云(yun)南是(shi)我國煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉種植(zhi)最主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)省份之(zhi)一,也是(shi)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉質(zhi)量(liang)最高的(de)(de)地區(qu)之(zhi)一,云(yun)南煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉質(zhi)量(liang)上(shang)乘,風格獨特。云(yun)南煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)草的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)產(chan)地在紅(hong)(hong)河(he)州、普洱(er)(er)市(shi)、玉溪;云(yun)南主(zhu)要(yao)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉主(zhu)產(chan)區(qu),包括(kuo)云(yun)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、昆明(ming)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉、紅(hong)(hong)河(he)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉、麗江煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉、富源烤(kao)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、景東烤(kao)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、玉溪煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉、保山煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉、普洱(er)(er)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉、南澗紅(hong)(hong)大煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉。
云(yun)南(nan)的(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉品種豐富多(duo)樣。煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉可分(fen)(fen)為煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)草(cao)(cao)和煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)絲(si)兩大類(lei),煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)草(cao)(cao)又可分(fen)(fen)為黃煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、青(qing)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)和紅煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等多(duo)個品種。黃煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是云(yun)南(nan)最(zui)主要的(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)草(cao)(cao)品種,以其細(xi)嫩的(de)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉質地和香氣濃郁的(de)特(te)點(dian)受到了廣大吸煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者的(de)喜愛。青(qing)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)也是云(yun)南(nan)的(de)特(te)色(se)品種,青(qing)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)顏色(se)較(jiao)(jiao)淡(dan),煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉較(jiao)(jiao)寬厚,煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)絲(si)較(jiao)(jiao)硬(ying),煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氣較(jiao)(jiao)濃。
云(yun)南(nan)的(de)(de)(de)煙葉(xie)種植主(zhu)要集中在個別縣市,如臨滄、曲(qu)靖、玉溪(xi)、蒙自等地(di)(di)(di)。這些地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)具(ju)有(you)適宜煙葉(xie)種植的(de)(de)(de)土壤(rang)和(he)氣(qi)候條(tiao)件,并且(qie)發(fa)展了(le)(le)相應的(de)(de)(de)煙葉(xie)種植技術(shu)。在種植過(guo)程中,農民需要選擇合適的(de)(de)(de)土地(di)(di)(di)和(he)種子,施肥和(he)澆水,并且(qie)合理控(kong)制病蟲害,以確保優質煙葉(xie)的(de)(de)(de)產量(liang)和(he)質量(liang)。云(yun)南(nan)的(de)(de)(de)煙葉(xie)種植也受到了(le)(le)政(zheng)府的(de)(de)(de)支持和(he)引(yin)導(dao),通過(guo)提供技術(shu)指導(dao)和(he)政(zheng)策支持,促進了(le)(le)煙葉(xie)產業的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展。
1、滇(dian)西山地烤煙曬煙區
包括(kuo)大理州大部(bu)、楚雄、德宏州北部(bu)及四川(chuan)涼山(shan)州大部(bu),是上世紀70年代發展(zhan)起來德烤煙新區,那時的烤煙種植面積就有17.6萬畝,大部(bu)分地區都產曬煙,其中騰(teng)沖、保山(shan)曬紅煙較為有名。
2、川滇高原山地(di)烤(kao)煙曬煙區
包括滇東(dong)北照通地(di)區及黔(qian)西畢節地(di)區,大部分主(zhu)要以(yi)曬煙為(wei)主(zhu),因受氣候條件的限制不(bu)宜發展烤煙。
3、湘西丘陵貴(gui)州高原烤煙(yan)曬煙(yan)景煙(yan)區
包(bao)括貴州省大部分(fen)(fen),湘西丘(qiu)陵以及(ji)鄂西南,川南部各縣。其中(zhong)烤(kao)煙(yan)發展歷史(shi)悠久,從(cong)上世(shi)紀30年代開始就(jiu)有種植。貴定、福泉(quan)烤(kao)煙(yan)尤為著名,曬晾煙(yan)資源十分(fen)(fen)豐富,貴州惠水、獨山(shan)天柱、湘西的鳳凰,還有麻陽(yang)一帶(dai)曬煙(yan)均為混(hun)合(he)型卷煙(yan)的香味原料。
4、云南高原烤煙(yan)曬(shai)煙(yan)區
包括云(yun)南(nan)中部、貴州的南(nan)北(bei)盤江流(liu)域(yu)、廣西(xi)西(xi)部右汲及紅(hong)水流(liu)域(yu),玉溪、江川一帶(dai)所產煙(yan)(yan)(yan)葉質量較(jiao)好(hao),是卷制(zhi)高(gao)檔(dang)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)不可(ke)缺少(shao)的原(yuan)料,曬制(zhi)資(zi)源也相(xiang)當豐(feng)富,如羅平師宗和(he)西(xi)林的八大河(he)曬煙(yan)(yan)(yan),貴州冊(ce)亭打賓煙(yan)(yan)(yan),興仁(ren)巴玲煙(yan)(yan)(yan),望漠、羅甸的曬煙(yan)(yan)(yan)等都(dou)有較(jiao)高(gao)的工業利(li)用價值。
云南是我國(guo)煙(yan)(yan)草種植面積(ji)最大的(de)省份(fen),也是煙(yan)(yan)草質量(liang)最高(gao)的(de)地區之一。云南生(sheng)產煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)顏(yan)色(se)(se)大部分(fen)在(zai)桔黃、淺(qian)桔黃域;云南煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)具有(you)色(se)(se)度強,成熟度高(gao),葉(xie)片(pian)結構疏松,香氣(qi)品質好(hao),甜潤感強,協調性好(hao)等(deng)優點,所以云南的(de)煙(yan)(yan)葉(xie)是中國(guo)高(gao)檔卷煙(yan)(yan)重要(yao)的(de)優質原料之一。
