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一、產地環境

（1）地貌和土壤(rang)情(qing)況

神(shen)池縣(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)(di)處黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)丘陵區(qu)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)丘起(qi)伏、溝壑(he)縱(zong)橫，平均海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)1500米(mi)(mi)（海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔范圍1200—2500米(mi)(mi)），洪(hong)濤山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈自西北向東南延伸，關涔山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈縱(zong)立(li)南沿，兩大山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈形(xing)成中部(bu)小塊緩坡平地(di)(di)(di)，全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)總(zong)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)特點是(shi)平川(chuan)少，山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)丘陵多（占全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)國土(tu)(tu)(tu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)88%），地(di)(di)(di)形(xing)地(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)復雜。全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)可耕地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)84.69萬畝(mu)，人均耕地(di)(di)(di)近10畝(mu)，全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)耕地(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤類型分為(wei)四個土(tu)(tu)(tu)類（棕(zong)壤、栗褐(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、風砂土(tu)(tu)(tu)、潮(chao)(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)），主要土(tu)(tu)(tu)類為(wei)栗褐(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)，占總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)98.08%，分布(bu)于海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔1600—2000米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)中低山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)和(he)丘陵地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)；棕(zong)壤占總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)0.3%，主要分布(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔2300米(mi)(mi)以上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)上(shang)(shang)部(bu)，風砂土(tu)(tu)(tu)占總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)1.23%，主要分布(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)西部(bu)平川(chuan)局部(bu)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)，潮(chao)(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)占總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)0.39%，主要分布(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)川(chuan)河源頭和(he)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔1500米(mi)(mi)左右的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)澗交接(jie)洼地(di)(di)(di)。按全(quan)國第二次土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤普查，神(shen)池土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤總(zong)的(de)(de)(de)特點是(shi)“缺磷少氮鉀有(you)余”，全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)耕地(di)(di)(di)養份狀(zhuang)況(kuang)是(shi)有(you)機質6.6-8.5g/kg、全(quan)氮0.4-0.5g/kg、有(you)效磷3-5mg/kg、速效鉀100mg/kg以上(shang)(shang)，屬三(san)級(ji)以上(shang)(shang)耕地(di)(di)(di)，非(fei)常(chang)適宜莜(you)麥生(sheng)長。

（2）水文情況

全(quan)(quan)縣有(you)四條大(da)的季節(jie)性河(he)(he)流(liu)，朱家(jia)川河(he)(he)全(quan)(quan)長(chang)60.6公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)，由(you)本(ben)縣西(xi)部(bu)賀(he)職鄉(xiang)出(chu)(chu)境(jing)(jing)，經五寨(zhai)、保德入(ru)黃河(he)(he)，流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)784平方(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)；縣川河(he)(he)全(quan)(quan)長(chang)35.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)，由(you)本(ben)縣西(xi)北長(chang)畛鄉(xiang)出(chu)(chu)境(jing)(jing)，經偏關、保德入(ru)黃河(he)(he)，流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)528平方(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)；野豬口河(he)(he)全(quan)(quan)長(chang)25公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)，由(you)本(ben)鄉(xiang)石湖村出(chu)(chu)境(jing)(jing)入(ru)平魯(lu)縣，流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)89平方(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)；澗口河(he)(he)在(zai)境(jing)(jing)內東部(bu)，全(quan)(quan)長(chang)5公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)，由(you)龍泉鎮大(da)溝兒澗出(chu)(chu)境(jing)(jing)，經寧武(wu)縣入(ru)恢河(he)(he)，最后流(liu)入(ru)桑(sang)干河(he)(he)，流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)71平方(fang)(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)。四條季節(jie)性河(he)(he)流(liu)，徑(jing)流(liu)多(duo)集(ji)中在(zai)雨(yu)(yu)季，7、8、9三個(ge)月的洪水流(liu)量(liang)占到(dao)全(quan)(quan)年徑(jing)流(liu)量(liang)的70%，各河(he)(he)流(liu)總洪水量(liang)大(da)1.15米3/秒，因為(wei)是季節(jie)性河(he)(he)流(liu)，所以(yi)夏(xia)季出(chu)(chu)現洪水高峰，河(he)(he)床洪水濤濤，當(dang)地農(nong)民形象地概括為(wei)“有(you)雨(yu)(yu)山洪發，雨(yu)(yu)過河(he)(he)床干”。神池縣水資源(yuan)十分貧乏，全(quan)(quan)縣地下水靜儲(chu)量(liang)為(wei)6.16億(yi)噸(dun)，動(dong)儲(chu)量(liang)為(wei)5.9萬噸(dun)/晝(zhou)夜，含水層埋深在(zai)2.5-144.92米左(zuo)右，且分布不均，多(duo)集(ji)中于朱家(jia)川河(he)(he)和縣川河(he)(he)兩河(he)(he)流(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)，適合(he)莜麥(mai)生(sheng)長(chang)。

