漢(han)中(zhong)中(zhong)藥材“漢(han)八味”指(zhi)的是天麻、西洋參、杜仲(zhong)、元胡、銀(yin)杏(xing)、附子、豬苓、山茱(zhu)萸(yu)。
天(tian)麻(Gastrodia elata Bl.),蘭科天(tian)麻屬多(duo)年生(sheng)草本(ben)植(zhi)物;植(zhi)株較高大,根狀莖長呈橢圓形或倒圓錐形,節密(mi)鱗片(pian)狀鞘(qiao)多(duo);肉質莖黃色;無(wu)綠(lv)色葉片(pian);花為(wei)(wei)橙黃或淡黃色,萼片(pian)和花瓣合(he)生(sheng);蒴(shuo)果(guo)長圓形,具短(duan)梗;種子(zi)多(duo)而細小,呈粉(fen)塵(chen)狀;花果(guo)期為(wei)(wei)5、6、7月(yue)。[6]古人認(ren)為(wei)(wei)天(tian)麻生(sheng)長神奇,若上天(tian)賜予,其(qi)狀類古時麻為(wei)(wei)之鞋(xie),故稱天(tian)麻。
西(xi)洋參(Panax quinquefolius L.),是(shi)五加科人參屬的多年生草本植物。西(xi)洋參的根(gen)為圓柱形或紡(fang)錘(chui)形;葉(xie)片廣卵形或倒卵形,邊(bian)緣有粗鋸(ju)齒(chi);花序是(shi)傘形,尊綠(lv)色,鐘狀;花瓣(ban)綠(lv)白(bai)色,花藥卵形或矩圓形;漿果扁球形,熟時為鮮紅色,花期在7-8月,果期9月。
陜西南(nan)部的(de)略陽縣(xian)是杜仲的(de)原產地(di)(di)、適(shi)生區。通(tong)常認(ren)為杜仲起(qi)源于陜、甘、川三省(sheng)交界的(de)秦嶺山脈(mo)。由于地(di)(di)處(chu)秦巴山區,地(di)(di)理交通(tong)欠發達,保護了許多物種(zhong)的(de)種(zhong)質資源,杜仲就是其一(yi)。略陽杜仲成品呈(cheng)平板狀,斷面(mian)銀白色膠(jiao)絲致密,內(nei)皮色澤鮮亮,有效藥(yao)物成分(fen)含量高。
一般指延胡(hu)索,中藥名(ming)。為罌粟科(ke)植物延胡(hu)索的干燥塊(kuai)莖。夏(xia)初(chu)莖葉枯(ku)萎時采挖,除去(qu)須根,洗凈,置沸水中煮至恰無白心時,取(qu)出,曬(shai)干。生(sheng)于山地林下,或為栽培。分(fen)布(bu)河北、山東(dong)、江(jiang)蘇、浙江(jiang)等(deng)地。具有活血,行氣,止(zhi)痛(tong)的功效。用于胸(xiong)脅、脘腹疼(teng)痛(tong),胸(xiong)痹心痛(tong),經閉痛(tong)經,產后瘀(yu)阻,跌撲腫痛(tong)。
銀(yin)杏為中生(sheng)(sheng)代孑(jie)遺(yi)的稀有(you)(you)樹種(zhong)(zhong),系中國特產,生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)海(hai)拔500-1000米、酸性(pH值5-5.5)黃壤、排水良好(hao)地帶的天(tian)然林中,常與(yu)柳杉、榧樹、藍果樹等針闊葉樹種(zhong)(zhong)混生(sheng)(sheng),生(sheng)(sheng)長旺(wang)盛。朝鮮、日本及(ji)歐美(mei)各國庭園均有(you)(you)栽培。種(zhong)(zhong)子供食用(yong)(多食易中毒)及(ji)藥用(yong)。葉可作(zuo)藥用(yong)和制殺蟲劑,亦可作(zuo)肥料。種(zhong)(zhong)子的肉質外(wai)種(zhong)(zhong)皮含白果酸、白果醇及(ji)白果酚,有(you)(you)毒。
烏頭(學名(ming):Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux)是毛(mao)茛科(ke)、烏頭屬草本植物。6月(yue)(yue)下旬至8月(yue)(yue)上旬采(cai)挖,除去母根、須根及泥沙,習稱“泥附子”。
豬苓(ling)多(duo)孔(kong)菌(jun)(jun)(學名:Polyporus umbellatus(Pers.)Fr.)是(shi)多(duo)孔(kong)菌(jun)(jun)科、多(duo)孔(kong)菌(jun)(jun)屬多(duo)年生(sheng)真(zhen)菌(jun)(jun)。埋生(sheng)于地下,呈現不(bu)規則塊狀(zhuang),菌(jun)(jun)核表面(mian)有(you)白色(se)、灰色(se)和黑色(se),菌(jun)(jun)核分為(wei)表皮(pi)和髓(sui)質(zhi),髓(sui)質(zhi)由(you)菌(jun)(jun)絲黏連交(jiao)織(zhi)而成,菌(jun)(jun)核表皮(pi)細(xi)胞趨于木質(zhi)化,子實體由(you)生(sheng)殖菌(jun)(jun)絲、骨(gu)架(jia)菌(jun)(jun)絲和聯絡菌(jun)(jun)絲組成,菌(jun)(jun)蓋白色(se)圓形,中部臍(qi)狀(zhuang),有(you)淡黃色(se)的纖維層鱗片狀(zhuang),呈放(fang)射狀(zhuang),觸摸有(you)軟毛絨(rong)感(gan)覺。
