漢中中藥材“漢八味(wei)”指的是天麻、西洋參、杜仲、元胡、銀杏、附子、豬苓、山茱萸(yu)。
天麻(ma)(Gastrodia elata Bl.),蘭(lan)科天麻(ma)屬多年生(sheng)草本植物;植株較(jiao)高大,根狀莖長(chang)呈(cheng)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)或(huo)倒(dao)圓(yuan)錐形(xing),節密鱗片狀鞘(qiao)多;肉質莖黃色;無綠色葉片;花(hua)為橙(cheng)黃或(huo)淡黃色,萼(e)片和(he)花(hua)瓣合生(sheng);蒴果(guo)長(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing),具短梗;種子(zi)多而細小,呈(cheng)粉(fen)塵(chen)狀;花(hua)果(guo)期為5、6、7月。[6]古人認為天麻(ma)生(sheng)長(chang)神(shen)奇,若上(shang)天賜予(yu),其狀類古時麻(ma)為之鞋,故稱(cheng)天麻(ma)。
西洋(yang)參(Panax quinquefolius L.),是(shi)五加科人(ren)參屬的(de)多年(nian)生草本植(zhi)物。西洋(yang)參的(de)根為圓柱(zhu)形(xing)或紡(fang)錘(chui)形(xing);葉片廣卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)或倒卵(luan)(luan)形(xing),邊緣(yuan)有(you)粗鋸齒;花序是(shi)傘(san)形(xing),尊綠色(se),鐘(zhong)狀;花瓣綠白色(se),花藥卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)或矩圓形(xing);漿果扁球形(xing),熟時為鮮紅色(se),花期在7-8月,果期9月。
陜(shan)西南部(bu)的(de)略陽縣是杜(du)(du)仲的(de)原(yuan)產地(di)、適生區。通常認為杜(du)(du)仲起源于陜(shan)、甘、川三省交界的(de)秦(qin)嶺(ling)山(shan)脈。由(you)于地(di)處(chu)秦(qin)巴(ba)山(shan)區,地(di)理交通欠發達(da),保護了許(xu)多物種(zhong)的(de)種(zhong)質資(zi)源,杜(du)(du)仲就是其一。略陽杜(du)(du)仲成品呈平板狀,斷面銀白色(se)膠(jiao)絲致密(mi),內(nei)皮色(se)澤(ze)鮮亮(liang),有效藥物成分含(han)量高(gao)。
一般指延胡(hu)(hu)索(suo),中藥名。為罌(ying)粟科(ke)植物延胡(hu)(hu)索(suo)的干燥塊莖。夏初莖葉枯萎時采挖(wa),除去須(xu)根(gen),洗凈,置沸水中煮至恰無白心(xin)時,取出(chu),曬干。生于山地林下,或(huo)為栽培。分布河北(bei)、山東、江蘇、浙江等地。具有活血(xue),行氣,止痛(tong)的功效。用于胸脅、脘腹疼(teng)痛(tong),胸痹心(xin)痛(tong),經閉痛(tong)經,產后瘀阻,跌撲腫痛(tong)。
銀杏為中生(sheng)(sheng)代(dai)孑遺的稀有(you)樹種(zhong)(zhong),系中國特產,生(sheng)(sheng)于海拔500-1000米、酸性(pH值5-5.5)黃壤、排(pai)水良好地帶(dai)的天然林中,常(chang)與柳杉、榧樹、藍果樹等針闊(kuo)葉樹種(zhong)(zhong)混生(sheng)(sheng),生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)旺盛。朝鮮、日(ri)本(ben)及歐美各國庭園(yuan)均有(you)栽培。種(zhong)(zhong)子供食用(yong)(yong)(多食易中毒(du))及藥用(yong)(yong)。葉可作(zuo)藥用(yong)(yong)和(he)制殺蟲劑,亦可作(zuo)肥料。種(zhong)(zhong)子的肉質(zhi)外種(zhong)(zhong)皮含白(bai)果酸、白(bai)果醇及白(bai)果酚,有(you)毒(du)。
烏頭(學名:Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux)是毛茛科、烏頭屬草(cao)本植物。6月下旬至8月上(shang)旬采挖(wa),除去母(mu)根、須根及(ji)泥(ni)沙,習稱(cheng)“泥(ni)附子”。
豬(zhu)苓(ling)多(duo)孔菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(學名(ming):Polyporus umbellatus(Pers.)Fr.)是多(duo)孔菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)科、多(duo)孔菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)屬多(duo)年(nian)生真菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。埋(mai)生于地下(xia),呈(cheng)現不規則塊狀,菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)表(biao)面有白色(se)(se)(se)、灰(hui)色(se)(se)(se)和黑色(se)(se)(se),菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)分為表(biao)皮和髓質(zhi)(zhi),髓質(zhi)(zhi)由(you)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)黏(nian)連交織(zhi)而成,菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)(he)表(biao)皮細胞趨于木質(zhi)(zhi)化(hua),子實體由(you)生殖菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)、骨架菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)和聯(lian)絡菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)組成,菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)蓋白色(se)(se)(se)圓形,中部臍狀,有淡黃色(se)(se)(se)的纖維層鱗片狀,呈(cheng)放射狀,觸(chu)摸有軟毛絨感覺(jue)。
