一、產地環境
(1)地貌和(he)土壤(rang)情況
神池縣(xian)地(di)(di)(di)處黃土(tu)(tu)丘(qiu)陵區,山丘(qiu)起伏(fu)、溝(gou)壑縱橫,平(ping)均海(hai)拔在1500米(海(hai)拔范圍(wei)1200—2500米),洪濤山脈自西(xi)北向東(dong)南延伸(shen),關涔(cen)山脈縱立南沿,兩大山脈形成(cheng)中部(bu)(bu)小(xiao)塊(kuai)緩坡平(ping)地(di)(di)(di),全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)總(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)貌特(te)點(dian)是平(ping)川少,山地(di)(di)(di)丘(qiu)陵多(占全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)國土(tu)(tu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)88%),地(di)(di)(di)形地(di)(di)(di)貌復(fu)雜。全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)可耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)84.69萬(wan)畝,人均耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)近10畝,全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)壤類(lei)型分(fen)為四個土(tu)(tu)類(lei)(棕壤、栗褐(he)土(tu)(tu)、風砂土(tu)(tu)、潮土(tu)(tu)),主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)土(tu)(tu)類(lei)為栗褐(he)土(tu)(tu),占總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)98.08%,分(fen)布于海(hai)拔1600—2000米的(de)(de)(de)中低山和丘(qiu)陵地(di)(di)(di)區;棕壤占總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)0.3%,主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)分(fen)布在海(hai)拔2300米以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)山地(di)(di)(di)上(shang)部(bu)(bu),風砂土(tu)(tu)占總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)1.23%,主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)分(fen)布在西(xi)部(bu)(bu)平(ping)川局部(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)(di)區,潮土(tu)(tu)占總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)0.39%,主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)分(fen)布在縣(xian)川河源頭和海(hai)拔1500米左右的(de)(de)(de)山澗交接洼(wa)地(di)(di)(di)。按全(quan)(quan)(quan)國第二次土(tu)(tu)壤普查,神池土(tu)(tu)壤總(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)是“缺磷少氮鉀有(you)余”,全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)養份狀況是有(you)機(ji)質6.6-8.5g/kg、全(quan)(quan)(quan)氮0.4-0.5g/kg、有(you)效磷3-5mg/kg、速效鉀100mg/kg以(yi)上(shang),屬三級(ji)以(yi)上(shang)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di),非常適宜莜(you)麥生長。
(2)水文情況
全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)有四條大(da)的季(ji)(ji)(ji)節(jie)性(xing)(xing)河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu),朱家(jia)川(chuan)河(he)(he)(he)全(quan)(quan)(quan)長(chang)60.6公里(li)(li),由本(ben)縣(xian)西部(bu)賀職鄉出境(jing)(jing),經(jing)(jing)五寨、保德入(ru)(ru)黃(huang)河(he)(he)(he),流(liu)(liu)域(yu)面積784平(ping)方公里(li)(li);縣(xian)川(chuan)河(he)(he)(he)全(quan)(quan)(quan)長(chang)35.5公里(li)(li),由本(ben)縣(xian)西北長(chang)畛鄉出境(jing)(jing),經(jing)(jing)偏(pian)關(guan)、保德入(ru)(ru)黃(huang)河(he)(he)(he),流(liu)(liu)域(yu)面積528平(ping)方公里(li)(li);野豬(zhu)口河(he)(he)(he)全(quan)(quan)(quan)長(chang)25公里(li)(li),由本(ben)鄉石湖村出境(jing)(jing)入(ru)(ru)平(ping)魯(lu)縣(xian),流(liu)(liu)域(yu)面積89平(ping)方公里(li)(li);澗口河(he)(he)(he)在境(jing)(jing)內東(dong)部(bu),全(quan)(quan)(quan)長(chang)5公里(li)(li),由龍(long)泉鎮(zhen)大(da)溝兒澗出境(jing)(jing),經(jing)(jing)寧武縣(xian)入(ru)(ru)恢河(he)(he)(he),最后流(liu)(liu)入(ru)(ru)桑干(gan)河(he)(he)(he),流(liu)(liu)域(yu)面積71平(ping)方公里(li)(li)。