（3）氣候情況

神(shen)池縣屬大(da)(da)陸季風(feng)(feng)氣候(hou)，干(gan)旱、高(gao)寒、溫差(cha)大(da)(da)、無(wu)霜(shuang)期(qi)(qi)短，年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)氣溫4.7℃，平均(jun)無(wu)霜(shuang)期(qi)(qi)114天，平均(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雨量487.7毫(hao)米(mi)，主要(yao)集(ji)中在(zai)7—9月份，年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)蒸發量1921.1毫(hao)米(mi)，全年(nian)(nian)光照(zhao)時(shi)(shi)數(shu)為(wei)2816.7小時(shi)(shi)，年(nian)(nian)太(tai)陽總輻(fu)射量144.03千卡/厘米(mi)，≥10℃的總積溫為(wei)2300-2600℃，氣候(hou)以風(feng)(feng)大(da)(da)、低溫、降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)變率(lv)大(da)(da)，春旱年(nian)(nian)份多，無(wu)霜(shuang)期(qi)(qi)短為(wei)主要(yao)特點，總之氣候(hou)涼爽、降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)雨集(ji)中、西北風(feng)(feng)長(chang)年(nian)(nian)不斷、光照(zhao)充足(zu)、晝夜溫差(cha)大(da)(da)這樣的氣候(hou)條件(jian)正好符合莜麥的生產發育。

二、歷史沿革

“哥哥在山坡上(shang)嘶嘍！嘶嘍！割莜麥，小妹妹在溝洼里(li)圪(ge)嘣！圪(ge)嘣！掏山藥（呀么）親(qin)(qin)親(qin)(qin)”這是神池民歌《割莜麥》中(zhong)短短的兩句唱詞，至今給人們留(liu)下很深(shen)的印象,不僅(jin)突(tu)出了(le)地方語言特色，而且生動(dong)地再現了(le)勞動(dong)時的情景。

在我國浩瀚的史(shi)籍中，經(jing)常(chang)可以看到關于(yu)莜麥的記載，《穆天子傳》稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)為“焚麥”，《皇帝(di)內經(jing)》稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)為“珈(jia)師”，《史(shi)記、司(si)馬相(xiang)如列傳》稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為“斯”《稗海(hai)博(bo)志(zhi)》上稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為“燕麥”，《廣志(zhi)》稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為“折草”，唐代(dai)(dai)《本草》上稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為“穱麥”，《群芳普》稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為“牛星草”，“杜(du)志(zhi)草”，《庶物(wu)異名(ming)》稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為“錯麥”，《甘(gan)肅通志(zhi)》稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為“苜麥”。而《瑟榭叢談》又記作“油麥”，“形似(si)小麥而弱，味(wei)墻微苦，核之(zhi)本草，當即燕麥”，等等。到了(le)近代(dai)(dai)，多數地方才(cai)統一叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)成“莜麥”。至今仍有(you)很多種叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)法，東北(bei)地區叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)“鈴鐺麥”,西北(bei)地區叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)“玉麥”，維吾爾(er)族稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為“阿富漢”或“蘇魯”，彝族稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為“堵”。

