一.產品介紹
神池(chi)黍(shu)子產于山(shan)西省忻州市神池(chi)縣(xian),種植歷史悠久。神池(chi)縣(xian)獨(du)特的(de)自然條件(jian)和高(gao)寒(han)冷涼(liang)風沙大的(de)特點,十(shi)分適合黍(shu)子的(de)生長。黍(shu)子,性黏,常(chang)用來做(zuo)黃糕(gao)、釀酒。黍(shu)子褪殼后本地人(ren)叫黃米,黃米可以做(zuo)成各種傳(chuan)統(tong)美食;磨成面,謂之黃米面,又(you)稱糕(gao)面。用糕(gao)面做(zuo)成的(de)油(you)(you)(you)糕(gao),是(shi)本縣(xian)人(ren)推(tui)崇的(de)最隆重(zhong)(zhong)也是(shi)最傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)食品(pin)。逢年過節(jie),油(you)(you)(you)糕(gao)用來祭祀(si)或(huo)家中有重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)客人(ren)及(ji)逢重(zhong)(zhong)大節(jie)日(ri),油(you)(you)(you)糕(gao)也是(shi)必備佳品(pin)。油(you)(you)(you)糕(gao)營養豐富,蛋白質含量高(gao),口感綿(mian)軟(ruan)、筋道,吃了(le)后很“管(guan)飽”,有民諺道“三十(shi)里(li)莜面,四(si)十(shi)里(li)糕(gao),十(shi)里(li)蕎面餓斷腰”。
二.自(zi)然生態(tai)環境和人(ren)文歷史因素
1.地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)和(he)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)情況(kuang)(kuang)神池縣(xian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)處黃(huang)土(tu)(tu)丘陵區(qu),山(shan)(shan)丘起伏、溝(gou)壑縱橫,平均海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)在1500米(mi)(海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)范(fan)圍1200—2500米(mi)),洪濤(tao)山(shan)(shan)脈(mo)自西北向東南延伸,關涔山(shan)(shan)脈(mo)縱立南沿,兩大(da)山(shan)(shan)脈(mo)形(xing)(xing)成中部(bu)小(xiao)塊緩坡平地(di)(di)(di)(di),全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)的地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)特點(dian)是(shi)平川(chuan)(chuan)少(shao),山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)丘陵多(占全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)國(guo)土(tu)(tu)面(mian)積(ji)的88%),地(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)復雜。全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)可耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)84.69萬畝(mu),人均耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)近10畝(mu),全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類(lei)型分為(wei)四個土(tu)(tu)類(lei)(棕壤(rang)(rang)、栗褐土(tu)(tu)、風砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)、潮土(tu)(tu)),主要(yao)土(tu)(tu)類(lei)為(wei)栗褐土(tu)(tu),占總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的98.08%,分布(bu)于海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)1600—2000米(mi)的中低山(shan)(shan)和(he)丘陵地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu);棕壤(rang)(rang)占總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的0.3%,主要(yao)分布(bu)在海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)2300米(mi)以(yi)上的山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)上部(bu),風砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)占總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的1.23%,主要(yao)分布(bu)在西部(bu)平川(chuan)(chuan)局(ju)部(bu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu),潮土(tu)(tu)占總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的0.39%,主要(yao)分布(bu)在縣(xian)川(chuan)(chuan)河源頭(tou)和(he)海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)1500米(mi)左右(you)的山(shan)(shan)澗交(jiao)接洼地(di)(di)(di)(di)。按(an)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)第二(er)次土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)普(pu)查,神池土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)的特點(dian)是(shi)“缺磷少(shao)氮(dan)鉀有余”,全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)養份狀況(kuang)(kuang)是(shi)有機質(zhi)6.6-8.5g/kg、全(quan)(quan)氮(dan)0.4-0.5g/kg、有效磷3-5mg/kg、速效鉀100mg/kg以(yi)上,屬三級以(yi)上耕地(di)(di)(di)(di),非常適宜黍子生長(chang)。