四條季(ji)(ji)(ji)節(jie)性(xing)(xing)河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu),徑流(liu)(liu)多集中在雨季(ji)(ji)(ji),7、8、9三個月(yue)的洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)流(liu)(liu)量占到全(quan)(quan)(quan)年徑流(liu)(liu)量的70%,各河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)總(zong)洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)量大(da)1.15米(mi)3/秒,因為是季(ji)(ji)(ji)節(jie)性(xing)(xing)河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu),所以夏季(ji)(ji)(ji)出現洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)高峰,河(he)(he)(he)床(chuang)洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)濤濤,當(dang)地農民形象地概(gai)括為“有雨山洪(hong)(hong)發,雨過河(he)(he)(he)床(chuang)干(gan)”。神(shen)池縣(xian)水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)十(shi)分(fen)貧乏,全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)地下水(shui)靜(jing)儲量為6.16億噸(dun)(dun),動儲量為5.9萬噸(dun)(dun)/晝(zhou)夜(ye),含水(shui)層埋深在2.5-144.92米(mi)左右,且分(fen)布不均(jun),多集中于(yu)朱家(jia)川(chuan)河(he)(he)(he)和(he)縣(xian)川(chuan)河(he)(he)(he)兩河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)域(yu),適合(he)莜麥生長(chang)。
(3)氣候情況
神池縣屬大(da)陸季風氣(qi)(qi)候,干旱、高寒、溫(wen)差(cha)大(da)、無霜(shuang)期(qi)短,年平均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)4.7℃,平均(jun)(jun)無霜(shuang)期(qi)114天,平均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)雨量(liang)487.7毫(hao)米,主要集中在7—9月份(fen),年平均(jun)(jun)蒸發量(liang)1921.1毫(hao)米,全年光(guang)照時數為2816.7小時,年太陽總(zong)(zong)輻射量(liang)144.03千卡/厘(li)米,≥10℃的(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)積溫(wen)為2300-2600℃,氣(qi)(qi)候以風大(da)、低溫(wen)、降(jiang)水變(bian)率大(da),春旱年份(fen)多,無霜(shuang)期(qi)短為主要特點,總(zong)(zong)之氣(qi)(qi)候涼爽、降(jiang)雨集中、西北風長年不斷、光(guang)照充足、晝(zhou)夜(ye)溫(wen)差(cha)大(da)這樣(yang)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)候條件正好符合莜(you)麥的(de)(de)生產發育(yu)。
二、歷史沿革
“哥哥在山坡上(shang)嘶(si)(si)嘍(lou)!嘶(si)(si)嘍(lou)!割(ge)莜(you)麥,小妹妹在溝洼里圪嘣(beng)(beng)!圪嘣(beng)(beng)!掏山藥(yao)(呀(ya)么)親親”這是神(shen)池(chi)民歌《割(ge)莜(you)麥》中短短的兩句唱詞(ci),至今給人們留下很深的印象(xiang),不僅突出了地(di)方語言特色(se),而且生動地(di)再現了勞動時的情景。
在我國(guo)浩瀚的(de)(de)史籍中,經(jing)(jing)常可以看到關(guan)于(yu)莜(you)麥(mai)(mai)的(de)(de)記載(zai),《穆(mu)天子傳》稱(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“焚麥(mai)(mai)”,《皇(huang)帝(di)內(nei)經(jing)(jing)》稱(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“珈(jia)師”,《史記、司馬相如列傳》稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“斯”《稗海博志(zhi)》上稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“燕(yan)麥(mai)(mai)”,《廣志(zhi)》稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“折草”,唐代(dai)《本草》上稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“穱麥(mai)(mai)”,《群(qun)芳普》稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“牛星草”,“杜志(zhi)草”,《庶物異名》稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“錯麥(mai)(mai)”,《甘肅通(tong)志(zhi)》稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“苜麥(mai)(mai)”。而《瑟榭叢談》又記作“油麥(mai)(mai)”,“形似小麥(mai)(mai)而弱(ruo),味(wei)墻微苦,核之(zhi)(zhi)本草,當即燕(yan)麥(mai)(mai)”,等等。到了近(jin)代(dai),多數地方才統一(yi)叫(jiao)(jiao)成(cheng)“莜(you)麥(mai)(mai)”。至今仍有很(hen)多種叫(jiao)(jiao)法,東北地區(qu)叫(jiao)(jiao)“鈴鐺麥(mai)(mai)”,西北地區(qu)叫(jiao)(jiao)“玉(yu)麥(mai)(mai)”,維(wei)吾爾族(zu)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“阿富(fu)漢”或(huo)“蘇魯”,彝(yi)族(zu)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“堵”。