歷(li)史上，神(shen)池(chi)的(de)莜(you)(you)麥種(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)和區(qu)域(yu)要比現(xian)在大的(de)很多。據《山(shan)西省統計(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)編(bian)》記載：民國(guo)二十四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1935），神(shen)池(chi)莜(you)(you)麥種(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)36.2萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)，占到(dao)糧(liang)食作物總播面(mian)積(ji)(ji)63.56萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)的(de)56.9%，總產(chan)130.32萬(wan)公斤。建國(guo)后的(de)統計(ji)數(shu)據顯示，1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到(dao)1970年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，神(shen)池(chi)縣(xian)(xian)的(de)莜(you)(you)麥播種(zhong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)一直穩定在25萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)左右，最(zui)高年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)1964年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)達(da)到(dao)27.53萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)。1971年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到(dao)1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)20年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)，播種(zhong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)盡(jin)管有(you)(you)所減少，但達(da)到(dao)15萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)以上的(de)就有(you)(you)15個年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度，最(zui)低年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)13.72萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)。1991年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到(dao)2004年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)由于新興(xing)高產(chan)作物的(de)倡導和價值規律的(de)引導，使其種(zhong)植(zhi)區(qu)域(yu)和面(mian)積(ji)(ji)繼續縮小，2004年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降到(dao)35100畝(mu)(mu)。2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)省政府為了進一步推進農業(ye)結構(gou)戰略性調整，優(you)化農業(ye)區(qu)域(yu)布局，建設優(you)質小雜(za)糧(liang)產(chan)區(qu)，把(ba)神(shen)池(chi)縣(xian)(xian)列為重點(dian)縣(xian)(xian)開始，全縣(xian)(xian)莜(you)(you)麥播種(zhong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)又逐年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)回(hui)升(sheng)，到(dao)2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全縣(xian)(xian)莜(you)(you)麥面(mian)積(ji)(ji)達(da)到(dao)11.3萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)。

特殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)地理環境孕育了特殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)作物。神(shen)(shen)池出(chu)(chu)(chu)產的(de)(de)(de)莜(you)面就認神(shen)(shen)池的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)了神(shen)(shen)池，哪里的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)都不(bu)行。神(shen)(shen)池的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)和(he)出(chu)(chu)(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)莜(you)面是韌韌的(de)(de)(de)，別處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)和(he)出(chu)(chu)(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)莜(you)面是懶(lan)懶(lan)的(de)(de)(de)；神(shen)(shen)池的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)蒸出(chu)(chu)(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)莜(you)面是筋(jin)筋(jin)的(de)(de)(de)，別處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)蒸出(chu)(chu)(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)莜(you)面是垮(kua)垮(kua)的(de)(de)(de)。

過去，神池(chi)的(de)(de)農民求師學藝，要先學做莜(you)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)技術，新媳婦在(zai)(zai)婆家第一(yi)次(ci)上(shang)(shang)鍋，要在(zai)(zai)做莜(you)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)飯(fan)上(shang)(shang)露一(yi)手；新女婿春節后登門，要吃(chi)(chi)有十(shi)種花(hua)樣(yang)的(de)(de)莜(you)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)飯(fan)。神池(chi)人能(neng)把莜(you)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)在(zai)(zai)石板上(shang)(shang)推(tui)成(cheng)薄如紙(zhi)的(de)(de)“刨花(hua)兒”；能(neng)一(yi)次(ci)搓出五根纖細的(de)(de)而數尺(chi)不斷(duan)的(de)(de)“圪爵(jue)兒”；能(neng)如飛般(ban)捏出滿(man)籠“山藥(yao)絲餃子”；能(neng)在(zai)(zai)幾分鐘(zhong)內做熟“餽壘”，攪好(hao)“拿糕(gao)”。莜(you)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)飯(fan)，或澆胡油，蔥花(hua)兒，酸菜(cai)湯(tang)(tang)；或加辣椒，羊(yang)肉湯(tang)(tang)，都(dou)是(shi)神池(chi)農民絕佳的(de)(de)美餐。莜(you)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)耐饑(ji)耐寒，干體力(li)和(he)出遠門的(de)(de)人，要吃(chi)(chi)莜(you)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)飯(fan)，俗話說：“四(si)十(shi)里的(de)(de)莜(you)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)三十(shi)里的(de)(de)糕(gao)，二十(shi)里的(de)(de)玉米窩窩餓斷(duan)腰”。但是(shi)絕不能(neng)吃(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)過飽(bao)(bao)，以(yi)防后脹。常說“莜(you)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)吃(chi)(chi)個半飽(bao)(bao)飽(bao)(bao)，喝點(dian)母水正好(hao)好(hao)”。