2.水(shui)(shui)文情況:全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)有四條大的(de)季(ji)節性(xing)河(he)流(liu)(liu),朱家(jia)川河(he)全(quan)(quan)(quan)長(chang)60.6公(gong)里,由(you)本(ben)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)西部賀職鄉出境(jing)(jing),經五(wu)寨、保德入(ru)黃(huang)河(he),流(liu)(liu)域面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)784平(ping)方公(gong)里;縣(xian)(xian)(xian)川河(he)全(quan)(quan)(quan)長(chang)35.5公(gong)里,由(you)本(ben)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)西北長(chang)畛鄉出境(jing)(jing),經偏關、保德入(ru)黃(huang)河(he),流(liu)(liu)域面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)528平(ping)方公(gong)里;野豬(zhu)口(kou)河(he)全(quan)(quan)(quan)長(chang)25公(gong)里,由(you)本(ben)鄉石(shi)湖村(cun)出境(jing)(jing)入(ru)平(ping)魯縣(xian)(xian)(xian),流(liu)(liu)域面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)89平(ping)方公(gong)里;澗口(kou)河(he)在(zai)境(jing)(jing)內東部,全(quan)(quan)(quan)長(chang)5公(gong)里,由(you)龍泉鎮大溝兒澗出境(jing)(jing),經寧武縣(xian)(xian)(xian)入(ru)恢河(he),最后流(liu)(liu)入(ru)桑(sang)干(gan)河(he),流(liu)(liu)域面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)71平(ping)方公(gong)里。四條季(ji)節性(xing)河(he)流(liu)(liu),徑流(liu)(liu)多集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)雨季(ji),7、8、9三個月的(de)洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)占到全(quan)(quan)(quan)年徑流(liu)(liu)量(liang)的(de)70%,各河(he)流(liu)(liu)總洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)大1.15米(mi)3/秒(miao),因為(wei)是(shi)季(ji)節性(xing)河(he)流(liu)(liu),所以夏季(ji)出現洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)高峰,河(he)床洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)濤濤,當地農民形象地概(gai)括為(wei)“有雨山洪(hong)(hong)發(fa),雨過河(he)床干(gan)”。神池縣(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)資源十分(fen)貧(pin)乏,全(quan)(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)地下水(shui)(shui)靜儲量(liang)為(wei)6.16億噸,動儲量(liang)為(wei)5.9萬噸/晝夜,含(han)水(shui)(shui)層(ceng)埋(mai)深(shen)在(zai)2.5-144.92米(mi)左右,且(qie)分(fen)布不均,多集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)朱家(jia)川河(he)和縣(xian)(xian)(xian)川河(he)兩河(he)流(liu)(liu)域,適合(he)黍子生(sheng)長(chang)。
3.氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)情況:神池縣屬大陸季風(feng)(feng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou),干旱(han)、高寒、溫(wen)差大、無霜期短(duan),年平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)4.7℃,平(ping)均(jun)無霜期114天,平(ping)均(jun)降(jiang)雨量487.7毫(hao)米(mi),主(zhu)(zhu)要集中在7—9月份,年平(ping)均(jun)蒸發量1921.1毫(hao)米(mi),全年光照(zhao)時(shi)(shi)數為2816.7小時(shi)(shi),年太(tai)陽總(zong)輻射量144.03千卡/厘米(mi),≥10℃的(de)總(zong)積(ji)溫(wen)為2300-2600℃,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)以風(feng)(feng)大、低溫(wen)、降(jiang)水變率大,春旱(han)年份多,無霜期短(duan)為主(zhu)(zhu)要特(te)點(dian),總(zong)之(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)涼爽、降(jiang)雨集中、西北風(feng)(feng)長(chang)年不斷、光照(zhao)充足、晝(zhou)夜溫(wen)差大這樣的(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)條件(jian)正好符(fu)合黍(shu)子(zi)的(de)生產發育。
三.地域范圍
神(shen)池(chi)縣位(wei)于晉西北(bei)黃土高原,地(di)處管涔山(shan)西北(bei)麓,東與朔州市接壤,西與五(wu)寨縣毗連,南距管涔隔寧武,北(bei)負洪(hong)濤界偏關縣、平魯區。地(di)理坐標:東經(jing)111°42′—112°18′,北(bei)緯(wei)38°56′—39°24′,縣域面(mian)積(ji)(ji)1472平方公里。神(shen)池(chi)黍子(zi)地(di)理標志產品保護范圍(wei)為山(shan)西省忻(xin)州市神(shen)池(chi)縣境內的龍泉鎮、義井鎮、八角鎮、太平莊鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、東湖(hu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、大(da)嚴備鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、賀職鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、虎北(bei)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、長畛(zhen)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)等9個鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鎮234個行政村,地(di)理坐標:東經(jing)111°42′—112°18′,北(bei)緯(wei)38°56′—39°20′。黍子(zi)年(nian)種植面(mian)積(ji)(ji)1300公頃,年(nian)總產6000-7000噸。