山茱(zhu)萸(yu)(Cornus officinalis Sieb.et Zucc.)是山茱(zhu)萸(yu)科山茱(zhu)萸(yu)屬落葉喬木(mu)或灌(guan)木(mu)。其樹皮灰褐色;小(xiao)枝(zhi)細(xi)圓(yuan)(yuan)柱形(xing)(xing)(xing),無毛(mao)或稀被(bei)貼生短(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao)冬芽頂生及腋生,卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)至(zhi)披(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing),被(bei)黃(huang)褐色短(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao);葉對生,紙質(zhi),卵狀(zhuang)披(pi)(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)或卵狀(zhuang)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),葉柄細(xi)圓(yuan)(yuan)柱形(xing)(xing)(xing);傘形(xing)(xing)(xing)花(hua)序生于枝(zhi)側,卵形(xing)(xing)(xing),厚紙質(zhi)至(zhi)革質(zhi),總(zong)花(hua)梗(geng)粗壯(zhuang),花(hua)小(xiao),兩性(xing),先葉開放(fang),花(hua)梗(geng)纖細(xi);核(he)(he)果(guo)長橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),紅色至(zhi)紫紅色,核(he)(he)骨質(zhi),狹橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing);花(hua)期3-4月;果(guo)期9-10月。
陜西秦巴(ba)山區(qu)生(sheng)物(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)豐(feng)富(fu),所在(zai)區(qu)縣均是陜西道地名優藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要產區(qu)。所產道地藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)質量(liang)上乘,在(zai)全國(guo)市(shi)場占(zhan)據(ju)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)位置。其(qi)中(zhong),漢(han)(han)中(zhong)市(shi)域內共有(you)藥(yao)(yao)用植物(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)1600余(yu)種(zhong),藥(yao)(yao)用動物(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)250種(zhong),占(zhan)全省總資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)77% ,名列全省第一(yi),國(guo)家公布的(de)(de)364種(zhong)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)名錄中(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)漢(han)(han)中(zhong)有(you)280種(zhong),也(ye)占(zhan)全部(bu)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)種(zhong)類的(de)(de)77% 。《中(zhong)國(guo)藥(yao)(yao)典(dian)》收集的(de)(de)580個重(zhong)要中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)品(pin)種(zhong)漢(han)(han)中(zhong)就有(you)316種(zhong)。
據了解,漢中(zhong)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)種(zhong)植(zhi)規模和(he)標(biao)準化(hua)工程建設居全(quan)省領(ling)(ling)先,山茱萸、黃(huang)精、天麻、豬(zhu)苓等(deng)規范(fan)化(hua)種(zhong)植(zhi)技(ji)術全(quan)國領(ling)(ling)先,略(lve)陽(yang)(yang)天麻、略(lve)陽(yang)(yang)杜仲、略(lve)陽(yang)(yang)豬(zhu)苓、漢中(zhong)附(fu)子、寧強華細辛等(deng)多個中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)產(chan)品(pin)獲(huo)國家(jia)(jia)地(di)理標(biao)志保護產(chan)品(pin)認證(zheng)。中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)種(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積已逾173萬(wan)畝(mu),常(chang)年穩定(ding)在130多萬(wan)畝(mu),規范(fan)化(hua)種(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積20萬(wan)畝(mu)以上(shang),道(dao)地(di)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)180余種(zhong),常(chang)見家(jia)(jia)種(zhong)品(pin)種(zhong)65個,優勢藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)48種(zhong)。天麻、元(yuan)胡、附(fu)子產(chan)量分別占全(quan)國總產(chan)量的50%以上(shang)。中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)品(pin)種(zhong)和(he)產(chan)量名列陜(shan)西(xi)第(di)一,位居全(quan)國地(di)市前列。