云(yun)(yun)南(nan)地(di)處低(di)緯(wei)(wei)高(gao)原季風氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)區(qu),境內(nei)地(di)形(xing)環境復雜、立體氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)明(ming)(ming)顯,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)類型繁多,生(sheng)態類型各異,具(ju)有(you)(you)獨特多類型的(de)(de)低(di)緯(wei)(wei)高(gao)原季風氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)和氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)區(qu)域差(cha)異、垂直變化顯著、年溫差(cha)小日溫差(cha)大、降水(shui)充沛干濕分明(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)特點。這些氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)特點營造了(le)云(yun)(yun)南(nan)得天獨厚而有(you)(you)利于烤(kao)煙生(sheng)長發育(yu)和煙葉品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)地(di)理、土壤、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)等優越(yue)農業(ye)生(sheng)態環境。這一優勢(shi)使得世界上許多國家和地(di)方的(de)(de)煙草品(pin)(pin)種均可在云(yun)(yun)南(nan)找到適生(sheng)區(qu),這對云(yun)(yun)南(nan)煙草良(liang)種的(de)(de)選(xuan)育(yu)、引進、篩選(xuan)利用較為有(you)(you)利。
云南種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)歷史悠久、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)經驗(yan)豐富(fu),是中(zhong)(zhong)國最大(da)的主產煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區,年種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)和(he)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)產量均居全(quan)國首位,生產的煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)品質優(you)良、清香醇和(he)。煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)生產遍及全(quan)省各地(di)州。2004年全(quan)省種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)地(di)級單位有(you)昆明、玉(yu)溪、曲靖(jing)、楚雄、大(da)理、昭(zhao)通(tong)、紅河(he)、文山、保山、麗江、臨滄(cang)、思茅等12個(ge),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)縣達91個(ge),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)達33.53萬公(gong)頃,其中(zhong)(zhong)海拔1800米以下的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植面(mian)(mian)積(ji)占72.03%,海拔1800米以上(shang)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植面(mian)(mian)積(ji)占27.97%。煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)收購(gou)量1238.73萬擔,上(shang)等煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)率達45.72%,中(zhong)(zhong)等煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)率43.79%。面(mian)(mian)對如此(ci)優(you)越的農業生態(tai)環境和(he)強(qiang)大(da)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)陣勢(shi),如何充分(fen)利用我省生態(tai)資源,更好地(di)發(fa)揮我省優(you)良品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的增(zeng)產增(zeng)質潛力,是提高(gao)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)葉(xie)品質、豐富(fu)卷煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)原(yuan)料急需解決的問題。
云南煙葉分級標(biao)準(zhun),按其(qi)表達形(xing)式不同,可分為(wei)(wei)文字標(biao)準(zhun)和實物標(biao)準(zhun)(樣品),以(yi)文字標(biao)準(zhun)為(wei)(wei)主,實物標(biao)準(zhun)為(wei)(wei)輔。
烤煙(yan)四(si)十級國家(jia)標(biao)準《烤煙(yan))(GB2635﹣1992),1992年8月15日(ri)發布,
1992年9月1日實施,1996年全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)全(quan)面推廣應用。該標(biao)準(zhun)制定了(le)(le)新的分(fen)(fen)(fen)組(zu)體系,改變了(le)(le)以往(wang)烤(kao)(kao)煙(yan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)級(ji)標(biao)準(zhun)中(zhong),僅以部位(wei)和(he)顏(yan)色簡單分(fen)(fen)(fen)組(zu)的做法,使(shi)烤(kao)(kao)煙(yan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)級(ji)標(biao)準(zhun)逐(zhu)步走向規范化(hua)、科學化(hua)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)際化(hua),對(dui)促(cu)進(jin)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)"兩(liang)(liang)煙(yan)"生產的發展,發揮了(le)(le)積極(ji)的作(zuo)用。該標(biao)準(zhun)在歷經4年的示范驗(yan)證過程中(zhong),全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)煙(yan)葉標(biao)準(zhun)標(biao)樣(yang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)技術委員會對(dui)烤(kao)(kao)煙(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)標(biao)準(zhun)進(jin)行了(le)(le)多(duo)次討。作(zuo)了(le)(le)修改;增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)C4F、C4L兩(liang)(liang)個等級(ji),使(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)標(biao)從四十(shi)(shi)級(ji)成為(wei)四十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)級(ji)。通過修改,烤(kao)(kao)煙(yan)四十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)級(ji)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)標(biao)準(zhun)《烤(kao)(kao)煙(yan)》(GB 2635-1992)更加(jia)完善,更有利于烤(kao)(kao)煙(yan)"三(san)化(hua)"水平和(he)煙(yan)葉成熟度的提高,進(jin)一步體現了(le)(le)優質(zhi)憂價的原則。