山茱(zhu)萸(Cornus officinalis Sieb.et Zucc.)是山茱(zhu)萸科(ke)山茱(zhu)萸屬落葉(xie)喬木(mu)或(huo)灌(guan)木(mu)。其樹皮灰褐色;小枝細圓(yuan)柱形,無(wu)毛或(huo)稀被貼生(sheng)短柔毛冬芽頂(ding)生(sheng)及腋生(sheng),卵形至披針形,被黃褐色短柔毛;葉(xie)對生(sheng),紙(zhi)質,卵狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披針形或(huo)卵狀(zhuang)(zhuang)橢圓(yuan)形,葉(xie)柄細圓(yuan)柱形;傘(san)形花(hua)序生(sheng)于枝側(ce),卵形,厚紙(zhi)質至革(ge)質,總花(hua)梗(geng)粗壯,花(hua)小,兩性,先葉(xie)開放,花(hua)梗(geng)纖細;核(he)果長(chang)橢圓(yuan)形,紅(hong)色至紫紅(hong)色,核(he)骨質,狹橢圓(yuan)形;花(hua)期3-4月;果期9-10月。
陜西(xi)秦(qin)巴山區生物資源豐富,所在區縣均是陜西(xi)道(dao)地(di)名優藥(yao)(yao)材的(de)重要產區。所產道(dao)地(di)藥(yao)(yao)材質量上乘,在全國市場占據(ju)一定(ding)的(de)位置。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),漢(han)(han)(han)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)市域內共(gong)有藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)植物資源1600余種(zhong)(zhong),藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)動物資源250種(zhong)(zhong),占全省總資源的(de)77% ,名列全省第一,國家(jia)公布的(de)364種(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材名錄中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)漢(han)(han)(han)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有280種(zhong)(zhong),也占全部藥(yao)(yao)材種(zhong)(zhong)類的(de)77% 。《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國藥(yao)(yao)典(dian)》收集(ji)的(de)580個重要中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材品種(zhong)(zhong)漢(han)(han)(han)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)有316種(zhong)(zhong)。
據了解(jie),漢中(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)藥材(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)植規(gui)模和標準(zhun)化工程建(jian)設居全(quan)省領先,山茱萸(yu)、黃精、天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)、豬苓等規(gui)范(fan)化種(zhong)(zhong)植技術全(quan)國(guo)領先,略陽天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)、略陽杜(du)仲、略陽豬苓、漢中(zhong)(zhong)附子、寧強(qiang)華(hua)細辛等多個(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)藥材(cai)產(chan)(chan)品獲國(guo)家地理標志保護產(chan)(chan)品認(ren)證。中(zhong)(zhong)藥材(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)植面積已逾(yu)173萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu),常年穩(wen)定(ding)在(zai)130多萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu),規(gui)范(fan)化種(zhong)(zhong)植面積20萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)以上,道(dao)地藥材(cai)180余種(zhong)(zhong),常見(jian)家種(zhong)(zhong)品種(zhong)(zhong)65個(ge),優勢藥材(cai)48種(zhong)(zhong)。天(tian)麻(ma)(ma)、元胡、附子產(chan)(chan)量分別占全(quan)國(guo)總產(chan)(chan)量的50%以上。中(zhong)(zhong)藥材(cai)品種(zhong)(zhong)和產(chan)(chan)量名列(lie)陜(shan)西第一(yi),位居全(quan)國(guo)地市前列(lie)。