漢中中藥材(cai)“漢八味”指的是天麻(ma)、西洋參、杜仲、元(yuan)胡、銀(yin)杏、附子、豬苓、山茱萸。
天麻(ma)(Gastrodia elata Bl.),蘭(lan)科天麻(ma)屬多年生草本植(zhi)物;植(zhi)株較高大(da),根狀莖(jing)長(chang)呈(cheng)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)或倒圓(yuan)(yuan)錐形(xing),節(jie)密(mi)鱗片狀鞘(qiao)多;肉質(zhi)莖(jing)黃(huang)(huang)色(se);無綠色(se)葉片;花(hua)為(wei)橙黃(huang)(huang)或淡黃(huang)(huang)色(se),萼片和花(hua)瓣合生;蒴(shuo)果長(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),具(ju)短(duan)梗;種(zhong)子(zi)多而(er)細(xi)小(xiao),呈(cheng)粉(fen)塵(chen)狀;花(hua)果期為(wei)5、6、7月。[6]古(gu)人認(ren)為(wei)天麻(ma)生長(chang)神奇(qi),若上(shang)天賜予(yu),其狀類(lei)古(gu)時麻(ma)為(wei)之鞋,故稱天麻(ma)。
西洋參(can)(Panax quinquefolius L.),是(shi)五加科人參(can)屬的多年生(sheng)草本植物(wu)。西洋參(can)的根(gen)為(wei)圓(yuan)柱形(xing)或紡錘形(xing);葉片廣卵形(xing)或倒卵形(xing),邊(bian)緣有粗鋸齒;花(hua)序是(shi)傘形(xing),尊綠色,鐘狀;花(hua)瓣(ban)綠白色,花(hua)藥(yao)卵形(xing)或矩(ju)圓(yuan)形(xing);漿(jiang)果扁球(qiu)形(xing),熟時為(wei)鮮紅(hong)色,花(hua)期(qi)在(zai)7-8月,果期(qi)9月。
陜西南部的略陽(yang)縣是杜仲(zhong)的原(yuan)產地、適生區。通常認為杜仲(zhong)起源于陜、甘、川三省交(jiao)界的秦嶺山(shan)脈(mo)。由(you)于地處秦巴山(shan)區,地理交(jiao)通欠發達,保(bao)護了許(xu)多物種的種質(zhi)資源,杜仲(zhong)就是其一。略陽(yang)杜仲(zhong)成(cheng)品呈平(ping)板(ban)狀,斷面銀白色膠絲致密,內皮色澤鮮亮,有(you)效藥物成(cheng)分(fen)含量(liang)高(gao)。
一(yi)般指延(yan)(yan)胡索,中藥名。為罌(ying)粟科植物延(yan)(yan)胡索的干燥塊莖。夏初莖葉枯萎(wei)時采挖,除去(qu)須根,洗凈,置沸水中煮至恰無白心時,取出,曬干。生(sheng)于山(shan)地林下,或為栽(zai)培(pei)。分布河北、山(shan)東、江蘇、浙江等地。具有活血,行氣,止痛(tong)的功(gong)效(xiao)。用于胸(xiong)脅、脘腹疼痛(tong),胸(xiong)痹心痛(tong),經閉痛(tong)經,產(chan)后瘀阻,跌撲(pu)腫(zhong)痛(tong)。
銀杏為(wei)中生代孑遺的稀(xi)有樹種(zhong)(zhong),系(xi)中國特(te)產,生于(yu)海(hai)拔500-1000米(mi)、酸性(pH值(zhi)5-5.5)黃壤、排水良好地帶的天然林中,常與(yu)柳杉(shan)、榧(fei)樹、藍果樹等針(zhen)闊葉樹種(zhong)(zhong)混生,生長旺(wang)盛。朝鮮、日本及歐(ou)美各國庭園(yuan)均有栽培(pei)。種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)供食用(多食易中毒)及藥用。葉可作藥用和(he)制殺蟲劑,亦(yi)可作肥料。種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的肉質(zhi)外種(zhong)(zhong)皮含白(bai)果酸、白(bai)果醇及白(bai)果酚,有毒。
烏(wu)頭(tou)(學名:Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux)是毛茛科、烏(wu)頭(tou)屬草本植物。6月下旬至8月上旬采挖(wa),除去母(mu)根、須根及泥沙,習稱“泥附子”。
豬苓多(duo)(duo)孔菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(學名:Polyporus umbellatus(Pers.)Fr.)是多(duo)(duo)孔菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)科、多(duo)(duo)孔菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)屬多(duo)(duo)年(nian)生真菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。埋生于地下,呈現不(bu)規則塊狀,菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核表面有白(bai)(bai)色、灰色和黑色,菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核分為表皮和髓質(zhi),髓質(zhi)由菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)黏連交織而(er)成(cheng),菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核表皮細胞趨于木質(zhi)化,子實體由生殖菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)、骨架(jia)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)和聯絡菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)組成(cheng),菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)蓋白(bai)(bai)色圓形,中部臍狀,有淡黃色的纖維層鱗片狀,呈放(fang)射狀,觸摸(mo)有軟毛絨感覺。