神池(chi)縣(xian)盡管建縣(xian)不足300年(nian)，但因莜(you)(you)麥(mai)而久負盛名。建國后的莜(you)(you)麥(mai)生產又有過輝煌，1977年(nian)11月(yue)曾在神池(chi)召(zhao)開過華北地(di)區莜(you)(you)麥(mai)生產協作會議。

神池當地的傳(chuan)統農家(jia) 莜麥“三(san)分三(san)”品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)至今聞名中外，自(zi)成體(ti)系，莖桿粗壯，根(gen)系發達，分糵力強(qiang)，穗型長大(da)，粒大(da)飽(bao)滿，磨(mo)出(chu)的面白，做出(chu)的飯味(wei)美、耐饑，一直是當地的當家(jia)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。1987年，經山(shan)西(xi)省農作(zuo)物品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)審定委員會(hui)認可，在(zai)全省推廣種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植，。該品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)曾被好(hao)幾家(jia)科研單位作(zuo)為原始材料，雜交選(xuan)育(yu)出(chu)不少優(you)良(liang)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。僅我省就有晉燕(yan)3號、晉燕(yan)4號、晉燕(yan)6號，雁紅(hong)10號，雁紅(hong)14號等(deng)優(you)良(liang)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都是以(yi)“三(san)分三(san)”作(zuo)母(mu)本或父本，雜交選(xuan)育(yu)而成的。

三、品質特點

（1）外(wai)在感觀特征：

神池(chi)莜麥(mai)籽粒(li)(li)(li)呈紡(fang)錘型(xing)，有腹(fu)溝，長(chang)0.8—1.3cm，寬(kuan)0.2—0.4cm，干粒(li)(li)(li)重31—33.5g，比(bi)異(yi)(yi)地(di)種(zhong)植的(de)同品質籽粒(li)(li)(li)長(chang)0.2—0.4cm，寬(kuan)0.1—0.15cm，干粒(li)(li)(li)重高(gao)3—4g；神池(chi)莜麥(mai)籽粒(li)(li)(li)白黃色，與(yu)異(yi)(yi)地(di)同品種(zhong)比(bi)較(jiao)，神池(chi)莜麥(mai)黃度較(jiao)深；神池(chi)莜麥(mai)籽粒(li)(li)(li)整齊且(qie)飽滿，出粉(fen)率高(gao)達(da)97%，而異(yi)(yi)地(di)莜麥(mai)出粉(fen)率最(zui)高(gao)95%。神池(chi)莜麥(mai)加(jia)工的(de)面粉(fen)白黃色，黃度大于異(yi)(yi)地(di)，筋度高(gao)，粘性差，口感好，吃水多，耐寒耐饑。

（2）內在品質特征(zheng)：

神(shen)池(chi)莜麥營養豐富，在同類作物中蛋白質含(han)量最高(gao)，蛋白質高(gao)于14.9%，神(shen)池(chi)莜麥籽(zi)粒(li)整齊且飽(bao)滿，出粉率達(da)96%以(yi)上(shang)，而異地(di)莜麥出粉率達(da)94%以(yi)上(shang)，神(shen)池(chi)莜麥含(han)水分低(di)于5.02%以(yi)下，脂(zhi)肪約(yue)6.8%，含(han)淀粉約(yue)41.1%，總膳食纖(xian)維高(gao)于13.98。同時含(han)有人(ren)體必(bi)需(xu)的(de)8種氨基酸(suan)，其組(zu)成(cheng)也較平衡，賴(lai)氨酸(suan)含(han)量最高(gao)，神(shen)池(chi)莜面(mian)吃水量大(da)，0．5公(gong)斤莜面(mian)可做1公(gong)斤成(cheng)品。