歷史上(shang),神(shen)池(chi)的(de)莜麥(mai)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)(mian)積和區(qu)域(yu)要比(bi)現在(zai)大(da)的(de)很多。據《山西省(sheng)統計(ji)(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)編》記(ji)載(zai):民國二十(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1935),神(shen)池(chi)莜麥(mai)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)(mian)積36.2萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),占到(dao)糧食(shi)作(zuo)物總播(bo)面(mian)(mian)積63.56萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)的(de)56.9%,總產(chan)(chan)(chan)130.32萬(wan)(wan)公斤。建(jian)國后的(de)統計(ji)(ji)數據顯示,1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到(dao)1970年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),神(shen)池(chi)縣(xian)的(de)莜麥(mai)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)(mian)積一直穩(wen)定(ding)在(zai)25萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)左(zuo)右(you),最高(gao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)1964年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)達(da)到(dao)27.53萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)。1971年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到(dao)1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)20年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)中,播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)(mian)積盡管(guan)有所(suo)減少,但達(da)到(dao)15萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)以上(shang)的(de)就有15個年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度,最低(di)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)13.72萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)。1991年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到(dao)2004年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)由于新興高(gao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)作(zuo)物的(de)倡(chang)導和價值規(gui)律的(de)引導,使其(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)區(qu)域(yu)和面(mian)(mian)積繼(ji)續縮小(xiao)(xiao),2004年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降到(dao)35100畝(mu)。2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)省(sheng)政府(fu)為了進一步推進農業結構戰(zhan)略性(xing)調整(zheng),優化農業區(qu)域(yu)布局(ju),建(jian)設優質小(xiao)(xiao)雜糧產(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu),把神(shen)池(chi)縣(xian)列為重點(dian)縣(xian)開始(shi),全縣(xian)莜麥(mai)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)(mian)積又逐年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)回(hui)升,到(dao)2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全縣(xian)莜麥(mai)面(mian)(mian)積達(da)到(dao)11.3萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)。
特殊(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)地(di)理環境孕育了特殊(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)作物。神池(chi)(chi)出產的(de)(de)莜(you)(you)面(mian)就認神池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)水(shui),出了神池(chi)(chi),哪里的(de)(de)水(shui)都不行。神池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)水(shui)和出來(lai)的(de)(de)莜(you)(you)面(mian)是(shi)(shi)韌韌的(de)(de),別處的(de)(de)水(shui)和出來(lai)的(de)(de)莜(you)(you)面(mian)是(shi)(shi)懶懶的(de)(de);神池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)水(shui)蒸(zheng)出來(lai)的(de)(de)莜(you)(you)面(mian)是(shi)(shi)筋(jin)筋(jin)的(de)(de),別處的(de)(de)水(shui)蒸(zheng)出來(lai)的(de)(de)莜(you)(you)面(mian)是(shi)(shi)垮垮的(de)(de)。