山茱(zhu)萸(Cornus officinalis Sieb.et Zucc.)是山茱(zhu)萸科山茱(zhu)萸屬落葉喬木或(huo)灌木。其樹皮灰褐(he)色;小枝細(xi)圓(yuan)柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),無毛(mao)或(huo)稀(xi)被(bei)貼生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)短柔(rou)毛(mao)冬(dong)芽(ya)頂生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)及腋生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),被(bei)黃褐(he)色短柔(rou)毛(mao);葉對生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),紙質,卵狀(zhuang)披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)卵狀(zhuang)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),葉柄(bing)細(xi)圓(yuan)柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);傘(san)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)花(hua)序生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)枝側,卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),厚紙質至(zhi)革(ge)質,總花(hua)梗粗壯,花(hua)小,兩性,先葉開放,花(hua)梗纖細(xi);核(he)果長橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),紅(hong)色至(zhi)紫(zi)紅(hong)色,核(he)骨(gu)質,狹(xia)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);花(hua)期(qi)3-4月;果期(qi)9-10月。
陜西秦巴山區生(sheng)物資(zi)源(yuan)豐富(fu),所在(zai)區縣均是陜西道地名優藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材的(de)重要產區。所產道地藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材質量上乘,在(zai)全(quan)國市場占據一定的(de)位置。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),漢(han)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)市域內共(gong)有(you)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)植(zhi)物資(zi)源(yuan)1600余種(zhong),藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)動物資(zi)源(yuan)250種(zhong),占全(quan)省(sheng)總資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)77% ,名列全(quan)省(sheng)第(di)一,國家公布(bu)的(de)364種(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材名錄中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)漢(han)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)280種(zhong),也(ye)占全(quan)部(bu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材種(zhong)類的(de)77% 。《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)典(dian)》收(shou)集的(de)580個(ge)重要中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材品種(zhong)漢(han)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)就有(you)316種(zhong)。
據了(le)解,漢中(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)規(gui)模(mo)和標準化(hua)工程建設居(ju)全(quan)(quan)省領先(xian),山茱萸、黃精(jing)、天麻(ma)、豬(zhu)苓(ling)等規(gui)范化(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)技(ji)術全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)領先(xian),略陽(yang)(yang)天麻(ma)、略陽(yang)(yang)杜仲(zhong)、略陽(yang)(yang)豬(zhu)苓(ling)、漢中(zhong)(zhong)附(fu)子(zi)、寧強(qiang)華(hua)細辛等多(duo)個中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材(cai)產品(pin)(pin)獲(huo)國(guo)(guo)家地(di)理標志保護產品(pin)(pin)認(ren)證。中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積已逾173萬(wan)畝(mu),常(chang)年穩定在130多(duo)萬(wan)畝(mu),規(gui)范化(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積20萬(wan)畝(mu)以上,道地(di)藥(yao)材(cai)180余(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),常(chang)見家種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)65個,優(you)勢藥(yao)材(cai)48種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。天麻(ma)、元胡、附(fu)子(zi)產量分別占全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)總產量的50%以上。中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材(cai)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和產量名列陜(shan)西第一,位居(ju)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)地(di)市前列。