四.產品(pin)品(pin)質(zhi)特性特征
1.外在品質:神池黍子為(wei)糯性,呈淡(dan)黃(huang)色(se),去皮后俗稱黃(huang)米(mi),為(wei)黃(huang)色(se)小圓顆(ke)粒,直徑(jing)大(da)于(yu)谷子,約2毫米(mi);黃(huang)米(mi)磨成面,稱黃(huang)米(mi)面,粘(zhan)性很高,百姓一般做成油糕,當做上品,在家(jia)中來客,過(guo)年過(guo)節(jie),重大(da)活(huo)動中拿出招待客人。
2.內在品質:神(shen)池(chi)黍子(zi)中蛋白質含(han)量相當(dang)高,含(han)有人體必(bi)需的8種氨基(ji)酸,尤其是蛋氨酸含(han)量最高。
3.質量安全規定:符(fu)合《農業(ye)(ye)部辦公(gong)(gong)廳關(guan)于(yu)印發茄(qie)果類蔬菜等37類無公(gong)(gong)害(hai)農產(chan)品檢測目錄的(de)通知》中關(guan)于(yu)小雜糧的(de)指(zhi)標、《中華人民共和國農業(ye)(ye)部行業(ye)(ye)標準(zhun)(zhun)—無公(gong)(gong)害(hai)食品小雜糧》NY 5305-2006,以及《GB4285農藥安全使(shi)用準(zhun)(zhun)則》、《GB/T8321農藥合理使(shi)用準(zhun)(zhun)則》等相(xiang)關(guan)標準(zhun)(zhun)和要求。
五.特定生產(chan)方式(shi)
1.深耕細(xi)耙(pa),保持土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)水分。黍子對土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)條(tiao)件要求不嚴格,而且能耐堿,但以(yi)選擇粘質壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)和砂質壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)種(zhong)植為最好。播(bo)種(zhong)前,要求整平、耙(pa)細(xi),并通過(guo)鎮壓碾碎坷垃,以(yi)減少土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)空(kong)隙和水分蒸發。
2.增施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)料,改善黍子(zi)(zi)的營養狀況。黍子(zi)(zi)應多施(shi)有機肥(fei)(fei),畝施(shi)優質農家肥(fei)(fei)1500-2000公斤,以(yi)富含磷(lin)、氮素的雞糞為(wei)最好,其(qi)次是豬圈(quan)肥(fei)(fei),亦可(ke)將(jiang)人糞、廄肥(fei)(fei)做(zuo)基肥(fei)(fei)。同時畝補(bu)施(shi)入尿素3~5千克、過(guo)磷(lin)酸鈣(gai)30千克作(zuo)基肥(fei)(fei)。后期可(ke)根據作(zuo)物長勢適(shi)當追補(bu)尿素。
3.合理輪作,避(bi)(bi)免病蟲草害蔓延。黍(shu)子(zi)(zi)忌(ji)連作。連作黍(shu)子(zi)(zi)病多(duo)、雜草多(duo),而且(qie)容易造成土壤養分失衡(heng),加(jia)劇土壤養分與(yu)作物生長的供需矛盾,造成減產。輪作可以避(bi)(bi)免上(shang)述不利因素,黍(shu)子(zi)(zi)輪作方式(shi)很多(duo),一般山藥、豌豆、油料等都是黍(shu)子(zi)(zi)的好前茬。
4.選好種(zhong)(zhong)子,嚴(yan)(yan)把(ba)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)質量關。經(jing)過嚴(yan)(yan)格的風(feng)選、篩選,選用粒大飽滿,成熟度好的完整籽粒作種(zhong)(zhong)子。把(ba)選好的種(zhong)(zhong)放在(zai)太陽(yang)光下(xia)曬4~5天后,以利出苗。播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法有條(tiao)播(bo)、穴播(bo)和(he)撒播(bo),以條(tiao)播(bo)和(he)穴播(bo)為好。條(tiao)播(bo)行距36厘米(mi)(mi)左右,每(mei)畝(mu)(mu)留苗2.5萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu);山丘地穴播(bo),行、穴距36×24厘米(mi)(mi)左右,每(mei)穴留苗3~5株(zhu),每(mei)畝(mu)(mu)約3萬(wan)(wan)株(zhu)。播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)量每(mei)畝(mu)(mu)1~1.5千克(ke),播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)深度4厘米(mi)(mi)。
5.播(bo)種(zhong)后及時(shi)耙(pa)耢鎮壓,使種(zhong)子和土壤密接,以(yi)利提(ti)墑保墑和出苗。苗子長(chang)出3~5片葉時(shi)開(kai)始間苗,使植(zhi)株(zhu)分布(bu)均(jun)勻(yun);分蘗(bo)后定(ding)苗,株(zhu)距4.5~6厘米。在(zai)(zai)(zai)幼苗出齊剛現行時(shi)開(kai)始第(di)(di)一次中耕(geng),結(jie)(jie)合間苗進行第(di)(di)二次中耕(geng),以(yi)后在(zai)(zai)(zai)分蘗(bo)和拔(ba)節前后再(zai)中耕(geng)1~2次,并結(jie)(jie)合培土。在(zai)(zai)(zai)拔(ba)節、孕穗期,遇(yu)旱及時(shi)澆水(shui),并結(jie)(jie)合澆水(shui),追施(shi)適量氮、磷(lin)化肥。晚播(bo)黍子,在(zai)(zai)(zai)孕穗期和抽穗以(yi)后噴(pen)施(shi)兩次腐植(zhi)酸和磷(lin)酸鹽,能顯著加快其生長(chang)發育(yu),一般早熟5~7天。
6.科學管理,適(shi)時(shi)收獲。黍子成(cheng)(cheng)熟很不一致,過度成(cheng)(cheng)熟容易引起(qi)折腰和(he)落(luo)粒,造成(cheng)(cheng)損失。由(you)于成(cheng)(cheng)熟時(shi)植株(zhu)尚保持綠色,故鑒(jian)別時(shi)要以(yi)穗為(wei)標準(zhun),一般當穗子基部(bu)籽粒達到蠟熟,就要及時(shi)收獲。為(wei)減少落(luo)粒和(he)掉穗,收獲宜在早晨或傍晚進(jin)行。