qian)名(ming)在技術(shu)手段上能夠(gou)保證經(jing)簽(qian)名(ming)人簽(qian)署(shu)后的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)文(wen)(wen)不(bu)被他人篡改。否則，電(dian)(dian)子簽(qian)名(ming)人依(yi)據一定的(de)(de)技術(shu)手段實(shi)施電(dian)(dian)子簽(qian)名(ming)，簽(qian)署(shu)后的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)文(wen)(wen)被他人篡改卻不(bu)能夠(gou)被發(fa)現(xian)(xian)，此(ci)時出現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)法律糾紛將(jiang)無(wu)法依(yi)據本法予以(yi)解決。
電子(zi)簽(qian)名人的(de)合法權益難(nan)以得到有效保護。因此，要(yao)符合本法規定(ding)的(de)可靠的(de)電子(zi)簽(qian)名的(de)要(yao)求，必須保證(zheng)電子(zi)簽(qian)名簽(qian)署后，對數(shu)據電文(wen)內容和形(xing)式的(de)任(ren)何改動都能夠被發現。
一項電子簽(qian)名(ming)如(ru)果同時符(fu)合上述四項條件(jian)，可以(yi)視(shi)為可靠的電子簽(qian)名(ming)。
二、電子簽名怎么簽才有效
1、確認簽署人的真實身份
①第三方電子簽名平臺進行實名認證
用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)注冊平臺(tai)帳(zhang)號后，平臺(tai)會(hui)(hui)要(yao)求用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)進行實(shi)名認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)通過(guo)后方(fang)(fang)(fang)可(ke)進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)合(he)同簽署。實(shi)名認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)時，個(ge)(ge)人用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)需要(yao)提(ti)交(jiao)個(ge)(ge)人身份信息(xi)，企業(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)需要(yao)提(ti)交(jiao)工商信息(xi)。第三方(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽名平臺(tai)會(hui)(hui)接入公(gong)安(an)部的(de)(de)個(ge)(ge)人身份認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)系統和工商總(zong)局(ju)的(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)信息(xi)系統，從(cong)而(er)對用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)身份信息(xi)進行查驗，確保(bao)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)的(de)(de)身份不會(hui)(hui)被(bei)冒充。在(zai)個(ge)(ge)人認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)環節，第三方(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽名平臺(tai)可(ke)提(ti)供微信、刷臉認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)，幫助用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)快(kuai)速完整身份驗證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。而(er)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，因為涉及的(de)(de)信息(xi)較多，第三方(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽名平臺(tai)將會(hui)(hui)通過(guo)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)對公(gong)賬(zhang)戶(hu)打款(kuan)信息(xi)核查，來確認(ren)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)身份的(de)(de)真實(shi)性。
②CA機構頒發數字證書
CA機構即證(zheng)書(shu)(shu)(shu)授權中心，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)子商(shang)務(wu)交易中受信(xin)任的(de)(de)第三(san)方。當(dang)用戶通過(guo)第三(san)方電(dian)(dian)子簽名平(ping)(ping)臺的(de)(de)實名認(ren)證(zheng)后，就可獲(huo)得第三(san)方電(dian)(dian)子簽名平(ping)(ping)臺合(he)作的(de)(de)CA機構所頒發的(de)(de)數(shu)字證(zheng)書(shu)(shu)(shu)，作為(wei)該用戶網(wang)上身份證(zheng)明的(de)(de)依據。并且該證(zheng)書(shu)(shu)(shu)以數(shu)字簽名技(ji)術為(wei)核心，使(shi)得證(zheng)書(shu)(shu)(shu)不(bu)被偽造、不(bu)被篡改。
2、創建專屬電子簽名
通過實(shi)名(ming)(ming)認證后，用(yong)戶(hu)就可(ke)(ke)以(yi)開始創建自己專屬的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)了(le)，這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)會以(yi)數據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)文的形式保存在第三方電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)平臺。個(ge)人用(yong)戶(hu)，可(ke)(ke)在第三方電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)平臺設置手寫(xie)簽名(ming)(ming)，也可(ke)(ke)以(yi)使用(yong)系(xi)統生成的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)。企業用(yong)戶(hu)可(ke)(ke)上(shang)傳制(zhi)作企業電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽章，在簽署電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)合同時，可(ke)(ke)選擇相(xiang)應(ying)的簽章進行簽署。該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)相(xiang)當于紙質合同中的手寫(xie)簽名(ming)(ming)或者公(gong)章，是具有法(fa)律效力(li)的。
3、簽署及管理電子合同
當我們需要簽署一份電子合同時，電子簽名怎么簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)呢？其實很簡單，只(zhi)需(xu)要上傳(chuan)編輯好的(de)合(he)同(tong)文檔，設置相應的(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)方(fang)與簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)順序(xu)等標準后，就可以在電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)合(he)同(tong)上添加自己(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名和簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)日(ri)期，即可完成(cheng)(cheng)己(ji)方(fang)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。然(ran)后對方(fang)將收(shou)到短(duan)信提(ti)醒(xing)，并同(tong)樣經過實名認證-電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名過程后，一(yi)份電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)合(he)同(tong)即簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)完成(cheng)(cheng)了。經過第三方(fang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名平臺，采用可靠的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)訂的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)合(he)同(tong)才(cai)是具有法律效(xiao)力(li)的(de)。
用戶(hu)(hu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)第三(san)方(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名平(ping)臺簽(qian)署(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)可通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)短信(xin)驗證碼(ma)、指紋、刷臉等方(fang)(fang)式簽(qian)署(shu)(shu)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)署(shu)(shu)完成后，將存儲在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)平(ping)臺云端，用戶(hu)(hu)隨(sui)時(shi)隨(sui)地都可以登錄第三(san)方(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名平(ping)臺，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)分類、查(cha)(cha)找、查(cha)(cha)閱及下載等管理操作(zuo)。最后，用戶(hu)(hu)也可以通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)第三(san)方(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名平(ping)臺的(de)“合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)查(cha)(cha)驗”和“合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)驗簽(qian)”服務對電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)簽(qian)署(shu)(shu)信(xin)息(xi)、有效性進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)檢驗，查(cha)(cha)看其是否被(bei)篡改過(guo)(guo)(guo)。
4、第三方電子簽名平臺的其他服務
除了實(shi)名(ming)認證(zheng)、電(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)制(zhi)作(zuo)、電(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)同(tong)(tong)簽(qian)署、電(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)同(tong)(tong)管理(li)之外，第三(san)方(fang)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)平(ping)臺還會(hui)提供許多其(qi)他(ta)服務(wu)，如出(chu)證(zheng)報告、司法鑒定、網絡(luo)仲裁、法律咨詢等(deng)法律服務(wu)。一旦用戶產生(sheng)合(he)同(tong)(tong)糾(jiu)紛，即可(ke)申請(qing)第三(san)方(fang)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)平(ping)臺相應(ying)的服務(wu)，高效(xiao)解決合(he)同(tong)(tong)糾(jiu)紛問題(ti)。