過(guo)去,神(shen)(shen)池的(de)(de)農民(min)(min)求師學藝,要先(xian)學做莜(you)面(mian)的(de)(de)技(ji)術,新媳婦在(zai)婆家第一次(ci)上(shang)鍋,要在(zai)做莜(you)面(mian)飯(fan)上(shang)露一手;新女婿春節后登門,要吃(chi)有十(shi)種(zhong)花(hua)樣的(de)(de)莜(you)面(mian)飯(fan)。神(shen)(shen)池人能把莜(you)面(mian)在(zai)石板上(shang)推成(cheng)薄如紙(zhi)的(de)(de)“刨花(hua)兒(er)”;能一次(ci)搓出五根纖細的(de)(de)而(er)數尺不斷的(de)(de)“圪爵(jue)兒(er)”;能如飛般捏(nie)出滿籠“山藥(yao)絲餃(jiao)子”;能在(zai)幾分鐘(zhong)內做熟“餽壘”,攪好“拿糕”。莜(you)面(mian)飯(fan),或澆胡油,蔥(cong)花(hua)兒(er),酸菜(cai)湯(tang);或加辣椒,羊肉湯(tang),都是神(shen)(shen)池農民(min)(min)絕佳(jia)的(de)(de)美餐(can)。莜(you)面(mian)耐饑耐寒,干體力和(he)出遠門的(de)(de)人,要吃(chi)莜(you)面(mian)飯(fan),俗(su)話說(shuo):“四十(shi)里的(de)(de)莜(you)面(mian)三十(shi)里的(de)(de)糕,二(er)十(shi)里的(de)(de)玉米窩(wo)(wo)窩(wo)(wo)餓斷腰”。但是絕不能吃(chi)的(de)(de)過(guo)飽(bao),以防后脹。常說(shuo)“莜(you)面(mian)吃(chi)個(ge)半飽(bao)飽(bao),喝點(dian)母(mu)水正好好”。
神池(chi)縣(xian)(xian)盡管(guan)建縣(xian)(xian)不足300年,但因莜(you)麥(mai)而(er)久負盛名。建國(guo)后的莜(you)麥(mai)生產又有過輝煌,1977年11月曾在神池(chi)召開(kai)過華北地區莜(you)麥(mai)生產協作會(hui)議。
神(shen)池當(dang)地的傳統(tong)農(nong)家 莜麥“三分(fen)三”品種至今聞名中外(wai),自成體系,莖桿粗壯,根系發達,分(fen)糵(nie)力(li)強,穗(sui)型(xing)長(chang)大,粒大飽(bao)滿(man),磨出的面白,做出的飯(fan)味美、耐饑,一直是當(dang)地的當(dang)家品種。1987年(nian),經山西省農(nong)作(zuo)物品種審定委員(yuan)會認可,在全省推廣種植,。該品種曾被(bei)好幾家科研(yan)單位(wei)作(zuo)為原始材料,雜(za)交選育出不少(shao)優(you)良(liang)品種。僅我省就有晉(jin)燕(yan)3號、晉(jin)燕(yan)4號、晉(jin)燕(yan)6號,雁紅10號,雁紅14號等優(you)良(liang)品種都是以“三分(fen)三”作(zuo)母本或父本,雜(za)交選育而成的。
三、品質特點
(1)外在感觀特征:
神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)莜(you)麥(mai)(mai)籽(zi)粒(li)呈紡錘(chui)型,有腹溝,長(chang)0.8—1.3cm,寬(kuan)0.2—0.4cm,干粒(li)重31—33.5g,比(bi)(bi)異(yi)地種植的同品質籽(zi)粒(li)長(chang)0.2—0.4cm,寬(kuan)0.1—0.15cm,干粒(li)重高(gao)(gao)(gao)3—4g;神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)莜(you)麥(mai)(mai)籽(zi)粒(li)白黃(huang)色(se)(se),與異(yi)地同品種比(bi)(bi)較,神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)莜(you)麥(mai)(mai)黃(huang)度較深;神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)莜(you)麥(mai)(mai)籽(zi)粒(li)整齊且飽滿,出(chu)粉率(lv)高(gao)(gao)(gao)達97%,而異(yi)地莜(you)麥(mai)(mai)出(chu)粉率(lv)最高(gao)(gao)(gao)95%。神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)莜(you)麥(mai)(mai)加(jia)工(gong)的面(mian)粉白黃(huang)色(se)(se),黃(huang)度大于異(yi)地,筋(jin)度高(gao)(gao)(gao),粘(zhan)性(xing)差,口感好,吃水多,耐(nai)(nai)寒耐(nai)(nai)饑。
(2)內在品質(zhi)特征:
神(shen)池(chi)莜麥(mai)營養豐富,在同類作物(wu)中蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)含量最高(gao),蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)高(gao)于(yu)14.9%,神(shen)池(chi)莜麥(mai)籽粒整齊且飽滿,出粉率達96%以上(shang),而異地莜麥(mai)出粉率達94%以上(shang),神(shen)池(chi)莜麥(mai)含水分低于(yu)5.02%以下(xia),脂肪約6.8%,含淀粉約41.1%,總(zong)膳食(shi)纖(xian)維高(gao)于(yu)13.98。同時含有人體必需的(de)8種氨(an)基酸,其(qi)組成也較平(ping)衡(heng),賴氨(an)酸含量最高(gao),神(shen)池(chi)莜面(mian)吃水量大,0.5公(gong)斤(jin)莜面(mian)可(ke)做1公(gong)斤(jin)成品。